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Wine can be made with red grapes or white grapes, and, especially in the case of red wines, a number of doctors have reported that a moderate amount of wine has certain health benefits. This may be one of the reasons why the number of people drinking wine has risen over the past years. As new wine-shoppers browse the shelves of their local markets, they face a tough decision. Should they buy a wine with a cork or a screw top And shoppers are not alone in their dilemma. Wineries are also facing tough choices in the best way to seal their products. The root of the problem lies in " cork taint". Cork taint refers to a problem with wine that has been sealed with a bad cork. Traditionally, all corks are made from a special oak tree that grows around the Mediterranean. In the process of making the corks and sealing wine bottles, a certain type of mold may start to grow on some corks. Over time, this mold can produce a chemical that makes the wine inside the bottle taste musty. In fact, the human tongue is so sensitive to this particular compound that people can taste it even diluted up to six parts per trillion!
Wine can be made with red grapes or white grapes, and, especially in the case of red wines, a number of doctors have reported that a moderate amount of wine has certain health benefits. This may be one of the reasons why the number of people drinking wine has risen over the past years. As new wine-shoppers browse the shelves of their local markets, they face a tough decision. Should they buy a wine with a cork or a screw top And shoppers are not alone in their dilemma. Wineries are also facing tough choices in the best way to seal their products. The root of the problem lies in " cork taint". Cork taint refers to a problem with wine that has been sealed with a bad cork. Traditionally, all corks are made from a special oak tree that grows around the Mediterranean. In the process of making the corks and sealing wine bottles, a certain type of mold may start to grow on some corks. Over time, this mold can produce a chemical that makes the wine inside the bottle taste musty. In fact, the human tongue is so sensitive to this particular compound that people can taste it even diluted up to six parts per trillion!
How big is the problem of cork taint Some experts from the wine industry claim cork taint affects one out of every ten bottles of wine. And as one spokesperson for an American winery says, " No other packaging industry in the world would put up with that kind of failure rate. " Some wine makers see a possible solution to the problem of cork taint through adopting the tried and true method of sealing bottles with screw tops. However, many wineries are still playing it safe and sticking to corks for two reasons. First, there is the old belief among cork users that small amounts of oxygen are able to penetrate corks. This oxygen, they say, is necessary for the proper aging of fine wines, especially those aged 10 years or more. Screw tops do not allow for any oxygen to get into the bottles after they are sealed. Another problem arises from the image screw tops have with the public. In most people’s minds, screw tops are only found on cheap, low-quality wines. It will take a lot of efforts from wineries to re-educate the public if they want to change the image of screw tops. In addition, there is the problem of losing the romantic, elegant mood produced by the ceremonial popping of the cork. Consumers don’t seem to feel the same thrill when unscrewing a top. Questions 71—75Complete the summary with words from the passage, changing the form when necessary, with only one word for each blank. The wine industry is facing a 【R1】______. What is the best way to seal wine bottles Many people think that it is only proper for wine 【R2】______to be sealed with corks. They believe that oxygen needs to be able to 【R3】______the cork. Other experts, however, suggest that wineries change to screw tops. Using corks can lead to cork taint, a bad taste in the wine caused by 【R4】______. However, it is unlikely that the public will accept this solution. They will most likely 【R5】______to buying wine with corks for the romantic and elegant mood it brings.【R4】
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正确答案：mold
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In order to get information about distant planets, scientists invented spacecraft to travel into the solar system to see the planets up close. These spacecraft do not carry people, and they never return to Earth. However, while they are in space, they can take photographs of planets that are too far away for us to study from Earth. One famous spacecraft that has done this is part of the Voyager Project. This spacecraft is called Voyager I. NASA started the Voyager Project in the 1970s. During the 1960s and the 1970s, NASA sent many spacecraft into space to collect scientific information about the solar system, but none of those spacecraft carried astronauts. Two of the spacecraft that NASA built in the 1970s were called Voyager I and Voyager II. The original jobs of Voyager I and II were to get information about Jupiter and Saturn. The two spacecraft both left the Earth in 1977. Voyager I reached Jupiter in 1979 and began to take photographs. The spacecraft was able to get very close to Jupiter. By getting close to Jupiter, it could take very clear photographs of Jupiter’s rings and planets. Voyager I also took good photographs of Jupiter’s " Great Red Spot. " This spot is a large place on Jupiter where there is a strong storm. The Great Red Spot is so large that it could hold three planets the size of Earth inside of it! After taking pictures of Jupiter, Voyager I went to Saturn. It reached Saturn in 1980 and collected important information about Saturn’s rings. After Voyager I finished its work on Saturn, the spacecraft still worked well. So, NASA sent Voyager I on a new job. This time it was sent out of the solar system. NASA wanted to see how far it could go. Voyager I is still working today. It is now NASA’s oldest working spacecraft. It has travelled more than 9. 3 billion miles, making it the spacecraft that has travelled furthest from Earth. Actually, the spacecraft has now travelled much further than expected. As it travels, it continues to send new information back to Earth. It is expected that Voyager I will no longer work by the year 2020. At that time it will not have enough power to keep working. Still, we can certainly say that this spacecraft has done a great service in helping us to learn more about space. Questions 56—60 Decide whether the following statements are true(T)or false(F)according to the passage.Voyager I and Voyager II are only a part of NASA’s Voyager Project started in the 1970s.
In order to get information about distant planets, scientists invented spacecraft to travel into the solar system to see the planets up close. These spacecraft do not carry people, and they never return to Earth. However, while they are in space, they can take photographs of planets that are too far away for us to study from Earth. One famous spacecraft that has done this is part of the Voyager Project. This spacecraft is called Voyager I. NASA started the Voyager Project in the 1970s. During the 1960s and the 1970s, NASA sent many spacecraft into space to collect scientific information about the solar system, but none of those spacecraft carried astronauts. Two of the spacecraft that NASA built in the 1970s were called Voyager I and Voyager II. The original jobs of Voyager I and II were to get information about Jupiter and Saturn. The two spacecraft both left the Earth in 1977. Voyager I reached Jupiter in 1979 and began to take photographs. The spacecraft was able to get very close to Jupiter. By getting close to Jupiter, it could take very clear photographs of Jupiter’s rings and planets. Voyager I also took good photographs of Jupiter’s " Great Red Spot. " This spot is a large place on Jupiter where there is a strong storm. The Great Red Spot is so large that it could hold three planets the size of Earth inside of it! After taking pictures of Jupiter, Voyager I went to Saturn. It reached Saturn in 1980 and collected important information about Saturn’s rings. After Voyager I finished its work on Saturn, the spacecraft still worked well. So, NASA sent Voyager I on a new job. This time it was sent out of the solar system. NASA wanted to see how far it could go. Voyager I is still working today. It is now NASA’s oldest working spacecraft. It has travelled more than 9. 3 billion miles, making it the spacecraft that has travelled furthest from Earth. Actually, the spacecraft has now travelled much further than expected. As it travels, it continues to send new information back to Earth. It is expected that Voyager I will no longer work by the year 2020. At that time it will not have enough power to keep working. Still, we can certainly say that this spacecraft has done a great service in helping us to learn more about space. Questions 56—60 Decide whether the following statements are true(T)or false(F)according to the passage.Voyager I and Voyager II were specifically designed to carry astronauts to outer space.
Can we trust our memories Psychologist Elizabeth Loftus doesn’t think so. Loftus is an expert on false memories. A false memory is a memory of something that never happened. Are people with false memories lying Not at all, says Loftus. They really believe their memories. And that is why it can be difficult to know if a memory is real. 【B1】______ These people didn’t know each other, but 36 percent of them had the same memory. What was it They remembered hugging Bugs Bunny at Disneyland. But wait a minute. Bugs Bunny is not a Disney character, and he was never at Disneyland. These people’s memories were false. 【B2】______ Loftus says it is easy to put a false memory into someone’s mind. How You just talk to the person. In the Bugs Bunny experiment, Loftus talked to people who had visited Disneyland as children. Then she asked them about Bugs Bunny. She asked if he had soft ears. She asked if his body was furry. Later, more than one-third falsely remembered hugging Bugs Bunny. 【B3】______That is why Loftus used the words "furry" and "soft" in the experiment. Those words helped people imagine the experience. They saw Bugs Bunny in their imagination. They felt his soft fur. It seemed so real. They were sure it really happened. 【B4】______Loftus says it shows the dangers of false memory. Of course, a false memory of Bugs Bunny is not dangerous, but imagine this situation. A man hits a woman on the head. Then he steals her car. The police ask the victim if the thief smelled of cigarettes. In fact, he did not, but after the woman hears the question, she becomes 100 percent sure that he did. She adds the smell of cigarettes to her real memory and creates a false memory. The police then accuse the wrong person, a smoker. As a result, they never find the guilty man. He’s a nonsmoker, so the police don’t even look for him. 【B5】______ If they aren’t careful, they won’t find the truth. Instead, they will find only false memories, and the real criminals will go free.Questions 61—65Complete the article with the following sentences. There are two extra sentences that you do not need to use.A. When we remember something, we use all of our senses: sight, touch, taste, smell, and hearing.B. The police often create false memories when they ask crime victims questions.C. In one experiment on false memories, Loftus talked to people about their childhood.D. Why are many of our childhood memories probably false onesE. But what is the purpose of the Bugs Bunny experimentF. How could a group of strangers all have the same false memoryG. That is why the police need to be very careful about how they ask questions, says Loftus.【B1】
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Can we trust our memories Psychologist Elizabeth Loftus doesn’t think so. Loftus is an expert on false memories. A false memory is a memory of something that never happened. Are people with false memories lying Not at all, says Loftus. They really believe their memories. And that is why it can be difficult to know if a memory is real. 【B1】______ These people didn’t know each other, but 36 percent of them had the same memory. What was it They remembered hugging Bugs Bunny at Disneyland. But wait a minute. Bugs Bunny is not a Disney character, and he was never at Disneyland. These people’s memories were false. 【B2】______ Loftus says it is easy to put a false memory into someone’s mind. How You just talk to the person. In the Bugs Bunny experiment, Loftus talked to people who had visited Disneyland as children. Then she asked them about Bugs Bunny. She asked if he had soft ears. She asked if his body was furry. Later, more than one-third falsely remembered hugging Bugs Bunny. 【B3】______That is why Loftus used the words "furry" and "soft" in the experiment. Those words helped people imagine the experience. They saw Bugs Bunny in their imagination. They felt his soft fur. It seemed so real. They were sure it really happened. 【B4】______Loftus says it shows the dangers of false memory. Of course, a false memory of Bugs Bunny is not dangerous, but imagine this situation. A man hits a woman on the head. Then he steals her car. The police ask the victim if the thief smelled of cigarettes. In fact, he did not, but after the woman hears the question, she becomes 100 percent sure that he did. She adds the smell of cigarettes to her real memory and creates a false memory. The police then accuse the wrong person, a smoker. As a result, they never find the guilty man. He’s a nonsmoker, so the police don’t even look for him. 【B5】______ If they aren’t careful, they won’t find the truth. Instead, they will find only false memories, and the real criminals will go free.Questions 61—65Complete the article with the following sentences. There are two extra sentences that you do not need to use.A. When we remember something, we use all of our senses: sight, touch, taste, smell, and hearing.B. The police often create false memories when they ask crime victims questions.C. In one experiment on false memories, Loftus talked to people about their childhood.D. Why are many of our childhood memories probably false onesE. But what is the purpose of the Bugs Bunny experimentF. How could a group of strangers all have the same false memoryG. That is why the police need to be very careful about how they ask questions, says Loftus.【B2】
In order to get information about distant planets, scientists invented spacecraft to travel into the solar system to see the planets up close. These spacecraft do not carry people, and they never return to Earth. However, while they are in space, they can take photographs of planets that are too far away for us to study from Earth. One famous spacecraft that has done this is part of the Voyager Project. This spacecraft is called Voyager I. NASA started the Voyager Project in the 1970s. During the 1960s and the 1970s, NASA sent many spacecraft into space to collect scientific information about the solar system, but none of those spacecraft carried astronauts. Two of the spacecraft that NASA built in the 1970s were called Voyager I and Voyager II. The original jobs of Voyager I and II were to get information about Jupiter and Saturn. The two spacecraft both left the Earth in 1977. Voyager I reached Jupiter in 1979 and began to take photographs. The spacecraft was able to get very close to Jupiter. By getting close to Jupiter, it could take very clear photographs of Jupiter’s rings and planets. Voyager I also took good photographs of Jupiter’s " Great Red Spot. " This spot is a large place on Jupiter where there is a strong storm. The Great Red Spot is so large that it could hold three planets the size of Earth inside of it! After taking pictures of Jupiter, Voyager I went to Saturn. It reached Saturn in 1980 and collected important information about Saturn’s rings. After Voyager I finished its work on Saturn, the spacecraft still worked well. So, NASA sent Voyager I on a new job. This time it was sent out of the solar system. NASA wanted to see how far it could go. Voyager I is still working today. It is now NASA’s oldest working spacecraft. It has travelled more than 9. 3 billion miles, making it the spacecraft that has travelled furthest from Earth. Actually, the spacecraft has now travelled much further than expected. As it travels, it continues to send new information back to Earth. It is expected that Voyager I will no longer work by the year 2020. At that time it will not have enough power to keep working. Still, we can certainly say that this spacecraft has done a great service in helping us to learn more about space. Questions 56—60 Decide whether the following statements are true(T)or false(F)according to the passage.Voyager I is still in normal working condition inside the solar system.
One of the interesting things about languages is the way they change over time. In English, everything from spelling to vocabulary has gone through major changes over the years. In fact, to a modem speaker, the English of 1, 000 years ago looks like a foreign language! The history of English dates back around 1, 500 years. At that time, groups of Europeans invaded in England, bringing their language with them. It developed into Old English. Later, in 1066, England was invaded by the Normans from France. The language went through an important shift, leading to what we now call Middle English. Over the next 500 years, the language underwent further shifts, leading to Modern English. As the language has developed over time, many things about it have changed. Pronunciation is one of the most obvious areas. For example, in Old English, people said "hus" and "mus". Now, we say "house" and "mouse". These days, there are many differences in the way English is pronounced in the U. S. , India, and elsewhere. When people live in groups separated by great distances, the pace of change can be fast. Spelling has also gone through interesting changes. For example, in Old English, one wrote "riht". A "g" was added in Middle English, making the spelling "right". Also, in the distant past, people did not always follow standards of spelling. In the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, scholars like Noah Webster wrote dictionaries which made the spelling more consistent. However, different standards were decided on in England and the U. S. So, some differences remain—for example, color vs. colour . Vocabulary changes happen even more quickly. English has grown by borrowing words from languages such as French, Spanish, and Arabic, to name a few. This often happens with types of food—for example, "tofu". Then there is slang which enters and leaves the language every year! Thirty years ago, one often heard people saying "groovy", meaning "great". These days, you’ll rarely hear the word except on old TV shows and movies. Because English is spoken by so many people worldwide, it really is an exciting time for the language. Just as American and British versions are always changing, so are versions spoken in Canada, Singapore, and elsewhere. At the same time, an entirely new version of English is appearing on the Internet with whole new slang and writing style. In a way, learning English is a never-ending process, even for native speakers! Questions 66—70 Answer the following questions according to the passage.Why does the English of 1,000 years ago seem a foreign language to modern speakers
Can we trust our memories Psychologist Elizabeth Loftus doesn’t think so. Loftus is an expert on false memories. A false memory is a memory of something that never happened. Are people with false memories lying Not at all, says Loftus. They really believe their memories. And that is why it can be difficult to know if a memory is real. 【B1】______ These people didn’t know each other, but 36 percent of them had the same memory. What was it They remembered hugging Bugs Bunny at Disneyland. But wait a minute. Bugs Bunny is not a Disney character, and he was never at Disneyland. These people’s memories were false. 【B2】______ Loftus says it is easy to put a false memory into someone’s mind. How You just talk to the person. In the Bugs Bunny experiment, Loftus talked to people who had visited Disneyland as children. Then she asked them about Bugs Bunny. She asked if he had soft ears. She asked if his body was furry. Later, more than one-third falsely remembered hugging Bugs Bunny. 【B3】______That is why Loftus used the words "furry" and "soft" in the experiment. Those words helped people imagine the experience. They saw Bugs Bunny in their imagination. They felt his soft fur. It seemed so real. They were sure it really happened. 【B4】______Loftus says it shows the dangers of false memory. Of course, a false memory of Bugs Bunny is not dangerous, but imagine this situation. A man hits a woman on the head. Then he steals her car. The police ask the victim if the thief smelled of cigarettes. In fact, he did not, but after the woman hears the question, she becomes 100 percent sure that he did. She adds the smell of cigarettes to her real memory and creates a false memory. The police then accuse the wrong person, a smoker. As a result, they never find the guilty man. He’s a nonsmoker, so the police don’t even look for him. 【B5】______ If they aren’t careful, they won’t find the truth. Instead, they will find only false memories, and the real criminals will go free.Questions 61—65Complete the article with the following sentences. There are two extra sentences that you do not need to use.A. When we remember something, we use all of our senses: sight, touch, taste, smell, and hearing.B. The police often create false memories when they ask crime victims questions.C. In one experiment on false memories, Loftus talked to people about their childhood.D. Why are many of our childhood memories probably false onesE. But what is the purpose of the Bugs Bunny experimentF. How could a group of strangers all have the same false memoryG. That is why the police need to be very careful about how they ask questions, says Loftus.【B3】
In order to get information about distant planets, scientists invented spacecraft to travel into the solar system to see the planets up close. These spacecraft do not carry people, and they never return to Earth. However, while they are in space, they can take photographs of planets that are too far away for us to study from Earth. One famous spacecraft that has done this is part of the Voyager Project. This spacecraft is called Voyager I. NASA started the Voyager Project in the 1970s. During the 1960s and the 1970s, NASA sent many spacecraft into space to collect scientific information about the solar system, but none of those spacecraft carried astronauts. Two of the spacecraft that NASA built in the 1970s were called Voyager I and Voyager II. The original jobs of Voyager I and II were to get information about Jupiter and Saturn. The two spacecraft both left the Earth in 1977. Voyager I reached Jupiter in 1979 and began to take photographs. The spacecraft was able to get very close to Jupiter. By getting close to Jupiter, it could take very clear photographs of Jupiter’s rings and planets. Voyager I also took good photographs of Jupiter’s " Great Red Spot. " This spot is a large place on Jupiter where there is a strong storm. The Great Red Spot is so large that it could hold three planets the size of Earth inside of it! After taking pictures of Jupiter, Voyager I went to Saturn. It reached Saturn in 1980 and collected important information about Saturn’s rings. After Voyager I finished its work on Saturn, the spacecraft still worked well. So, NASA sent Voyager I on a new job. This time it was sent out of the solar system. NASA wanted to see how far it could go. Voyager I is still working today. It is now NASA’s oldest working spacecraft. It has travelled more than 9. 3 billion miles, making it the spacecraft that has travelled furthest from Earth. Actually, the spacecraft has now travelled much further than expected. As it travels, it continues to send new information back to Earth. It is expected that Voyager I will no longer work by the year 2020. At that time it will not have enough power to keep working. Still, we can certainly say that this spacecraft has done a great service in helping us to learn more about space. Questions 56—60 Decide whether the following statements are true(T)or false(F)according to the passage.As expected, Voyager I will return to the Earth by the year of 2020 with more valuable information.
One of the interesting things about languages is the way they change over time. In English, everything from spelling to vocabulary has gone through major changes over the years. In fact, to a modem speaker, the English of 1, 000 years ago looks like a foreign language! The history of English dates back around 1, 500 years. At that time, groups of Europeans invaded in England, bringing their language with them. It developed into Old English. Later, in 1066, England was invaded by the Normans from France. The language went through an important shift, leading to what we now call Middle English. Over the next 500 years, the language underwent further shifts, leading to Modern English. As the language has developed over time, many things about it have changed. Pronunciation is one of the most obvious areas. For example, in Old English, people said "hus" and "mus". Now, we say "house" and "mouse". These days, there are many differences in the way English is pronounced in the U. S. , India, and elsewhere. When people live in groups separated by great distances, the pace of change can be fast. Spelling has also gone through interesting changes. For example, in Old English, one wrote "riht". A "g" was added in Middle English, making the spelling "right". Also, in the distant past, people did not always follow standards of spelling. In the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, scholars like Noah Webster wrote dictionaries which made the spelling more consistent. However, different standards were decided on in England and the U. S. So, some differences remain—for example, color vs. colour . Vocabulary changes happen even more quickly. English has grown by borrowing words from languages such as French, Spanish, and Arabic, to name a few. This often happens with types of food—for example, "tofu". Then there is slang which enters and leaves the language every year! Thirty years ago, one often heard people saying "groovy", meaning "great". These days, you’ll rarely hear the word except on old TV shows and movies. Because English is spoken by so many people worldwide, it really is an exciting time for the language. Just as American and British versions are always changing, so are versions spoken in Canada, Singapore, and elsewhere. At the same time, an entirely new version of English is appearing on the Internet with whole new slang and writing style. In a way, learning English is a never-ending process, even for native speakers! Questions 66—70 Answer the following questions according to the passage.What aspects are discussed to show the changes of English in history
Can we trust our memories Psychologist Elizabeth Loftus doesn’t think so. Loftus is an expert on false memories. A false memory is a memory of something that never happened. Are people with false memories lying Not at all, says Loftus. They really believe their memories. And that is why it can be difficult to know if a memory is real. 【B1】______ These people didn’t know each other, but 36 percent of them had the same memory. What was it They remembered hugging Bugs Bunny at Disneyland. But wait a minute. Bugs Bunny is not a Disney character, and he was never at Disneyland. These people’s memories were false. 【B2】______ Loftus says it is easy to put a false memory into someone’s mind. How You just talk to the person. In the Bugs Bunny experiment, Loftus talked to people who had visited Disneyland as children. Then she asked them about Bugs Bunny. She asked if he had soft ears. She asked if his body was furry. Later, more than one-third falsely remembered hugging Bugs Bunny. 【B3】______That is why Loftus used the words "furry" and "soft" in the experiment. Those words helped people imagine the experience. They saw Bugs Bunny in their imagination. They felt his soft fur. It seemed so real. They were sure it really happened. 【B4】______Loftus says it shows the dangers of false memory. Of course, a false memory of Bugs Bunny is not dangerous, but imagine this situation. A man hits a woman on the head. Then he steals her car. The police ask the victim if the thief smelled of cigarettes. In fact, he did not, but after the woman hears the question, she becomes 100 percent sure that he did. She adds the smell of cigarettes to her real memory and creates a false memory. The police then accuse the wrong person, a smoker. As a result, they never find the guilty man. He’s a nonsmoker, so the police don’t even look for him. 【B5】______ If they aren’t careful, they won’t find the truth. Instead, they will find only false memories, and the real criminals will go free.Questions 61—65Complete the article with the following sentences. There are two extra sentences that you do not need to use.A. When we remember something, we use all of our senses: sight, touch, taste, smell, and hearing.B. The police often create false memories when they ask crime victims questions.C. In one experiment on false memories, Loftus talked to people about their childhood.D. Why are many of our childhood memories probably false onesE. But what is the purpose of the Bugs Bunny experimentF. How could a group of strangers all have the same false memoryG. That is why the police need to be very careful about how they ask questions, says Loftus.【B4】
How big is the problem of cork taint Some experts from the wine industry claim cork taint affects one out of every ten bottles of wine. And as one spokesperson for an American winery says, " No other packaging industry in the world would put up with that kind of failure rate. " Some wine makers see a possible solution to the problem of cork taint through adopting the tried and true method of sealing bottles with screw tops. However, many wineries are still playing it safe and sticking to corks for two reasons. First, there is the old belief among cork users that small amounts of oxygen are able to penetrate corks. This oxygen, they say, is necessary for the proper aging of fine wines, especially those aged 10 years or more. Screw tops do not allow for any oxygen to get into the bottles after they are sealed. Another problem arises from the image screw tops have with the public. In most people’s minds, screw tops are only found on cheap, low-quality wines. It will take a lot of efforts from wineries to re-educate the public if they want to change the image of screw tops. In addition, there is the problem of losing the romantic, elegant mood produced by the ceremonial popping of the cork. Consumers don’t seem to feel the same thrill when unscrewing a top. Questions 71—75Complete the summary with words from the passage, changing the form when necessary, with only one word for each blank. The wine industry is facing a 【R1】______. What is the best way to seal wine bottles Many people think that it is only proper for wine 【R2】______to be sealed with corks. They believe that oxygen needs to be able to 【R3】______the cork. Other experts, however, suggest that wineries change to screw tops. Using corks can lead to cork taint, a bad taste in the wine caused by 【R4】______. However, it is unlikely that the public will accept this solution. They will most likely 【R5】______to buying wine with corks for the romantic and elegant mood it brings.【R1】
One of the interesting things about languages is the way they change over time. In English, everything from spelling to vocabulary has gone through major changes over the years. In fact, to a modem speaker, the English of 1, 000 years ago looks like a foreign language! The history of English dates back around 1, 500 years. At that time, groups of Europeans invaded in England, bringing their language with them. It developed into Old English. Later, in 1066, England was invaded by the Normans from France. The language went through an important shift, leading to what we now call Middle English. Over the next 500 years, the language underwent further shifts, leading to Modern English. As the language has developed over time, many things about it have changed. Pronunciation is one of the most obvious areas. For example, in Old English, people said "hus" and "mus". Now, we say "house" and "mouse". These days, there are many differences in the way English is pronounced in the U. S. , India, and elsewhere. When people live in groups separated by great distances, the pace of change can be fast. Spelling has also gone through interesting changes. For example, in Old English, one wrote "riht". A "g" was added in Middle English, making the spelling "right". Also, in the distant past, people did not always follow standards of spelling. In the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, scholars like Noah Webster wrote dictionaries which made the spelling more consistent. However, different standards were decided on in England and the U. S. So, some differences remain—for example, color vs. colour . Vocabulary changes happen even more quickly. English has grown by borrowing words from languages such as French, Spanish, and Arabic, to name a few. This often happens with types of food—for example, "tofu". Then there is slang which enters and leaves the language every year! Thirty years ago, one often heard people saying "groovy", meaning "great". These days, you’ll rarely hear the word except on old TV shows and movies. Because English is spoken by so many people worldwide, it really is an exciting time for the language. Just as American and British versions are always changing, so are versions spoken in Canada, Singapore, and elsewhere. At the same time, an entirely new version of English is appearing on the Internet with whole new slang and writing style. In a way, learning English is a never-ending process, even for native speakers! Questions 66—70 Answer the following questions according to the passage.When did scholars try to make English spelling more consistent
Can we trust our memories Psychologist Elizabeth Loftus doesn’t think so. Loftus is an expert on false memories. A false memory is a memory of something that never happened. Are people with false memories lying Not at all, says Loftus. They really believe their memories. And that is why it can be difficult to know if a memory is real. 【B1】______ These people didn’t know each other, but 36 percent of them had the same memory. What was it They remembered hugging Bugs Bunny at Disneyland. But wait a minute. Bugs Bunny is not a Disney character, and he was never at Disneyland. These people’s memories were false. 【B2】______ Loftus says it is easy to put a false memory into someone’s mind. How You just talk to the person. In the Bugs Bunny experiment, Loftus talked to people who had visited Disneyland as children. Then she asked them about Bugs Bunny. She asked if he had soft ears. She asked if his body was furry. Later, more than one-third falsely remembered hugging Bugs Bunny. 【B3】______That is why Loftus used the words "furry" and "soft" in the experiment. Those words helped people imagine the experience. They saw Bugs Bunny in their imagination. They felt his soft fur. It seemed so real. They were sure it really happened. 【B4】______Loftus says it shows the dangers of false memory. Of course, a false memory of Bugs Bunny is not dangerous, but imagine this situation. A man hits a woman on the head. Then he steals her car. The police ask the victim if the thief smelled of cigarettes. In fact, he did not, but after the woman hears the question, she becomes 100 percent sure that he did. She adds the smell of cigarettes to her real memory and creates a false memory. The police then accuse the wrong person, a smoker. As a result, they never find the guilty man. He’s a nonsmoker, so the police don’t even look for him. 【B5】______ If they aren’t careful, they won’t find the truth. Instead, they will find only false memories, and the real criminals will go free.Questions 61—65Complete the article with the following sentences. There are two extra sentences that you do not need to use.A. When we remember something, we use all of our senses: sight, touch, taste, smell, and hearing.B. The police often create false memories when they ask crime victims questions.C. In one experiment on false memories, Loftus talked to people about their childhood.D. Why are many of our childhood memories probably false onesE. But what is the purpose of the Bugs Bunny experimentF. How could a group of strangers all have the same false memoryG. That is why the police need to be very careful about how they ask questions, says Loftus.【B5】
How big is the problem of cork taint Some experts from the wine industry claim cork taint affects one out of every ten bottles of wine. And as one spokesperson for an American winery says, " No other packaging industry in the world would put up with that kind of failure rate. " Some wine makers see a possible solution to the problem of cork taint through adopting the tried and true method of sealing bottles with screw tops. However, many wineries are still playing it safe and sticking to corks for two reasons. First, there is the old belief among cork users that small amounts of oxygen are able to penetrate corks. This oxygen, they say, is necessary for the proper aging of fine wines, especially those aged 10 years or more. Screw tops do not allow for any oxygen to get into the bottles after they are sealed. Another problem arises from the image screw tops have with the public. In most people’s minds, screw tops are only found on cheap, low-quality wines. It will take a lot of efforts from wineries to re-educate the public if they want to change the image of screw tops. In addition, there is the problem of losing the romantic, elegant mood produced by the ceremonial popping of the cork. Consumers don’t seem to feel the same thrill when unscrewing a top. Questions 71—75Complete the summary with words from the passage, changing the form when necessary, with only one word for each blank. The wine industry is facing a 【R1】______. What is the best way to seal wine bottles Many people think that it is only proper for wine 【R2】______to be sealed with corks. They believe that oxygen needs to be able to 【R3】______the cork. Other experts, however, suggest that wineries change to screw tops. Using corks can lead to cork taint, a bad taste in the wine caused by 【R4】______. However, it is unlikely that the public will accept this solution. They will most likely 【R5】______to buying wine with corks for the romantic and elegant mood it brings.【R2】
One of the interesting things about languages is the way they change over time. In English, everything from spelling to vocabulary has gone through major changes over the years. In fact, to a modem speaker, the English of 1, 000 years ago looks like a foreign language! The history of English dates back around 1, 500 years. At that time, groups of Europeans invaded in England, bringing their language with them. It developed into Old English. Later, in 1066, England was invaded by the Normans from France. The language went through an important shift, leading to what we now call Middle English. Over the next 500 years, the language underwent further shifts, leading to Modern English. As the language has developed over time, many things about it have changed. Pronunciation is one of the most obvious areas. For example, in Old English, people said "hus" and "mus". Now, we say "house" and "mouse". These days, there are many differences in the way English is pronounced in the U. S. , India, and elsewhere. When people live in groups separated by great distances, the pace of change can be fast. Spelling has also gone through interesting changes. For example, in Old English, one wrote "riht". A "g" was added in Middle English, making the spelling "right". Also, in the distant past, people did not always follow standards of spelling. In the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, scholars like Noah Webster wrote dictionaries which made the spelling more consistent. However, different standards were decided on in England and the U. S. So, some differences remain—for example, color vs. colour . Vocabulary changes happen even more quickly. English has grown by borrowing words from languages such as French, Spanish, and Arabic, to name a few. This often happens with types of food—for example, "tofu". Then there is slang which enters and leaves the language every year! Thirty years ago, one often heard people saying "groovy", meaning "great". These days, you’ll rarely hear the word except on old TV shows and movies. Because English is spoken by so many people worldwide, it really is an exciting time for the language. Just as American and British versions are always changing, so are versions spoken in Canada, Singapore, and elsewhere. At the same time, an entirely new version of English is appearing on the Internet with whole new slang and writing style. In a way, learning English is a never-ending process, even for native speakers! Questions 66—70 Answer the following questions according to the passage.What are some languages that English has borrowed words from
How big is the problem of cork taint Some experts from the wine industry claim cork taint affects one out of every ten bottles of wine. And as one spokesperson for an American winery says, " No other packaging industry in the world would put up with that kind of failure rate. " Some wine makers see a possible solution to the problem of cork taint through adopting the tried and true method of sealing bottles with screw tops. However, many wineries are still playing it safe and sticking to corks for two reasons. First, there is the old belief among cork users that small amounts of oxygen are able to penetrate corks. This oxygen, they say, is necessary for the proper aging of fine wines, especially those aged 10 years or more. Screw tops do not allow for any oxygen to get into the bottles after they are sealed. Another problem arises from the image screw tops have with the public. In most people’s minds, screw tops are only found on cheap, low-quality wines. It will take a lot of efforts from wineries to re-educate the public if they want to change the image of screw tops. In addition, there is the problem of losing the romantic, elegant mood produced by the ceremonial popping of the cork. Consumers don’t seem to feel the same thrill when unscrewing a top. Questions 71—75Complete the summary with words from the passage, changing the form when necessary, with only one word for each blank. The wine industry is facing a 【R1】______. What is the best way to seal wine bottles Many people think that it is only proper for wine 【R2】______to be sealed with corks. They believe that oxygen needs to be able to 【R3】______the cork. Other experts, however, suggest that wineries change to screw tops. Using corks can lead to cork taint, a bad taste in the wine caused by 【R4】______. However, it is unlikely that the public will accept this solution. They will most likely 【R5】______to buying wine with corks for the romantic and elegant mood it brings.【R3】
One of the interesting things about languages is the way they change over time. In English, everything from spelling to vocabulary has gone through major changes over the years. In fact, to a modem speaker, the English of 1, 000 years ago looks like a foreign language! The history of English dates back around 1, 500 years. At that time, groups of Europeans invaded in England, bringing their language with them. It developed into Old English. Later, in 1066, England was invaded by the Normans from France. The language went through an important shift, leading to what we now call Middle English. Over the next 500 years, the language underwent further shifts, leading to Modern English. As the language has developed over time, many things about it have changed. Pronunciation is one of the most obvious areas. For example, in Old English, people said "hus" and "mus". Now, we say "house" and "mouse". These days, there are many differences in the way English is pronounced in the U. S. , India, and elsewhere. When people live in groups separated by great distances, the pace of change can be fast. Spelling has also gone through interesting changes. For example, in Old English, one wrote "riht". A "g" was added in Middle English, making the spelling "right". Also, in the distant past, people did not always follow standards of spelling. In the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, scholars like Noah Webster wrote dictionaries which made the spelling more consistent. However, different standards were decided on in England and the U. S. So, some differences remain—for example, color vs. colour . Vocabulary changes happen even more quickly. English has grown by borrowing words from languages such as French, Spanish, and Arabic, to name a few. This often happens with types of food—for example, "tofu". Then there is slang which enters and leaves the language every year! Thirty years ago, one often heard people saying "groovy", meaning "great". These days, you’ll rarely hear the word except on old TV shows and movies. Because English is spoken by so many people worldwide, it really is an exciting time for the language. Just as American and British versions are always changing, so are versions spoken in Canada, Singapore, and elsewhere. At the same time, an entirely new version of English is appearing on the Internet with whole new slang and writing style. In a way, learning English is a never-ending process, even for native speakers! Questions 66—70 Answer the following questions according to the passage.Where can we see an entirely new version of English
How big is the problem of cork taint Some experts from the wine industry claim cork taint affects one out of every ten bottles of wine. And as one spokesperson for an American winery says, " No other packaging industry in the world would put up with that kind of failure rate. " Some wine makers see a possible solution to the problem of cork taint through adopting the tried and true method of sealing bottles with screw tops. However, many wineries are still playing it safe and sticking to corks for two reasons. First, there is the old belief among cork users that small amounts of oxygen are able to penetrate corks. This oxygen, they say, is necessary for the proper aging of fine wines, especially those aged 10 years or more. Screw tops do not allow for any oxygen to get into the bottles after they are sealed. Another problem arises from the image screw tops have with the public. In most people’s minds, screw tops are only found on cheap, low-quality wines. It will take a lot of efforts from wineries to re-educate the public if they want to change the image of screw tops. In addition, there is the problem of losing the romantic, elegant mood produced by the ceremonial popping of the cork. Consumers don’t seem to feel the same thrill when unscrewing a top. Questions 71—75Complete the summary with words from the passage, changing the form when necessary, with only one word for each blank. The wine industry is facing a 【R1】______. What is the best way to seal wine bottles Many people think that it is only proper for wine 【R2】______to be sealed with corks. They believe that oxygen needs to be able to 【R3】______the cork. Other experts, however, suggest that wineries change to screw tops. Using corks can lead to cork taint, a bad taste in the wine caused by 【R4】______. However, it is unlikely that the public will accept this solution. They will most likely 【R5】______to buying wine with corks for the romantic and elegant mood it brings.【R5】
