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Before considering this question it is interesting to review briefly the evolution of 【M1】______
the mind as the instrument.The commonest way that has been used to find out the
relative intellectual level of creatures at different stage
of evolutionary complexity has 【M2】______
been to study the way they behave when giving different kinds of puzzles.For example，【M3】______
an ant possesses a complex routine of behaviour，but can it think？The answer is what 【M4】______
if an ant is forced to go through a maze of passages，many of which are dead ends，
on its way to its nestle，it starts by making a lot of mistakes and taking a great many 【M5】______
wrong turnings.In the end，however，after it has to worry its way through often 【M6】______
enough，it does learn to get to its nest without going into any of the blind alleys.
As one moves up the evolutionary scale the test of mind-power exemplified by solving 【M7】______
the problem of getting through a maze becomes very simple.Among mammals，【M8】______
for example，the maze is an inadequate test.The learning problem does not tax enough
attributes of the mind.In this sort of learning，as a matter of fact，rats can hit university
undergraduates and have，in fact，repeatedly done so.The next，more subtle test of 【M9】______
mental ability is to see what level an animal can think about something when 【M10】______
it is not there.