Naturalism is the view that the 'natur...

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Naturalism is the view that the 'natural' universe, the universe of matter and energy, is all that there really is. By ruling out a spiritual part of the human person which might survive death and a (god who might resurrect the body, naturalism also rules out survival after death. In addition, naturalism denies human freedom on the grounds that every event must be explainable by deterministic natural laws. It denies any absolute values because it can find no grounds for such values in a world made up only of matter and energy. And finally, naturalism denies that the universe has any meaning or purpose because there is no God to give it a meaning or purpose, and nothing else which can give it a meaning or purpose.

A.
B.
C.
D.
Naturalism
E.human
F.
B．deterministic
G.
C．absolute
H.
D．universe
I.

参考答案：B
解析：本题问自然主义信奉什么。全文讨论自然主义的观点，首先要介绍自然主义的基本观点是什么。因此，自然主义的基本观点应该定位在首段。首段第三句'naturalism...denies...onthegroundsthateveryeventmustbeexplainablebydeterministicnaturallaws...'表明自然主义者认为所有的事件都必须能够由决定论的自然法则解释。故'决定论(即宿命论)的自然法则能够解释一切'正确。人类能根据自由意志行事：定位关键词'freewill'。首段第三句'naturalism...denieshumanfreedomonthegroundsthateveryeventmustbeexplainablebydeterministicnaturallaws...'表明自然主义否定人类自由。也就是说，他们认为自然法则是deterministic(决定论的，宿命论的)。所以人们不能随自己的意志自由做事。'freewill'与'humanfreedom'同义。绝对价值应该建立在更为合理的基础之上：定位'absolutevalues'。从首段倒数第二句'Itdenies....absolutevaluesbecauseitcanfindnogroundsforsuchvalues...'可知自然主义因为找不到绝对价值存在的基础所以否定它，也就是说自然主义认为绝对价值根本没有存在的基础，更谈不上其存在的合理性。宇宙是依赖于主观经验而存在的：定位选项题干关键词'subjectiveexperience'。文中首段末句meaning和purpose即属于'subjectiveexperience'，可以说题干是一种同义转述。因此选项定位到此处。'naturalism...deniesthattheuniversehasanymeaningorpurpose...'表明自然主义者认为宇宙没有意图和目的，也就是说宇宙是不依赖于主观经验而存在。

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The first mention of slavery in the statutes of the English colonies of North America does not occur until after 1660—some forty years after the importation of the first Black people. Lest we think that slavery existed in fact before it did in law, Oscar and Mary Handlin assure us that the status of Black people down to the 1660's was that of servants. A critique of the Handlins' interpretation of why legal slavery did not appear until the 1660's suggests that assumptions about the relation between slavery and racial prejudice should be reexamined, and that explanations for the different treatment of Black slaves in North and South America should be expanded.
The Handlins explain the appearance of legal slavery by arguing that, during the 1660's, the position of White servants was improving relative to that of Black servants. Thus, the Handlins contend, Black and White servants, heretofore treated Mike, each attained a different status. There are, however, important objections to this argument. First, the Handlins cannot adequately demonstrate that the White servant's position was improving during and after the 1660's; several acts of the Maryland and Virginia legislatures indicate otherwise. Another flaw in the Handlins' interpretation is their assumption that prior to the establishment of legal slavery there was no discrimination against Black people. It is true that before the 1660's Black people were rarely called slaves. But this should not overshadow evidence from the 1630's on that point to racial discrimination without using the term slavery. Such discrimination sometimes stopped short of lifetime servitude or inherited status—the two attributes of true slavery, yet in other cases it included both. The Handlins' argument excludes the real possibility that Black people in the English colonies were never treated as the equals of White people.
The possibility has important ramifications. If from the outset Black people were discriminated against, then legal slavery should be viewed as a reflection and an extension of racial prejudice rather than, as many historians including the Handlins have argued, the cause of prejudice. In addition, the existence of discrimination before the advent of legal slavery offers a further explanation for the harsher treatment of Black slaves in North than in South America. Freyre and Tannenbaum have rightly argued that the lack of certain traditions in North America—such as a Roman conception of slavery and a Roman Catholic emphasis on equality—explains why the treatment of Black slaves was more severe there than in the Spanish and Portuguese colonies of South America, But this cannot be the whole explanation since it is merely negative, based only on a lack of something. A more compelling explanation is that the early and sometimes extreme racial discrimination in the English colonies helped determine the particular nature of the slavery that followed.
The effects of 'several acts of the Maryland and Virginia legislatures' passed during and after the 1660's were that they

A.
B.
C.
The
D.negatively
E.
B．had
F.
C．at
G.
D．at
H.