In English， long vowels are also tense vowels because when we pronounce a long vowel such as/i：/，the larynx is in a state of tension.

In the history of any language the writing system always came into being before the spoken form.

In order to acquire a second language， learners will subconsciously use their first language knowledge in learning a second language. This is know as language t（）.

The brain’s neurological specialization for language is called linguistic I （）， which is specific to human beings.

In many societies of the world， we find a large number of people who speak more than one language. As a characteristic of societies， b（） inevitably results from the coming into contact of people with different cultures and different languages.

Phonological rules may move phonemes from one place in the string to another. For example， Modern English verb ask was Old English askian， with the /k/preceding the/s/.Sound change as a result of sound movement is known as m（）.

While the meaning of a sentence is abstract and decontextualized， that of an u（） is concrete and context-dependent.

That the denial of one member of two words implies the assertion of the other is the characteristic of c（） antonyms.

A c（） sentence contains two or more clauses， one of which is incorporated in the other.

A r（） is often seen as part of a word， but it can never stand by itself although it bears clear， definite meaning.