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Who has it and who doesn’t And how do those of us with less of it get more It is a riddle that has exercised philosophers ever since Aristotle first identified happiness as the end of all human activity. Wealth and health are thought to be a means to it, but the thing itself always seems to be just beyond our grasp.
Who has it and who doesn’t And how do those of us with less of it get more It is a riddle that has exercised philosophers ever since Aristotle first identified happiness as the end of all human activity. Wealth and health are thought to be a means to it, but the thing itself always seems to be just beyond our grasp.
After a decade of studying happiness or " subjective well-being" , to give it its proper psychological term, Michael Argyle, Emeritus Professor of Psychology at Oxford Brookes University, concludes that the best guarantee of long-term happiness is something called "serious leisure"—a hobby or activity that involves your whole being. 【B1】______says Argyle. "It’s also a highly social activity, which is a very important component of happiness. The point is it doesn’t really matter what you do as long as you find the activity challenging and absorbing. " Other experts, like Mihaly Csikszentmihaly, Professor of Psychology at the University of Chicago, concur. He has a similar theory called "flow". This is what a chess player senses at the most intense point in a game. " Flow is a state of loss of self-awareness, brought about by facing challenges with necessary skills. " explains Argyle. Because most people are by nature lazy and undisciplined, the majority find it easier to achieve flow when they are forced to rise to challenges imposed on them from outside, hence the importance of work as a source of happiness. But work can also be a huge source of stress and there seems to be less time than ever for the simple pleasures of life. 【B2】______Flow, he argues, is all very well for the adrenalin-driven commodities traders of this world, but those of us who don’t have a high-powered job in the city may have to look elsewhere for contentment. 【B3】______he writes in his latest book, The Social Psychology of Leisure, " Free time has greatly increased but those who have the greatest increase have not been able to convert it into satisfying forms of leisure. " The best example is TV. Recent studies have shown that Britain is in danger of becoming a nation of couch potatoes and Argyle agrees that because of its essential passivity, TV is one of the activities least likely to produce flow.【B4】______ One answer is to ask the subjects to write down what they do at each hour of the day, and how it makes them feel. This technique, known as "pleasant activities therapy" , was invented by Peter Lewinsohn. The data is fed into a computer which comes up with the activities that tend to produce the greatest happiness for the greatest number. Professor Argyle’s own study of leisure groups put dancing at the top of the contentment charts, which you may or may not see as a happy coincidence given the professor’s own passion for hopping about in a kilt. Next is any other activity that involves contact with people—such as volunteer work, or simply sitting around and relaxing with family and friends—followed by reading, making or fixing things and team sports. Cooking, housework and shopping are all ranked above watching TV. 【B5】______After all, there are plenty of compulsive-depressive types who work all hours, go skiing every weekend and still end up committing suicide at 35. " Just as there are happy people, there are unhappy people," he says, answering one of the questions posed at the outset of this article. The difference is that unhappy people look at themselves when things go wrong, but happy people only look at themselves when things go right. " The Americans call it the Pollyanna effect—always looking on the bright side. " Questions 61 to 65Choose from the sentences A—G the one which best fits each gap of 61—65. There are two extra sentences which you do not need to use.A. This is where Professor Argyle’s theories come in.B. "There really is a problem here. "C. How can we keep optimistic about the state of our lifeD. But isn’t all this ranking of different leisure activities beside the pointE. "It’s extremely invigorating and a great source of euphoria. "F. So what sort of "serious leisure" activities should we be considering if we want a slice of NirvanaG. "Actually lots of people lose their job aspirations. "【B2】
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正确答案：A
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After a decade of studying happiness or " subjective well-being" , to give it its proper psychological term, Michael Argyle, Emeritus Professor of Psychology at Oxford Brookes University, concludes that the best guarantee of long-term happiness is something called "serious leisure"—a hobby or activity that involves your whole being. 【B1】______says Argyle. "It’s also a highly social activity, which is a very important component of happiness. The point is it doesn’t really matter what you do as long as you find the activity challenging and absorbing. " Other experts, like Mihaly Csikszentmihaly, Professor of Psychology at the University of Chicago, concur. He has a similar theory called "flow". This is what a chess player senses at the most intense point in a game. " Flow is a state of loss of self-awareness, brought about by facing challenges with necessary skills. " explains Argyle. Because most people are by nature lazy and undisciplined, the majority find it easier to achieve flow when they are forced to rise to challenges imposed on them from outside, hence the importance of work as a source of happiness. But work can also be a huge source of stress and there seems to be less time than ever for the simple pleasures of life. 【B2】______Flow, he argues, is all very well for the adrenalin-driven commodities traders of this world, but those of us who don’t have a high-powered job in the city may have to look elsewhere for contentment. 【B3】______he writes in his latest book, The Social Psychology of Leisure, " Free time has greatly increased but those who have the greatest increase have not been able to convert it into satisfying forms of leisure. " The best example is TV. Recent studies have shown that Britain is in danger of becoming a nation of couch potatoes and Argyle agrees that because of its essential passivity, TV is one of the activities least likely to produce flow.【B4】______ One answer is to ask the subjects to write down what they do at each hour of the day, and how it makes them feel. This technique, known as "pleasant activities therapy" , was invented by Peter Lewinsohn. The data is fed into a computer which comes up with the activities that tend to produce the greatest happiness for the greatest number. Professor Argyle’s own study of leisure groups put dancing at the top of the contentment charts, which you may or may not see as a happy coincidence given the professor’s own passion for hopping about in a kilt. Next is any other activity that involves contact with people—such as volunteer work, or simply sitting around and relaxing with family and friends—followed by reading, making or fixing things and team sports. Cooking, housework and shopping are all ranked above watching TV. 【B5】______After all, there are plenty of compulsive-depressive types who work all hours, go skiing every weekend and still end up committing suicide at 35. " Just as there are happy people, there are unhappy people," he says, answering one of the questions posed at the outset of this article. The difference is that unhappy people look at themselves when things go wrong, but happy people only look at themselves when things go right. " The Americans call it the Pollyanna effect—always looking on the bright side. " Questions 61 to 65Choose from the sentences A—G the one which best fits each gap of 61—65. There are two extra sentences which you do not need to use.A. This is where Professor Argyle’s theories come in.B. "There really is a problem here. "C. How can we keep optimistic about the state of our lifeD. But isn’t all this ranking of different leisure activities beside the pointE. "It’s extremely invigorating and a great source of euphoria. "F. So what sort of "serious leisure" activities should we be considering if we want a slice of NirvanaG. "Actually lots of people lose their job aspirations. "【B1】
After a decade of studying happiness or " subjective well-being" , to give it its proper psychological term, Michael Argyle, Emeritus Professor of Psychology at Oxford Brookes University, concludes that the best guarantee of long-term happiness is something called "serious leisure"—a hobby or activity that involves your whole being. 【B1】______says Argyle. "It’s also a highly social activity, which is a very important component of happiness. The point is it doesn’t really matter what you do as long as you find the activity challenging and absorbing. " Other experts, like Mihaly Csikszentmihaly, Professor of Psychology at the University of Chicago, concur. He has a similar theory called "flow". This is what a chess player senses at the most intense point in a game. " Flow is a state of loss of self-awareness, brought about by facing challenges with necessary skills. " explains Argyle. Because most people are by nature lazy and undisciplined, the majority find it easier to achieve flow when they are forced to rise to challenges imposed on them from outside, hence the importance of work as a source of happiness. But work can also be a huge source of stress and there seems to be less time than ever for the simple pleasures of life. 【B2】______Flow, he argues, is all very well for the adrenalin-driven commodities traders of this world, but those of us who don’t have a high-powered job in the city may have to look elsewhere for contentment. 【B3】______he writes in his latest book, The Social Psychology of Leisure, " Free time has greatly increased but those who have the greatest increase have not been able to convert it into satisfying forms of leisure. " The best example is TV. Recent studies have shown that Britain is in danger of becoming a nation of couch potatoes and Argyle agrees that because of its essential passivity, TV is one of the activities least likely to produce flow.【B4】______ One answer is to ask the subjects to write down what they do at each hour of the day, and how it makes them feel. This technique, known as "pleasant activities therapy" , was invented by Peter Lewinsohn. The data is fed into a computer which comes up with the activities that tend to produce the greatest happiness for the greatest number. Professor Argyle’s own study of leisure groups put dancing at the top of the contentment charts, which you may or may not see as a happy coincidence given the professor’s own passion for hopping about in a kilt. Next is any other activity that involves contact with people—such as volunteer work, or simply sitting around and relaxing with family and friends—followed by reading, making or fixing things and team sports. Cooking, housework and shopping are all ranked above watching TV. 【B5】______After all, there are plenty of compulsive-depressive types who work all hours, go skiing every weekend and still end up committing suicide at 35. " Just as there are happy people, there are unhappy people," he says, answering one of the questions posed at the outset of this article. The difference is that unhappy people look at themselves when things go wrong, but happy people only look at themselves when things go right. " The Americans call it the Pollyanna effect—always looking on the bright side. " Questions 61 to 65Choose from the sentences A—G the one which best fits each gap of 61—65. There are two extra sentences which you do not need to use.A. This is where Professor Argyle’s theories come in.B. "There really is a problem here. "C. How can we keep optimistic about the state of our lifeD. But isn’t all this ranking of different leisure activities beside the pointE. "It’s extremely invigorating and a great source of euphoria. "F. So what sort of "serious leisure" activities should we be considering if we want a slice of NirvanaG. "Actually lots of people lose their job aspirations. "【B3】
After a decade of studying happiness or " subjective well-being" , to give it its proper psychological term, Michael Argyle, Emeritus Professor of Psychology at Oxford Brookes University, concludes that the best guarantee of long-term happiness is something called "serious leisure"—a hobby or activity that involves your whole being. 【B1】______says Argyle. "It’s also a highly social activity, which is a very important component of happiness. The point is it doesn’t really matter what you do as long as you find the activity challenging and absorbing. " Other experts, like Mihaly Csikszentmihaly, Professor of Psychology at the University of Chicago, concur. He has a similar theory called "flow". This is what a chess player senses at the most intense point in a game. " Flow is a state of loss of self-awareness, brought about by facing challenges with necessary skills. " explains Argyle. Because most people are by nature lazy and undisciplined, the majority find it easier to achieve flow when they are forced to rise to challenges imposed on them from outside, hence the importance of work as a source of happiness. But work can also be a huge source of stress and there seems to be less time than ever for the simple pleasures of life. 【B2】______Flow, he argues, is all very well for the adrenalin-driven commodities traders of this world, but those of us who don’t have a high-powered job in the city may have to look elsewhere for contentment. 【B3】______he writes in his latest book, The Social Psychology of Leisure, " Free time has greatly increased but those who have the greatest increase have not been able to convert it into satisfying forms of leisure. " The best example is TV. Recent studies have shown that Britain is in danger of becoming a nation of couch potatoes and Argyle agrees that because of its essential passivity, TV is one of the activities least likely to produce flow.【B4】______ One answer is to ask the subjects to write down what they do at each hour of the day, and how it makes them feel. This technique, known as "pleasant activities therapy" , was invented by Peter Lewinsohn. The data is fed into a computer which comes up with the activities that tend to produce the greatest happiness for the greatest number. Professor Argyle’s own study of leisure groups put dancing at the top of the contentment charts, which you may or may not see as a happy coincidence given the professor’s own passion for hopping about in a kilt. Next is any other activity that involves contact with people—such as volunteer work, or simply sitting around and relaxing with family and friends—followed by reading, making or fixing things and team sports. Cooking, housework and shopping are all ranked above watching TV. 【B5】______After all, there are plenty of compulsive-depressive types who work all hours, go skiing every weekend and still end up committing suicide at 35. " Just as there are happy people, there are unhappy people," he says, answering one of the questions posed at the outset of this article. The difference is that unhappy people look at themselves when things go wrong, but happy people only look at themselves when things go right. " The Americans call it the Pollyanna effect—always looking on the bright side. " Questions 61 to 65Choose from the sentences A—G the one which best fits each gap of 61—65. There are two extra sentences which you do not need to use.A. This is where Professor Argyle’s theories come in.B. "There really is a problem here. "C. How can we keep optimistic about the state of our lifeD. But isn’t all this ranking of different leisure activities beside the pointE. "It’s extremely invigorating and a great source of euphoria. "F. So what sort of "serious leisure" activities should we be considering if we want a slice of NirvanaG. "Actually lots of people lose their job aspirations. "【B4】
If ideas can symbolize the spirit of an age, then the symbol of the recent applied linguistic age is undoubtedly "language acquisition". But what does this term mean What exactly is "language acquisition" For the moment we may characterize it as the process by which individuals "pick up" a language through exposure to it. There are two immediately obvious sorts of language acquisition. The first is L1(first language)acquisition, which every normal child manages at an early age. The second is FL(foreign language)acquisition where someone, a child or an adult, picks up a language, for example, while they are living in a target language country. Chomsky’s ideas stimulated the interest in L1(and, indirectly, FL)acquisition that there has been over the past few decades. For him, L1 acquisition is a conundrum, even a miracle. The big question is: how is it that the very young child, so poorly developed in many areas, is able to learn the rudiments of their native language so quickly and so successfully Chomsky’s answer was that the individual has a machine in the head, an LAD(Language Acquisition Device), that does the job for them. The words "quickly and successfully" hold the key to one of the main reasons why applied linguists are interested in the acquisition idea. In an important article that appeared in 1968, Newmark and Reibel make the point that L1 acquisition is the quickest and most successful instance of language mastery that we know of. Since this is so, we might do well to study in some detail what is known about the L1 acquisition situation. What does the child do that makes acquisition so quick and successful How do the adults who talk to the child behave What assistance do they give to the acquisition process What are the important aspects of the acquisition environment Notice that though one of these questions is about the "organism" , the others are about the "environment" . This indicates that we are prepared to consider a role for the latter beyond that suggested by Chomsky. The applied linguist Stephen Krashen is one of those largely responsible for interest in foreign language acquisition. In fact he argues that there are two quite distinct ways of mastering an FL, and he calls these acquisitions and learning. Acquisition first: he describes this process as a " natural" , subconscious one, where there is no "conscious focusing on linguistic forms"(of the sort that you find in most classrooms). It is what we have already informally called the process of " picking up " a language, just as you do if you go and live in the target language environment. Indeed Krashen says that the minimal condition for acquisition to occur is " participation in natural communication situations". Learning, on the other hand, is a conscious process, and it usually takes place in the language classroom. For Krashen it is particularly marked by two characteristics. Firstly, there is error correction. When learners make mistakes, it is normal for the classroom teacher to draw explicit attention to them, and to correct the errors. The second characteristic is what Krashen calls rule isolation. In the language teaching classroom it is normal for a lesson(or part thereof)to focus on one language point. It may be a grammatical item like a particular tense, or a pronunciation point, or some "rule of use". The word isolation indicates that in this procedure language points are dealt with one by one. Questions 66 to 70 Answer the following questions with the information given in the passage.How do people usually pick up a language
After a decade of studying happiness or " subjective well-being" , to give it its proper psychological term, Michael Argyle, Emeritus Professor of Psychology at Oxford Brookes University, concludes that the best guarantee of long-term happiness is something called "serious leisure"—a hobby or activity that involves your whole being. 【B1】______says Argyle. "It’s also a highly social activity, which is a very important component of happiness. The point is it doesn’t really matter what you do as long as you find the activity challenging and absorbing. " Other experts, like Mihaly Csikszentmihaly, Professor of Psychology at the University of Chicago, concur. He has a similar theory called "flow". This is what a chess player senses at the most intense point in a game. " Flow is a state of loss of self-awareness, brought about by facing challenges with necessary skills. " explains Argyle. Because most people are by nature lazy and undisciplined, the majority find it easier to achieve flow when they are forced to rise to challenges imposed on them from outside, hence the importance of work as a source of happiness. But work can also be a huge source of stress and there seems to be less time than ever for the simple pleasures of life. 【B2】______Flow, he argues, is all very well for the adrenalin-driven commodities traders of this world, but those of us who don’t have a high-powered job in the city may have to look elsewhere for contentment. 【B3】______he writes in his latest book, The Social Psychology of Leisure, " Free time has greatly increased but those who have the greatest increase have not been able to convert it into satisfying forms of leisure. " The best example is TV. Recent studies have shown that Britain is in danger of becoming a nation of couch potatoes and Argyle agrees that because of its essential passivity, TV is one of the activities least likely to produce flow.【B4】______ One answer is to ask the subjects to write down what they do at each hour of the day, and how it makes them feel. This technique, known as "pleasant activities therapy" , was invented by Peter Lewinsohn. The data is fed into a computer which comes up with the activities that tend to produce the greatest happiness for the greatest number. Professor Argyle’s own study of leisure groups put dancing at the top of the contentment charts, which you may or may not see as a happy coincidence given the professor’s own passion for hopping about in a kilt. Next is any other activity that involves contact with people—such as volunteer work, or simply sitting around and relaxing with family and friends—followed by reading, making or fixing things and team sports. Cooking, housework and shopping are all ranked above watching TV. 【B5】______After all, there are plenty of compulsive-depressive types who work all hours, go skiing every weekend and still end up committing suicide at 35. " Just as there are happy people, there are unhappy people," he says, answering one of the questions posed at the outset of this article. The difference is that unhappy people look at themselves when things go wrong, but happy people only look at themselves when things go right. " The Americans call it the Pollyanna effect—always looking on the bright side. " Questions 61 to 65Choose from the sentences A—G the one which best fits each gap of 61—65. There are two extra sentences which you do not need to use.A. This is where Professor Argyle’s theories come in.B. "There really is a problem here. "C. How can we keep optimistic about the state of our lifeD. But isn’t all this ranking of different leisure activities beside the pointE. "It’s extremely invigorating and a great source of euphoria. "F. So what sort of "serious leisure" activities should we be considering if we want a slice of NirvanaG. "Actually lots of people lose their job aspirations. "【B5】
If ideas can symbolize the spirit of an age, then the symbol of the recent applied linguistic age is undoubtedly "language acquisition". But what does this term mean What exactly is "language acquisition" For the moment we may characterize it as the process by which individuals "pick up" a language through exposure to it. There are two immediately obvious sorts of language acquisition. The first is L1(first language)acquisition, which every normal child manages at an early age. The second is FL(foreign language)acquisition where someone, a child or an adult, picks up a language, for example, while they are living in a target language country. Chomsky’s ideas stimulated the interest in L1(and, indirectly, FL)acquisition that there has been over the past few decades. For him, L1 acquisition is a conundrum, even a miracle. The big question is: how is it that the very young child, so poorly developed in many areas, is able to learn the rudiments of their native language so quickly and so successfully Chomsky’s answer was that the individual has a machine in the head, an LAD(Language Acquisition Device), that does the job for them. The words "quickly and successfully" hold the key to one of the main reasons why applied linguists are interested in the acquisition idea. In an important article that appeared in 1968, Newmark and Reibel make the point that L1 acquisition is the quickest and most successful instance of language mastery that we know of. Since this is so, we might do well to study in some detail what is known about the L1 acquisition situation. What does the child do that makes acquisition so quick and successful How do the adults who talk to the child behave What assistance do they give to the acquisition process What are the important aspects of the acquisition environment Notice that though one of these questions is about the "organism" , the others are about the "environment" . This indicates that we are prepared to consider a role for the latter beyond that suggested by Chomsky. The applied linguist Stephen Krashen is one of those largely responsible for interest in foreign language acquisition. In fact he argues that there are two quite distinct ways of mastering an FL, and he calls these acquisitions and learning. Acquisition first: he describes this process as a " natural" , subconscious one, where there is no "conscious focusing on linguistic forms"(of the sort that you find in most classrooms). It is what we have already informally called the process of " picking up " a language, just as you do if you go and live in the target language environment. Indeed Krashen says that the minimal condition for acquisition to occur is " participation in natural communication situations". Learning, on the other hand, is a conscious process, and it usually takes place in the language classroom. For Krashen it is particularly marked by two characteristics. Firstly, there is error correction. When learners make mistakes, it is normal for the classroom teacher to draw explicit attention to them, and to correct the errors. The second characteristic is what Krashen calls rule isolation. In the language teaching classroom it is normal for a lesson(or part thereof)to focus on one language point. It may be a grammatical item like a particular tense, or a pronunciation point, or some "rule of use". The word isolation indicates that in this procedure language points are dealt with one by one. Questions 66 to 70 Answer the following questions with the information given in the passage.According to Chomsky, what enables a very young child to learn the mother tongue quickly and successfully
North America provides excellent examples of the ways in which ethnicity shapes the impulse to create public art. Multiple and overlapping waves of immigration into the United States and Canada have ensured that any truly local art movement will draw subjects and styles from many traditions. The best of such art expresses what a given ethnic group has experienced in North America , not merely what their ancestors experienced in " the old country". California’s Chicanos—descendants of immigrants from Mexico—have led the way in making public art that depicts an ethnic community’s interests. A critical aspect of this was the struggle by a predominantly Chicano labor union, the United Farm Workers(UFW), for better working conditions in California during the 1960s. To support the UFW’s efforts, highly accomplished Chicano artists in Los Angeles, in Sacramento, and elsewhere, placed posters, murals, and other politically charged works in public spaces. They drew attention as much for their beauty as for their message. After the UFW issue faded, the demand persisted for public art in the styles pioneered during the campaign. The complex murals that adorn sides of buildings throughout central and southern California , featuring elements of indigenous Mexican cultures mixed with scenes and symbols from Mexican-American life, carry the expression forward. The Mural Arts Program(MAP)in Philadelphia has supported some of the most ambitious community-based public art in North America. In 1984, the MAP was launched as part of a campaign to fight a plague of graffiti in the city. In a novel approach to the problem, young people caught spraying graffiti on structures in Philadelphia were directed to MAP to work under professional muralists and produce murals that beautified neighborhoods rather than graffiti that defaced them. The MAP has since left its graffiti-busting past behind and has become an outlet for community expression. Public sculptures in many North American cities express traditional and modern aspects of American-Indian life. For example, Marvin Oliver, whose ancestors include members of the Quinault Indian Nation in the Pacific Northwest, has fashioned several large public works. His Eagle Bearing Wealth is an eight-foot tall column of Douglas fir carved and painted to resemble a totem pole traditional among Indians of the Northwest Coast. It stands on the campus of North Seattle Community College in Seattle, Washington. Countless other ethnic groups have left, and are leaving, their marks on North American public art. The stonemason TorkjelLandsverk erected beautifully textured ornamental walls and monuments in Iowa and Minnesota during the late 19 th century and early 20th. While a modern eye might skip over them as just more examples of stodgy, old fixtures expressing little, they are anything but boring. Their rough-hewn character skillfully reflects an aesthetic appreciation for hard-to-tame nature among Norwegian-Americans in the Upper Midwest. Questions 71 to 75Complete the summary below with information from the passage, using no more than three words for each blank. Different from most works of art, public art is usually on display outdoors. Public art shapes【R1】______of a community and is also shaped by the people of a community. North America provides excellent examples of public art. The UFW’s efforts in demanding better【R2】______were expressed in the form of public art like posters, murals, and politically charged works. The MAP in Philadelphia made young people who【R3】______produce murals that beautified neighborhoods. Traditional and modern American-Indian life is shown in【R4】______, such as Marvin Oliver’s Eagle Bearing Wealth standing on the campus of North Seattle Community College. Different【R5】______ have left and are leaving their works on North American public art like TorkjelLandsverk’s ornamental walls and monuments in Iowa and Minnesota.【R1】
If ideas can symbolize the spirit of an age, then the symbol of the recent applied linguistic age is undoubtedly "language acquisition". But what does this term mean What exactly is "language acquisition" For the moment we may characterize it as the process by which individuals "pick up" a language through exposure to it. There are two immediately obvious sorts of language acquisition. The first is L1(first language)acquisition, which every normal child manages at an early age. The second is FL(foreign language)acquisition where someone, a child or an adult, picks up a language, for example, while they are living in a target language country. Chomsky’s ideas stimulated the interest in L1(and, indirectly, FL)acquisition that there has been over the past few decades. For him, L1 acquisition is a conundrum, even a miracle. The big question is: how is it that the very young child, so poorly developed in many areas, is able to learn the rudiments of their native language so quickly and so successfully Chomsky’s answer was that the individual has a machine in the head, an LAD(Language Acquisition Device), that does the job for them. The words "quickly and successfully" hold the key to one of the main reasons why applied linguists are interested in the acquisition idea. In an important article that appeared in 1968, Newmark and Reibel make the point that L1 acquisition is the quickest and most successful instance of language mastery that we know of. Since this is so, we might do well to study in some detail what is known about the L1 acquisition situation. What does the child do that makes acquisition so quick and successful How do the adults who talk to the child behave What assistance do they give to the acquisition process What are the important aspects of the acquisition environment Notice that though one of these questions is about the "organism" , the others are about the "environment" . This indicates that we are prepared to consider a role for the latter beyond that suggested by Chomsky. The applied linguist Stephen Krashen is one of those largely responsible for interest in foreign language acquisition. In fact he argues that there are two quite distinct ways of mastering an FL, and he calls these acquisitions and learning. Acquisition first: he describes this process as a " natural" , subconscious one, where there is no "conscious focusing on linguistic forms"(of the sort that you find in most classrooms). It is what we have already informally called the process of " picking up " a language, just as you do if you go and live in the target language environment. Indeed Krashen says that the minimal condition for acquisition to occur is " participation in natural communication situations". Learning, on the other hand, is a conscious process, and it usually takes place in the language classroom. For Krashen it is particularly marked by two characteristics. Firstly, there is error correction. When learners make mistakes, it is normal for the classroom teacher to draw explicit attention to them, and to correct the errors. The second characteristic is what Krashen calls rule isolation. In the language teaching classroom it is normal for a lesson(or part thereof)to focus on one language point. It may be a grammatical item like a particular tense, or a pronunciation point, or some "rule of use". The word isolation indicates that in this procedure language points are dealt with one by one. Questions 66 to 70 Answer the following questions with the information given in the passage.What do Newmark and Reibel say about L1 acquisition
North America provides excellent examples of the ways in which ethnicity shapes the impulse to create public art. Multiple and overlapping waves of immigration into the United States and Canada have ensured that any truly local art movement will draw subjects and styles from many traditions. The best of such art expresses what a given ethnic group has experienced in North America , not merely what their ancestors experienced in " the old country". California’s Chicanos—descendants of immigrants from Mexico—have led the way in making public art that depicts an ethnic community’s interests. A critical aspect of this was the struggle by a predominantly Chicano labor union, the United Farm Workers(UFW), for better working conditions in California during the 1960s. To support the UFW’s efforts, highly accomplished Chicano artists in Los Angeles, in Sacramento, and elsewhere, placed posters, murals, and other politically charged works in public spaces. They drew attention as much for their beauty as for their message. After the UFW issue faded, the demand persisted for public art in the styles pioneered during the campaign. The complex murals that adorn sides of buildings throughout central and southern California , featuring elements of indigenous Mexican cultures mixed with scenes and symbols from Mexican-American life, carry the expression forward. The Mural Arts Program(MAP)in Philadelphia has supported some of the most ambitious community-based public art in North America. In 1984, the MAP was launched as part of a campaign to fight a plague of graffiti in the city. In a novel approach to the problem, young people caught spraying graffiti on structures in Philadelphia were directed to MAP to work under professional muralists and produce murals that beautified neighborhoods rather than graffiti that defaced them. The MAP has since left its graffiti-busting past behind and has become an outlet for community expression. Public sculptures in many North American cities express traditional and modern aspects of American-Indian life. For example, Marvin Oliver, whose ancestors include members of the Quinault Indian Nation in the Pacific Northwest, has fashioned several large public works. His Eagle Bearing Wealth is an eight-foot tall column of Douglas fir carved and painted to resemble a totem pole traditional among Indians of the Northwest Coast. It stands on the campus of North Seattle Community College in Seattle, Washington. Countless other ethnic groups have left, and are leaving, their marks on North American public art. The stonemason TorkjelLandsverk erected beautifully textured ornamental walls and monuments in Iowa and Minnesota during the late 19 th century and early 20th. While a modern eye might skip over them as just more examples of stodgy, old fixtures expressing little, they are anything but boring. Their rough-hewn character skillfully reflects an aesthetic appreciation for hard-to-tame nature among Norwegian-Americans in the Upper Midwest. Questions 71 to 75Complete the summary below with information from the passage, using no more than three words for each blank. Different from most works of art, public art is usually on display outdoors. Public art shapes【R1】______of a community and is also shaped by the people of a community. North America provides excellent examples of public art. The UFW’s efforts in demanding better【R2】______were expressed in the form of public art like posters, murals, and politically charged works. The MAP in Philadelphia made young people who【R3】______produce murals that beautified neighborhoods. Traditional and modern American-Indian life is shown in【R4】______, such as Marvin Oliver’s Eagle Bearing Wealth standing on the campus of North Seattle Community College. Different【R5】______ have left and are leaving their works on North American public art like TorkjelLandsverk’s ornamental walls and monuments in Iowa and Minnesota.【R2】
If ideas can symbolize the spirit of an age, then the symbol of the recent applied linguistic age is undoubtedly "language acquisition". But what does this term mean What exactly is "language acquisition" For the moment we may characterize it as the process by which individuals "pick up" a language through exposure to it. There are two immediately obvious sorts of language acquisition. The first is L1(first language)acquisition, which every normal child manages at an early age. The second is FL(foreign language)acquisition where someone, a child or an adult, picks up a language, for example, while they are living in a target language country. Chomsky’s ideas stimulated the interest in L1(and, indirectly, FL)acquisition that there has been over the past few decades. For him, L1 acquisition is a conundrum, even a miracle. The big question is: how is it that the very young child, so poorly developed in many areas, is able to learn the rudiments of their native language so quickly and so successfully Chomsky’s answer was that the individual has a machine in the head, an LAD(Language Acquisition Device), that does the job for them. The words "quickly and successfully" hold the key to one of the main reasons why applied linguists are interested in the acquisition idea. In an important article that appeared in 1968, Newmark and Reibel make the point that L1 acquisition is the quickest and most successful instance of language mastery that we know of. Since this is so, we might do well to study in some detail what is known about the L1 acquisition situation. What does the child do that makes acquisition so quick and successful How do the adults who talk to the child behave What assistance do they give to the acquisition process What are the important aspects of the acquisition environment Notice that though one of these questions is about the "organism" , the others are about the "environment" . This indicates that we are prepared to consider a role for the latter beyond that suggested by Chomsky. The applied linguist Stephen Krashen is one of those largely responsible for interest in foreign language acquisition. In fact he argues that there are two quite distinct ways of mastering an FL, and he calls these acquisitions and learning. Acquisition first: he describes this process as a " natural" , subconscious one, where there is no "conscious focusing on linguistic forms"(of the sort that you find in most classrooms). It is what we have already informally called the process of " picking up " a language, just as you do if you go and live in the target language environment. Indeed Krashen says that the minimal condition for acquisition to occur is " participation in natural communication situations". Learning, on the other hand, is a conscious process, and it usually takes place in the language classroom. For Krashen it is particularly marked by two characteristics. Firstly, there is error correction. When learners make mistakes, it is normal for the classroom teacher to draw explicit attention to them, and to correct the errors. The second characteristic is what Krashen calls rule isolation. In the language teaching classroom it is normal for a lesson(or part thereof)to focus on one language point. It may be a grammatical item like a particular tense, or a pronunciation point, or some "rule of use". The word isolation indicates that in this procedure language points are dealt with one by one. Questions 66 to 70 Answer the following questions with the information given in the passage.What is the main distinction between language acquisition and language learning
North America provides excellent examples of the ways in which ethnicity shapes the impulse to create public art. Multiple and overlapping waves of immigration into the United States and Canada have ensured that any truly local art movement will draw subjects and styles from many traditions. The best of such art expresses what a given ethnic group has experienced in North America , not merely what their ancestors experienced in " the old country". California’s Chicanos—descendants of immigrants from Mexico—have led the way in making public art that depicts an ethnic community’s interests. A critical aspect of this was the struggle by a predominantly Chicano labor union, the United Farm Workers(UFW), for better working conditions in California during the 1960s. To support the UFW’s efforts, highly accomplished Chicano artists in Los Angeles, in Sacramento, and elsewhere, placed posters, murals, and other politically charged works in public spaces. They drew attention as much for their beauty as for their message. After the UFW issue faded, the demand persisted for public art in the styles pioneered during the campaign. The complex murals that adorn sides of buildings throughout central and southern California , featuring elements of indigenous Mexican cultures mixed with scenes and symbols from Mexican-American life, carry the expression forward. The Mural Arts Program(MAP)in Philadelphia has supported some of the most ambitious community-based public art in North America. In 1984, the MAP was launched as part of a campaign to fight a plague of graffiti in the city. In a novel approach to the problem, young people caught spraying graffiti on structures in Philadelphia were directed to MAP to work under professional muralists and produce murals that beautified neighborhoods rather than graffiti that defaced them. The MAP has since left its graffiti-busting past behind and has become an outlet for community expression. Public sculptures in many North American cities express traditional and modern aspects of American-Indian life. For example, Marvin Oliver, whose ancestors include members of the Quinault Indian Nation in the Pacific Northwest, has fashioned several large public works. His Eagle Bearing Wealth is an eight-foot tall column of Douglas fir carved and painted to resemble a totem pole traditional among Indians of the Northwest Coast. It stands on the campus of North Seattle Community College in Seattle, Washington. Countless other ethnic groups have left, and are leaving, their marks on North American public art. The stonemason TorkjelLandsverk erected beautifully textured ornamental walls and monuments in Iowa and Minnesota during the late 19 th century and early 20th. While a modern eye might skip over them as just more examples of stodgy, old fixtures expressing little, they are anything but boring. Their rough-hewn character skillfully reflects an aesthetic appreciation for hard-to-tame nature among Norwegian-Americans in the Upper Midwest. Questions 71 to 75Complete the summary below with information from the passage, using no more than three words for each blank. Different from most works of art, public art is usually on display outdoors. Public art shapes【R1】______of a community and is also shaped by the people of a community. North America provides excellent examples of public art. The UFW’s efforts in demanding better【R2】______were expressed in the form of public art like posters, murals, and politically charged works. The MAP in Philadelphia made young people who【R3】______produce murals that beautified neighborhoods. Traditional and modern American-Indian life is shown in【R4】______, such as Marvin Oliver’s Eagle Bearing Wealth standing on the campus of North Seattle Community College. Different【R5】______ have left and are leaving their works on North American public art like TorkjelLandsverk’s ornamental walls and monuments in Iowa and Minnesota.【R3】
If ideas can symbolize the spirit of an age, then the symbol of the recent applied linguistic age is undoubtedly "language acquisition". But what does this term mean What exactly is "language acquisition" For the moment we may characterize it as the process by which individuals "pick up" a language through exposure to it. There are two immediately obvious sorts of language acquisition. The first is L1(first language)acquisition, which every normal child manages at an early age. The second is FL(foreign language)acquisition where someone, a child or an adult, picks up a language, for example, while they are living in a target language country. Chomsky’s ideas stimulated the interest in L1(and, indirectly, FL)acquisition that there has been over the past few decades. For him, L1 acquisition is a conundrum, even a miracle. The big question is: how is it that the very young child, so poorly developed in many areas, is able to learn the rudiments of their native language so quickly and so successfully Chomsky’s answer was that the individual has a machine in the head, an LAD(Language Acquisition Device), that does the job for them. The words "quickly and successfully" hold the key to one of the main reasons why applied linguists are interested in the acquisition idea. In an important article that appeared in 1968, Newmark and Reibel make the point that L1 acquisition is the quickest and most successful instance of language mastery that we know of. Since this is so, we might do well to study in some detail what is known about the L1 acquisition situation. What does the child do that makes acquisition so quick and successful How do the adults who talk to the child behave What assistance do they give to the acquisition process What are the important aspects of the acquisition environment Notice that though one of these questions is about the "organism" , the others are about the "environment" . This indicates that we are prepared to consider a role for the latter beyond that suggested by Chomsky. The applied linguist Stephen Krashen is one of those largely responsible for interest in foreign language acquisition. In fact he argues that there are two quite distinct ways of mastering an FL, and he calls these acquisitions and learning. Acquisition first: he describes this process as a " natural" , subconscious one, where there is no "conscious focusing on linguistic forms"(of the sort that you find in most classrooms). It is what we have already informally called the process of " picking up " a language, just as you do if you go and live in the target language environment. Indeed Krashen says that the minimal condition for acquisition to occur is " participation in natural communication situations". Learning, on the other hand, is a conscious process, and it usually takes place in the language classroom. For Krashen it is particularly marked by two characteristics. Firstly, there is error correction. When learners make mistakes, it is normal for the classroom teacher to draw explicit attention to them, and to correct the errors. The second characteristic is what Krashen calls rule isolation. In the language teaching classroom it is normal for a lesson(or part thereof)to focus on one language point. It may be a grammatical item like a particular tense, or a pronunciation point, or some "rule of use". The word isolation indicates that in this procedure language points are dealt with one by one. Questions 66 to 70 Answer the following questions with the information given in the passage.What are the two characteristics of learning according to Stephen Krashen
North America provides excellent examples of the ways in which ethnicity shapes the impulse to create public art. Multiple and overlapping waves of immigration into the United States and Canada have ensured that any truly local art movement will draw subjects and styles from many traditions. The best of such art expresses what a given ethnic group has experienced in North America , not merely what their ancestors experienced in " the old country". California’s Chicanos—descendants of immigrants from Mexico—have led the way in making public art that depicts an ethnic community’s interests. A critical aspect of this was the struggle by a predominantly Chicano labor union, the United Farm Workers(UFW), for better working conditions in California during the 1960s. To support the UFW’s efforts, highly accomplished Chicano artists in Los Angeles, in Sacramento, and elsewhere, placed posters, murals, and other politically charged works in public spaces. They drew attention as much for their beauty as for their message. After the UFW issue faded, the demand persisted for public art in the styles pioneered during the campaign. The complex murals that adorn sides of buildings throughout central and southern California , featuring elements of indigenous Mexican cultures mixed with scenes and symbols from Mexican-American life, carry the expression forward. The Mural Arts Program(MAP)in Philadelphia has supported some of the most ambitious community-based public art in North America. In 1984, the MAP was launched as part of a campaign to fight a plague of graffiti in the city. In a novel approach to the problem, young people caught spraying graffiti on structures in Philadelphia were directed to MAP to work under professional muralists and produce murals that beautified neighborhoods rather than graffiti that defaced them. The MAP has since left its graffiti-busting past behind and has become an outlet for community expression. Public sculptures in many North American cities express traditional and modern aspects of American-Indian life. For example, Marvin Oliver, whose ancestors include members of the Quinault Indian Nation in the Pacific Northwest, has fashioned several large public works. His Eagle Bearing Wealth is an eight-foot tall column of Douglas fir carved and painted to resemble a totem pole traditional among Indians of the Northwest Coast. It stands on the campus of North Seattle Community College in Seattle, Washington. Countless other ethnic groups have left, and are leaving, their marks on North American public art. The stonemason TorkjelLandsverk erected beautifully textured ornamental walls and monuments in Iowa and Minnesota during the late 19 th century and early 20th. While a modern eye might skip over them as just more examples of stodgy, old fixtures expressing little, they are anything but boring. Their rough-hewn character skillfully reflects an aesthetic appreciation for hard-to-tame nature among Norwegian-Americans in the Upper Midwest. Questions 71 to 75Complete the summary below with information from the passage, using no more than three words for each blank. Different from most works of art, public art is usually on display outdoors. Public art shapes【R1】______of a community and is also shaped by the people of a community. North America provides excellent examples of public art. The UFW’s efforts in demanding better【R2】______were expressed in the form of public art like posters, murals, and politically charged works. The MAP in Philadelphia made young people who【R3】______produce murals that beautified neighborhoods. Traditional and modern American-Indian life is shown in【R4】______, such as Marvin Oliver’s Eagle Bearing Wealth standing on the campus of North Seattle Community College. Different【R5】______ have left and are leaving their works on North American public art like TorkjelLandsverk’s ornamental walls and monuments in Iowa and Minnesota.【R4】
North America provides excellent examples of the ways in which ethnicity shapes the impulse to create public art. Multiple and overlapping waves of immigration into the United States and Canada have ensured that any truly local art movement will draw subjects and styles from many traditions. The best of such art expresses what a given ethnic group has experienced in North America , not merely what their ancestors experienced in " the old country". California’s Chicanos—descendants of immigrants from Mexico—have led the way in making public art that depicts an ethnic community’s interests. A critical aspect of this was the struggle by a predominantly Chicano labor union, the United Farm Workers(UFW), for better working conditions in California during the 1960s. To support the UFW’s efforts, highly accomplished Chicano artists in Los Angeles, in Sacramento, and elsewhere, placed posters, murals, and other politically charged works in public spaces. They drew attention as much for their beauty as for their message. After the UFW issue faded, the demand persisted for public art in the styles pioneered during the campaign. The complex murals that adorn sides of buildings throughout central and southern California , featuring elements of indigenous Mexican cultures mixed with scenes and symbols from Mexican-American life, carry the expression forward. The Mural Arts Program(MAP)in Philadelphia has supported some of the most ambitious community-based public art in North America. In 1984, the MAP was launched as part of a campaign to fight a plague of graffiti in the city. In a novel approach to the problem, young people caught spraying graffiti on structures in Philadelphia were directed to MAP to work under professional muralists and produce murals that beautified neighborhoods rather than graffiti that defaced them. The MAP has since left its graffiti-busting past behind and has become an outlet for community expression. Public sculptures in many North American cities express traditional and modern aspects of American-Indian life. For example, Marvin Oliver, whose ancestors include members of the Quinault Indian Nation in the Pacific Northwest, has fashioned several large public works. His Eagle Bearing Wealth is an eight-foot tall column of Douglas fir carved and painted to resemble a totem pole traditional among Indians of the Northwest Coast. It stands on the campus of North Seattle Community College in Seattle, Washington. Countless other ethnic groups have left, and are leaving, their marks on North American public art. The stonemason TorkjelLandsverk erected beautifully textured ornamental walls and monuments in Iowa and Minnesota during the late 19 th century and early 20th. While a modern eye might skip over them as just more examples of stodgy, old fixtures expressing little, they are anything but boring. Their rough-hewn character skillfully reflects an aesthetic appreciation for hard-to-tame nature among Norwegian-Americans in the Upper Midwest. Questions 71 to 75Complete the summary below with information from the passage, using no more than three words for each blank. Different from most works of art, public art is usually on display outdoors. Public art shapes【R1】______of a community and is also shaped by the people of a community. North America provides excellent examples of public art. The UFW’s efforts in demanding better【R2】______were expressed in the form of public art like posters, murals, and politically charged works. The MAP in Philadelphia made young people who【R3】______produce murals that beautified neighborhoods. Traditional and modern American-Indian life is shown in【R4】______, such as Marvin Oliver’s Eagle Bearing Wealth standing on the campus of North Seattle Community College. Different【R5】______ have left and are leaving their works on North American public art like TorkjelLandsverk’s ornamental walls and monuments in Iowa and Minnesota.【R5】
