单项选择题
特别提醒： 阅读填空题作答时，每个空格中只需填入一个大写英文字母，不要输入任何空格或标点符号，也不要填入小写字母。祝大家考出考成绩！
Directions: In this section, there is a passage with ten blanks(1-10). You are required to select one word for each blank from a list of choices given in a word bank below. Read the passage through carefully before making your choices. Each choice in the bank is identified by a letter A to O. Please write the corresponding letter to fill in the blanks IN ORDER. You may not use any of the words in the bank more than once.
A For example B Thus C However D Despite E More importantly F Secondly G Further H But I In fact J Future work K Typically L Moreover M In other words N Finally O In this study
A For example B Thus C However D Despite E More importantly F Secondly G Further H But I In fact J Future work K Typically L Moreover M In other words N Finally O In this study
___(36)___reported sex differences in rodent and human fear conditioning, there was no a priori reason to expect a male-specific hypersensitivity (or, for that matter, a malespecific effect of novelty-related stress-induced analgesia shown in Figure S1). __(37)___, sex-specific effects of fearconditioned responses are driven by high levels of estrogen, which may facilitate initial fear acquisition and enhanced extinction and memory recall. ___(38)___, women report more clinical pain and are reliably more sensitive to pain in experimental studies. __(39)__, any expected sex difference should have involved heightened sensitivity in females. __(40)___, sex differences in the underlying spinal and brainstem mechanisms of pain processing have been demonstrated in rodents and humans. __(41)___, both female mice and humans were initially more sensitive to thermal pain than males, just not significantly so. The sex difference in conditioned hypersensitivity might be fundamentally related to stress in both species. Male mice and male humans exhibited evidence of increased stress on the second day of testing, and for mice, stress measured as plasma corticosterone seemed to be responsible for the observed stress-induced hypersensitivity in males only. ___(42)___ might explicitly test cortisol in human males to confirm the role of stress beyond self-reported stress.
In both species, the hypersensitivity was context dependent, and considering that pre-treatment with the aPKC antagonist, ZIP, was able to reverse the phenomenon when administered i.c.v., a reasonable interpretation is that males more effectively recalled (or were more emotionally affected by recalling) the stress-inducing properties of the context on day 2 of testing. PKMz has been implicated in the processing of classical fear conditioning, using paradigms that are not dissimilar to those employed here. __(43)__, one study of PKMz and spatial memory showed that training increased synaptic PKMz in male, __(44)__ not female, rats and that synaptic PKMz levels correlated with memory retention in males, but not females. The direction of sex differences in fear conditioning studies is controversial, with some studies suggesting that male rodents exhibit more conditioned fear and others finding no sex difference or suggesting the opposite. The human literature is similarly contradictory. Clear conclusions are hampered by complexities related to prior or concurrent stressors, social factors, choice of unconditioned responses, and whether sex differences are attributable to acquisition, retention, and/or extinction of the memory. In one study of conditioned fear using
electric shock, __(45)__, women gave higher subjective ratings of fear on day 2 of testing but lower skin conductance responses.
