问答题

More Pet Brands Target Owners Who Like to Cook Their Own Dog FoodA) Dog owners "know they’re not quite cooking" when they mash the meat or mix it with kibble, says Scott Morris, co-founder of the Secaucus, N. J., company. "But they still feel emotionally rewarded for the effort." That insight is driving a big shift in the way companies are designing food for the nation’s millions of dogs and cats. After years of steadily rising pet-food sales, brands are launching premium-priced products requiring humans to refrigerate, freeze, dice, heat and/or mix-in additional ingredients like meat and vegetables.B) More pet owners want to feed their dogs and cats fresh food like the stuff people eat. These pet "parents" want to do more than dump food from a can or a bag into a bowl. They want to prepare a meal for their pet the way they would for a family member. Companies are designing specifically for the "happy dance" —what the industry calls all the jumping, wagging, purring and pawing that hungry dogs and cats do when anticipating a meal. " That enjoyment is what the pet parent is looking for," says Evelia Davis, vice president of consumable merchandise for retailer PetSmart Inc.C) A majority of pet owners now customize their pet’s meals in some way, maybe adding bacon or some chopped vegetables, according to research from retailer Petco Animal Supplies Inc. "We’re seeing it as a shift," says John Sturm, vice president of food and treats. "Just putting the bowl on the ground and walking away isn’t the humanized experience that pet parents are looking for." Laura Twichell says the extra steps she takes to feed her black Labrador help stave off digestive problems. Twice a day, Ms. Twichell, a stay-at-home mother in Cincinnati, slices a quarter-pound slab from a roll of refrigerated chicken-and-vegetable dog food. She mixes it with a half-cup of organic, salmon-based kibble, which she has soaked in water and then heated in the microwave, plus three tablespoons of canned pumpkin puree.D) Once mainstream shoppers didn’t give the ingredients in pet food much thought. Experts say it’s hard to achieve a balanced homemade diet, though, and eventually the expense and time involved turned a lot of pet owners off—and opened the door to nutrient-rich packaged products that require just a little preparation.E) In March, Nestle S. A. —owned Purina introduced Just Right, an online customizable brand that asks owners questions about their dog, including breed, age, activity level and skin condition, and then helps tailor food to the dog’s individual needs. "We built this brand based on the belief that the best nutrition is personalized," says Brian Lester, Purina’s director of marketing for innovation.F) U. S. sales of pet food in 2013 totaled an estimated $21 billion, up 24% since 2008, according to market research firm Packaged Facts. The industry’s growth through the recession points to the close bond consumers feel with pets. In a survey last year, 83% of consumers said they consider their pets part of the family. Over the next 18 months, Whole Foods Market Inc. says it plans to expand its selection of organic and animal welfare-rated pet food so the aisle looks more like one of its human—food aisles. "We want people to know that the pet food they buy in our store would be something that they would be just as happy buying for themselves," says Dwight Richmond, global grocery purchasing coordinator at Whole Foods.G) Mr. Richmond—who prefers the term pet "partners," not "owners" —cooks for his two Jack Russell Terriers, often making salmon or beef for both the dogs and for his wife and himself. The dogs’ meals are mixed with kibble. Freshpet says its refrigerated meat rolls are cooked in small batches at lower temperatures without preservatives. With flavors for dogs like "grain-free salmon and ocean whitefish with spinach, cranberries and blueberries, " Freshpet compares its products to " a meal you’d cook for your family, using simple ingredients you recognize".H) Lucy Postins, chief executive and founder, at first worried people wouldn’t want the hassle of mixing warm water with dehydrate (脱水的) food mix. " But they embraced it, " she says. "They love the fact that they share with their pet this moment of anticipation." Ms. Postins says she personally tastes all Honest Kitchen’s products and ingredients and now is focused on adding variety—because many owners worry their dogs and cats will get bored with repetition.I) In July, duck will join the lineup including cage-free turkey, free-range chicken and line-caught haddock. Honest Kitchen plans to add dry mixes—including blends of buckwheat, millet and quinoa, and vegetables like chard, pumpkin and peas—to which consumers can add cooked or raw meat. Several pet-food makers say natural ingredients make their recipes appealing to humans. "The gross-out factor is gone with us," says Mark Sapir, vice president of marketing for Merrick Pet Care Inc. The company’s canned "French Country Cafe" dog food evokes "the romance of France" and "will have your dog begging for more in a heavy French accent, "the company says. "Thanksgiving Day Dinner" has turkey, sweet potatoes, carrots, green beans and Granny Smith apples. "When you open the can, it’s really a human mealtime experience," Mr. Sapir says.J) Not every popular fruit and vegetable translates well for the pet palate. "A lot of these natural ingredients have a good cachet about them but aren’t necessarily what a dog or cat would have any interest in eating," says Nancy Rawson, a director of research at AFB International, in St. Charles, Mo., which produces flavor coatings to the pet-food industry. Behavioral analysis of dogs and cats helps Dr. Rawson determine whether flavors need to be adjusted. By examining how dogs and cats sniff, poke and eat their food, she finds out their enthusiasm or objection. Having worked to balance strong-flavored pet-food ingredients like blueberries and peas, Dr. Rawson is bracing for the day when she’ll have to tackle the bitter taste of kale. "I’m sure it’s coming," she says.Pet owners are no longer satisfied with feeding their pet can food.

答案：正确答案：B

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The hassle involved in updating software means many of us don’t do it, leaving our computers exposed to crash-prone, and insecure code. But now two major objections to【C1】 updates—the fact that you have to stop running the software to upgrade it and the【C2】 that an update will introduce bugs—could be removed thanks to an ingenious idea from engineers at Imperial College London. Computer scientists have worked out how to employ the unused cores in "multicore" (多核) microprocessors (微处理器) to make the update process invisible to the user. Whenever an update is【C3】 , their trick is to leave the old version of the software running on one【C4】 —so you can carry on using it—while running the update in【C5】 on an unused core. They then synchronize (使同步；使同时发生) the execution of the two programs in such a way—an idea that limits damage from fresh bugs introduced by the update. In a Swiss survey, 70 per cent of a sample of 50 system administrators admitted they don’t always update software for fear of the【C6】 it will cause—and because 25 per cent of updates can introduce new【C7】 . The Imperial team has now successfully tested their idea, they told the International Conference on Software Engineering in San Francisco last month. They say their【C8】 could be applied to apps on【C9】 as well as to server applications, but it is best suited to larger systems needing "increasing reliability, availability and【C10】 ".A) downtime F) smartphones K) coreB) available G) secure L) securityC) ideas H) parallel M) installingD) bugs I) fear N) versionE) equipment J) using O) trick【C1】

答案：正确答案：M

问答题

The hassle involved in updating software means many of us don’t do it, leaving our computers exposed to crash-prone, and insecure code. But now two major objections to【C1】 updates—the fact that you have to stop running the software to upgrade it and the【C2】 that an update will introduce bugs—could be removed thanks to an ingenious idea from engineers at Imperial College London. Computer scientists have worked out how to employ the unused cores in "multicore" (多核) microprocessors (微处理器) to make the update process invisible to the user. Whenever an update is【C3】 , their trick is to leave the old version of the software running on one【C4】 —so you can carry on using it—while running the update in【C5】 on an unused core. They then synchronize (使同步；使同时发生) the execution of the two programs in such a way—an idea that limits damage from fresh bugs introduced by the update. In a Swiss survey, 70 per cent of a sample of 50 system administrators admitted they don’t always update software for fear of the【C6】 it will cause—and because 25 per cent of updates can introduce new【C7】 . The Imperial team has now successfully tested their idea, they told the International Conference on Software Engineering in San Francisco last month. They say their【C8】 could be applied to apps on【C9】 as well as to server applications, but it is best suited to larger systems needing "increasing reliability, availability and【C10】 ".A) downtime F) smartphones K) coreB) available G) secure L) securityC) ideas H) parallel M) installingD) bugs I) fear N) versionE) equipment J) using O) trick【C2】

答案：正确答案：I

问答题

More Pet Brands Target Owners Who Like to Cook Their Own Dog FoodA) Dog owners "know they’re not quite cooking" when they mash the meat or mix it with kibble, says Scott Morris, co-founder of the Secaucus, N. J., company. "But they still feel emotionally rewarded for the effort." That insight is driving a big shift in the way companies are designing food for the nation’s millions of dogs and cats. After years of steadily rising pet-food sales, brands are launching premium-priced products requiring humans to refrigerate, freeze, dice, heat and/or mix-in additional ingredients like meat and vegetables.B) More pet owners want to feed their dogs and cats fresh food like the stuff people eat. These pet "parents" want to do more than dump food from a can or a bag into a bowl. They want to prepare a meal for their pet the way they would for a family member. Companies are designing specifically for the "happy dance" —what the industry calls all the jumping, wagging, purring and pawing that hungry dogs and cats do when anticipating a meal. " That enjoyment is what the pet parent is looking for," says Evelia Davis, vice president of consumable merchandise for retailer PetSmart Inc.C) A majority of pet owners now customize their pet’s meals in some way, maybe adding bacon or some chopped vegetables, according to research from retailer Petco Animal Supplies Inc. "We’re seeing it as a shift," says John Sturm, vice president of food and treats. "Just putting the bowl on the ground and walking away isn’t the humanized experience that pet parents are looking for." Laura Twichell says the extra steps she takes to feed her black Labrador help stave off digestive problems. Twice a day, Ms. Twichell, a stay-at-home mother in Cincinnati, slices a quarter-pound slab from a roll of refrigerated chicken-and-vegetable dog food. She mixes it with a half-cup of organic, salmon-based kibble, which she has soaked in water and then heated in the microwave, plus three tablespoons of canned pumpkin puree.D) Once mainstream shoppers didn’t give the ingredients in pet food much thought. Experts say it’s hard to achieve a balanced homemade diet, though, and eventually the expense and time involved turned a lot of pet owners off—and opened the door to nutrient-rich packaged products that require just a little preparation.E) In March, Nestle S. A. —owned Purina introduced Just Right, an online customizable brand that asks owners questions about their dog, including breed, age, activity level and skin condition, and then helps tailor food to the dog’s individual needs. "We built this brand based on the belief that the best nutrition is personalized," says Brian Lester, Purina’s director of marketing for innovation.F) U. S. sales of pet food in 2013 totaled an estimated $21 billion, up 24% since 2008, according to market research firm Packaged Facts. The industry’s growth through the recession points to the close bond consumers feel with pets. In a survey last year, 83% of consumers said they consider their pets part of the family. Over the next 18 months, Whole Foods Market Inc. says it plans to expand its selection of organic and animal welfare-rated pet food so the aisle looks more like one of its human—food aisles. "We want people to know that the pet food they buy in our store would be something that they would be just as happy buying for themselves," says Dwight Richmond, global grocery purchasing coordinator at Whole Foods.G) Mr. Richmond—who prefers the term pet "partners," not "owners" —cooks for his two Jack Russell Terriers, often making salmon or beef for both the dogs and for his wife and himself. The dogs’ meals are mixed with kibble. Freshpet says its refrigerated meat rolls are cooked in small batches at lower temperatures without preservatives. With flavors for dogs like "grain-free salmon and ocean whitefish with spinach, cranberries and blueberries, " Freshpet compares its products to " a meal you’d cook for your family, using simple ingredients you recognize".H) Lucy Postins, chief executive and founder, at first worried people wouldn’t want the hassle of mixing warm water with dehydrate (脱水的) food mix. " But they embraced it, " she says. "They love the fact that they share with their pet this moment of anticipation." Ms. Postins says she personally tastes all Honest Kitchen’s products and ingredients and now is focused on adding variety—because many owners worry their dogs and cats will get bored with repetition.I) In July, duck will join the lineup including cage-free turkey, free-range chicken and line-caught haddock. Honest Kitchen plans to add dry mixes—including blends of buckwheat, millet and quinoa, and vegetables like chard, pumpkin and peas—to which consumers can add cooked or raw meat. Several pet-food makers say natural ingredients make their recipes appealing to humans. "The gross-out factor is gone with us," says Mark Sapir, vice president of marketing for Merrick Pet Care Inc. The company’s canned "French Country Cafe" dog food evokes "the romance of France" and "will have your dog begging for more in a heavy French accent, "the company says. "Thanksgiving Day Dinner" has turkey, sweet potatoes, carrots, green beans and Granny Smith apples. "When you open the can, it’s really a human mealtime experience," Mr. Sapir says.J) Not every popular fruit and vegetable translates well for the pet palate. "A lot of these natural ingredients have a good cachet about them but aren’t necessarily what a dog or cat would have any interest in eating," says Nancy Rawson, a director of research at AFB International, in St. Charles, Mo., which produces flavor coatings to the pet-food industry. Behavioral analysis of dogs and cats helps Dr. Rawson determine whether flavors need to be adjusted. By examining how dogs and cats sniff, poke and eat their food, she finds out their enthusiasm or objection. Having worked to balance strong-flavored pet-food ingredients like blueberries and peas, Dr. Rawson is bracing for the day when she’ll have to tackle the bitter taste of kale. "I’m sure it’s coming," she says.Some companies pay more attention on adding variety for fear that the dogs and cats may be fed up with repetition.

答案：正确答案：H

问答题

The hassle involved in updating software means many of us don’t do it, leaving our computers exposed to crash-prone, and insecure code. But now two major objections to【C1】 updates—the fact that you have to stop running the software to upgrade it and the【C2】 that an update will introduce bugs—could be removed thanks to an ingenious idea from engineers at Imperial College London. Computer scientists have worked out how to employ the unused cores in "multicore" (多核) microprocessors (微处理器) to make the update process invisible to the user. Whenever an update is【C3】 , their trick is to leave the old version of the software running on one【C4】 —so you can carry on using it—while running the update in【C5】 on an unused core. They then synchronize (使同步；使同时发生) the execution of the two programs in such a way—an idea that limits damage from fresh bugs introduced by the update. In a Swiss survey, 70 per cent of a sample of 50 system administrators admitted they don’t always update software for fear of the【C6】 it will cause—and because 25 per cent of updates can introduce new【C7】 . The Imperial team has now successfully tested their idea, they told the International Conference on Software Engineering in San Francisco last month. They say their【C8】 could be applied to apps on【C9】 as well as to server applications, but it is best suited to larger systems needing "increasing reliability, availability and【C10】 ".A) downtime F) smartphones K) coreB) available G) secure L) securityC) ideas H) parallel M) installingD) bugs I) fear N) versionE) equipment J) using O) trick【C3】

答案：正确答案：B

单项选择题

Trawling (用拖网捕鱼) the seabed for fish is an environmental disaster; it wrecks ecosystems, destroys fish stocks and leaves behind a marine desert. Right Environment campaigners say so. But there is growing evidence that the effect is sometimes very different, with trawling increasing fish stocks from the North Sea to the California coast. A new modeling study may for the first time have demonstrated why. Trawlers attach large nets to a metal beam dragged across the seabed to catch bottom-dwelling fish. Greenpeace compares it to "driving a huge bulldozer through a forest", leaving a flat, featureless desert on the seabed. Trawling clearly does remove fish, such as large crustaceans and shellfish, says Daniel van Denderen of the Wageningen Institute for Marine Resources and Ecosystem Studies in the Netherlands. But this is a lucky break for softer, smaller species lurking in the sandy seabed, such as worms. They survive and, with fewer rivals, flourish.And if, as is often the case, these smaller critters are the main food for fish, then the overall effect is to nurture more marine life. Imants Priede, director of Oceanlab at the University of Aberdeen, UK, says there is growing evidence that—while far from universal—the phenomenon is real. "On continental shelves such as the southern North Sea, where shifting sands and gravels are stirred up by strong tidal currents, even trawling more than once a year may be beneficial for some fish stocks," he says. In fact, studies going back 20 years have linked persistent trawling with increased fish stocks. The cause of this counter-intuitive finding has remained uncertain. Some have suggested that trawling stirs up the seabed, throwing potential food into the water column—rather like ploughing a field. Others think that discards from fish nets add to the food available on the sea floor. But van Denderen is the first to show how trawling can stimulate fisheries simply by drifting from ecosystems. "The findings are very important," says Priede.According to environment campaigners, which of the following is not the result of trawling

A．Trawling reduces fish stocks.
B．Trawling causes degradation of ecosystem.
C．Trawling leads to marine desertification.
D．Trawling destroys seabed.

单项选择题

Traffic fumes render the scent of flowers barely recognizable to honeybees and could have a serious impact on their ability to find food, new research has found. Scientists discovered that reactive pollutants in diesel (柴油) destroyed key chemicals in the odour of oilseed flowers making them smell different to the bees. "Honeybees have a sensitive sense of smell and an exceptional ability to learn and memorize new odours," said Tracey Newman, a neuroscientist at the University of Southampton. "The effect of diesel fumes on flower scent could have serious detrimental effects on the number of honeybee colonies and pollination (授粉) activity." Three-quarters of the world’s food crops rely on bees and other natural pollinators " Pollinator services are crucial to humankind," said Newman. But there have been serious declines in natural pollinators in recent decades. A combination of factors is blamed, including the huge loss of the flower-rich habitats that sustain bees, as well as disease, and the impact of agricultural insecticides. The revelation that traffic fumes could be adding to the problems is significant, said Guy Poppy, a professor and ecologist at Southampton, who also worked on the research. He said, "Diesel exhaust is not the root of the problem, but clearly, with all the other stressors, adding another one is likely to be detrimental to bee health."The study, published in the journal Scientific Reports, tested bees’ ability in the laboratory to recognize the aroma of oilseed rape flowers. Bees were strapped down and taught to associate floral scents with food in the form of sugar solutions. Once the bees learned the connection they began sticking their tongues out in anticipation of food even if it was not offered—an indication that they recognized the smell. When the scent was presented without pollutants the bees recognized it 98% —99% of the time. But after the scent was mixed with levels of diesel exhaust matching those found at roadsides, the bees only recognized it 30% of the time.What is the influence of reactive pollutants in diesel

A．Destroys oilseed flowers.
B．Changes scent of flowers.
C．Pollutes the air.
D．Damage honeybees’ capability to smell.

问答题

The hassle involved in updating software means many of us don’t do it, leaving our computers exposed to crash-prone, and insecure code. But now two major objections to【C1】 updates—the fact that you have to stop running the software to upgrade it and the【C2】 that an update will introduce bugs—could be removed thanks to an ingenious idea from engineers at Imperial College London. Computer scientists have worked out how to employ the unused cores in "multicore" (多核) microprocessors (微处理器) to make the update process invisible to the user. Whenever an update is【C3】 , their trick is to leave the old version of the software running on one【C4】 —so you can carry on using it—while running the update in【C5】 on an unused core. They then synchronize (使同步；使同时发生) the execution of the two programs in such a way—an idea that limits damage from fresh bugs introduced by the update. In a Swiss survey, 70 per cent of a sample of 50 system administrators admitted they don’t always update software for fear of the【C6】 it will cause—and because 25 per cent of updates can introduce new【C7】 . The Imperial team has now successfully tested their idea, they told the International Conference on Software Engineering in San Francisco last month. They say their【C8】 could be applied to apps on【C9】 as well as to server applications, but it is best suited to larger systems needing "increasing reliability, availability and【C10】 ".A) downtime F) smartphones K) coreB) available G) secure L) securityC) ideas H) parallel M) installingD) bugs I) fear N) versionE) equipment J) using O) trick【C4】

答案：正确答案：K

问答题

More Pet Brands Target Owners Who Like to Cook Their Own Dog FoodA) Dog owners "know they’re not quite cooking" when they mash the meat or mix it with kibble, says Scott Morris, co-founder of the Secaucus, N. J., company. "But they still feel emotionally rewarded for the effort." That insight is driving a big shift in the way companies are designing food for the nation’s millions of dogs and cats. After years of steadily rising pet-food sales, brands are launching premium-priced products requiring humans to refrigerate, freeze, dice, heat and/or mix-in additional ingredients like meat and vegetables.B) More pet owners want to feed their dogs and cats fresh food like the stuff people eat. These pet "parents" want to do more than dump food from a can or a bag into a bowl. They want to prepare a meal for their pet the way they would for a family member. Companies are designing specifically for the "happy dance" —what the industry calls all the jumping, wagging, purring and pawing that hungry dogs and cats do when anticipating a meal. " That enjoyment is what the pet parent is looking for," says Evelia Davis, vice president of consumable merchandise for retailer PetSmart Inc.C) A majority of pet owners now customize their pet’s meals in some way, maybe adding bacon or some chopped vegetables, according to research from retailer Petco Animal Supplies Inc. "We’re seeing it as a shift," says John Sturm, vice president of food and treats. "Just putting the bowl on the ground and walking away isn’t the humanized experience that pet parents are looking for." Laura Twichell says the extra steps she takes to feed her black Labrador help stave off digestive problems. Twice a day, Ms. Twichell, a stay-at-home mother in Cincinnati, slices a quarter-pound slab from a roll of refrigerated chicken-and-vegetable dog food. She mixes it with a half-cup of organic, salmon-based kibble, which she has soaked in water and then heated in the microwave, plus three tablespoons of canned pumpkin puree.D) Once mainstream shoppers didn’t give the ingredients in pet food much thought. Experts say it’s hard to achieve a balanced homemade diet, though, and eventually the expense and time involved turned a lot of pet owners off—and opened the door to nutrient-rich packaged products that require just a little preparation.E) In March, Nestle S. A. —owned Purina introduced Just Right, an online customizable brand that asks owners questions about their dog, including breed, age, activity level and skin condition, and then helps tailor food to the dog’s individual needs. "We built this brand based on the belief that the best nutrition is personalized," says Brian Lester, Purina’s director of marketing for innovation.F) U. S. sales of pet food in 2013 totaled an estimated $21 billion, up 24% since 2008, according to market research firm Packaged Facts. The industry’s growth through the recession points to the close bond consumers feel with pets. In a survey last year, 83% of consumers said they consider their pets part of the family. Over the next 18 months, Whole Foods Market Inc. says it plans to expand its selection of organic and animal welfare-rated pet food so the aisle looks more like one of its human—food aisles. "We want people to know that the pet food they buy in our store would be something that they would be just as happy buying for themselves," says Dwight Richmond, global grocery purchasing coordinator at Whole Foods.G) Mr. Richmond—who prefers the term pet "partners," not "owners" —cooks for his two Jack Russell Terriers, often making salmon or beef for both the dogs and for his wife and himself. The dogs’ meals are mixed with kibble. Freshpet says its refrigerated meat rolls are cooked in small batches at lower temperatures without preservatives. With flavors for dogs like "grain-free salmon and ocean whitefish with spinach, cranberries and blueberries, " Freshpet compares its products to " a meal you’d cook for your family, using simple ingredients you recognize".H) Lucy Postins, chief executive and founder, at first worried people wouldn’t want the hassle of mixing warm water with dehydrate (脱水的) food mix. " But they embraced it, " she says. "They love the fact that they share with their pet this moment of anticipation." Ms. Postins says she personally tastes all Honest Kitchen’s products and ingredients and now is focused on adding variety—because many owners worry their dogs and cats will get bored with repetition.I) In July, duck will join the lineup including cage-free turkey, free-range chicken and line-caught haddock. Honest Kitchen plans to add dry mixes—including blends of buckwheat, millet and quinoa, and vegetables like chard, pumpkin and peas—to which consumers can add cooked or raw meat. Several pet-food makers say natural ingredients make their recipes appealing to humans. "The gross-out factor is gone with us," says Mark Sapir, vice president of marketing for Merrick Pet Care Inc. The company’s canned "French Country Cafe" dog food evokes "the romance of France" and "will have your dog begging for more in a heavy French accent, "the company says. "Thanksgiving Day Dinner" has turkey, sweet potatoes, carrots, green beans and Granny Smith apples. "When you open the can, it’s really a human mealtime experience," Mr. Sapir says.J) Not every popular fruit and vegetable translates well for the pet palate. "A lot of these natural ingredients have a good cachet about them but aren’t necessarily what a dog or cat would have any interest in eating," says Nancy Rawson, a director of research at AFB International, in St. Charles, Mo., which produces flavor coatings to the pet-food industry. Behavioral analysis of dogs and cats helps Dr. Rawson determine whether flavors need to be adjusted. By examining how dogs and cats sniff, poke and eat their food, she finds out their enthusiasm or objection. Having worked to balance strong-flavored pet-food ingredients like blueberries and peas, Dr. Rawson is bracing for the day when she’ll have to tackle the bitter taste of kale. "I’m sure it’s coming," she says.Some people prefer using pet partners to pet owners.

答案：正确答案：G

单项选择题

Trawling (用拖网捕鱼) the seabed for fish is an environmental disaster; it wrecks ecosystems, destroys fish stocks and leaves behind a marine desert. Right Environment campaigners say so. But there is growing evidence that the effect is sometimes very different, with trawling increasing fish stocks from the North Sea to the California coast. A new modeling study may for the first time have demonstrated why. Trawlers attach large nets to a metal beam dragged across the seabed to catch bottom-dwelling fish. Greenpeace compares it to "driving a huge bulldozer through a forest", leaving a flat, featureless desert on the seabed. Trawling clearly does remove fish, such as large crustaceans and shellfish, says Daniel van Denderen of the Wageningen Institute for Marine Resources and Ecosystem Studies in the Netherlands. But this is a lucky break for softer, smaller species lurking in the sandy seabed, such as worms. They survive and, with fewer rivals, flourish.And if, as is often the case, these smaller critters are the main food for fish, then the overall effect is to nurture more marine life. Imants Priede, director of Oceanlab at the University of Aberdeen, UK, says there is growing evidence that—while far from universal—the phenomenon is real. "On continental shelves such as the southern North Sea, where shifting sands and gravels are stirred up by strong tidal currents, even trawling more than once a year may be beneficial for some fish stocks," he says. In fact, studies going back 20 years have linked persistent trawling with increased fish stocks. The cause of this counter-intuitive finding has remained uncertain. Some have suggested that trawling stirs up the seabed, throwing potential food into the water column—rather like ploughing a field. Others think that discards from fish nets add to the food available on the sea floor. But van Denderen is the first to show how trawling can stimulate fisheries simply by drifting from ecosystems. "The findings are very important," says Priede.Why does Greenpeace compare trawling to "driving a huge bulldozer through a forest"

A．Because trawling will make seabed become a desert.
B．Because trawling will make the forest become a flat and featureless area.
C．Because trawling is a huge bulldozer, which will destroy the forest.
D．Because trawling catches bottom-dwelling fish.

单项选择题

Traffic fumes render the scent of flowers barely recognizable to honeybees and could have a serious impact on their ability to find food, new research has found. Scientists discovered that reactive pollutants in diesel (柴油) destroyed key chemicals in the odour of oilseed flowers making them smell different to the bees. "Honeybees have a sensitive sense of smell and an exceptional ability to learn and memorize new odours," said Tracey Newman, a neuroscientist at the University of Southampton. "The effect of diesel fumes on flower scent could have serious detrimental effects on the number of honeybee colonies and pollination (授粉) activity." Three-quarters of the world’s food crops rely on bees and other natural pollinators " Pollinator services are crucial to humankind," said Newman. But there have been serious declines in natural pollinators in recent decades. A combination of factors is blamed, including the huge loss of the flower-rich habitats that sustain bees, as well as disease, and the impact of agricultural insecticides. The revelation that traffic fumes could be adding to the problems is significant, said Guy Poppy, a professor and ecologist at Southampton, who also worked on the research. He said, "Diesel exhaust is not the root of the problem, but clearly, with all the other stressors, adding another one is likely to be detrimental to bee health."The study, published in the journal Scientific Reports, tested bees’ ability in the laboratory to recognize the aroma of oilseed rape flowers. Bees were strapped down and taught to associate floral scents with food in the form of sugar solutions. Once the bees learned the connection they began sticking their tongues out in anticipation of food even if it was not offered—an indication that they recognized the smell. When the scent was presented without pollutants the bees recognized it 98% —99% of the time. But after the scent was mixed with levels of diesel exhaust matching those found at roadsides, the bees only recognized it 30% of the time.Why is the pollination activity crucial

A．Because it affects the amount of bees.
B．Because it affects growth of food crops.
C．Because it affects flower scent.
D．Because it affects flower-rich habitats.

问答题

The hassle involved in updating software means many of us don’t do it, leaving our computers exposed to crash-prone, and insecure code. But now two major objections to【C1】 updates—the fact that you have to stop running the software to upgrade it and the【C2】 that an update will introduce bugs—could be removed thanks to an ingenious idea from engineers at Imperial College London. Computer scientists have worked out how to employ the unused cores in "multicore" (多核) microprocessors (微处理器) to make the update process invisible to the user. Whenever an update is【C3】 , their trick is to leave the old version of the software running on one【C4】 —so you can carry on using it—while running the update in【C5】 on an unused core. They then synchronize (使同步；使同时发生) the execution of the two programs in such a way—an idea that limits damage from fresh bugs introduced by the update. In a Swiss survey, 70 per cent of a sample of 50 system administrators admitted they don’t always update software for fear of the【C6】 it will cause—and because 25 per cent of updates can introduce new【C7】 . The Imperial team has now successfully tested their idea, they told the International Conference on Software Engineering in San Francisco last month. They say their【C8】 could be applied to apps on【C9】 as well as to server applications, but it is best suited to larger systems needing "increasing reliability, availability and【C10】 ".A) downtime F) smartphones K) coreB) available G) secure L) securityC) ideas H) parallel M) installingD) bugs I) fear N) versionE) equipment J) using O) trick【C5】

答案：正确答案：H

单项选择题

Trawling (用拖网捕鱼) the seabed for fish is an environmental disaster; it wrecks ecosystems, destroys fish stocks and leaves behind a marine desert. Right Environment campaigners say so. But there is growing evidence that the effect is sometimes very different, with trawling increasing fish stocks from the North Sea to the California coast. A new modeling study may for the first time have demonstrated why. Trawlers attach large nets to a metal beam dragged across the seabed to catch bottom-dwelling fish. Greenpeace compares it to "driving a huge bulldozer through a forest", leaving a flat, featureless desert on the seabed. Trawling clearly does remove fish, such as large crustaceans and shellfish, says Daniel van Denderen of the Wageningen Institute for Marine Resources and Ecosystem Studies in the Netherlands. But this is a lucky break for softer, smaller species lurking in the sandy seabed, such as worms. They survive and, with fewer rivals, flourish.And if, as is often the case, these smaller critters are the main food for fish, then the overall effect is to nurture more marine life. Imants Priede, director of Oceanlab at the University of Aberdeen, UK, says there is growing evidence that—while far from universal—the phenomenon is real. "On continental shelves such as the southern North Sea, where shifting sands and gravels are stirred up by strong tidal currents, even trawling more than once a year may be beneficial for some fish stocks," he says. In fact, studies going back 20 years have linked persistent trawling with increased fish stocks. The cause of this counter-intuitive finding has remained uncertain. Some have suggested that trawling stirs up the seabed, throwing potential food into the water column—rather like ploughing a field. Others think that discards from fish nets add to the food available on the sea floor. But van Denderen is the first to show how trawling can stimulate fisheries simply by drifting from ecosystems. "The findings are very important," says Priede.Which of the following statement is true according to the third paragraph

A．In the North Sea, trawling one or more times in a year is beneficial for fish stocks.
B．It is universal that trawling can increase fish stocks.
C．The area in which shifting sands and gravels are stirred up by strong tidal currents is beneficial for fish stocks.
D．Smaller critters help to nurture more marine life, because they are the main food for the fish.

问答题

More Pet Brands Target Owners Who Like to Cook Their Own Dog FoodA) Dog owners "know they’re not quite cooking" when they mash the meat or mix it with kibble, says Scott Morris, co-founder of the Secaucus, N. J., company. "But they still feel emotionally rewarded for the effort." That insight is driving a big shift in the way companies are designing food for the nation’s millions of dogs and cats. After years of steadily rising pet-food sales, brands are launching premium-priced products requiring humans to refrigerate, freeze, dice, heat and/or mix-in additional ingredients like meat and vegetables.B) More pet owners want to feed their dogs and cats fresh food like the stuff people eat. These pet "parents" want to do more than dump food from a can or a bag into a bowl. They want to prepare a meal for their pet the way they would for a family member. Companies are designing specifically for the "happy dance" —what the industry calls all the jumping, wagging, purring and pawing that hungry dogs and cats do when anticipating a meal. " That enjoyment is what the pet parent is looking for," says Evelia Davis, vice president of consumable merchandise for retailer PetSmart Inc.C) A majority of pet owners now customize their pet’s meals in some way, maybe adding bacon or some chopped vegetables, according to research from retailer Petco Animal Supplies Inc. "We’re seeing it as a shift," says John Sturm, vice president of food and treats. "Just putting the bowl on the ground and walking away isn’t the humanized experience that pet parents are looking for." Laura Twichell says the extra steps she takes to feed her black Labrador help stave off digestive problems. Twice a day, Ms. Twichell, a stay-at-home mother in Cincinnati, slices a quarter-pound slab from a roll of refrigerated chicken-and-vegetable dog food. She mixes it with a half-cup of organic, salmon-based kibble, which she has soaked in water and then heated in the microwave, plus three tablespoons of canned pumpkin puree.D) Once mainstream shoppers didn’t give the ingredients in pet food much thought. Experts say it’s hard to achieve a balanced homemade diet, though, and eventually the expense and time involved turned a lot of pet owners off—and opened the door to nutrient-rich packaged products that require just a little preparation.E) In March, Nestle S. A. —owned Purina introduced Just Right, an online customizable brand that asks owners questions about their dog, including breed, age, activity level and skin condition, and then helps tailor food to the dog’s individual needs. "We built this brand based on the belief that the best nutrition is personalized," says Brian Lester, Purina’s director of marketing for innovation.F) U. S. sales of pet food in 2013 totaled an estimated $21 billion, up 24% since 2008, according to market research firm Packaged Facts. The industry’s growth through the recession points to the close bond consumers feel with pets. In a survey last year, 83% of consumers said they consider their pets part of the family. Over the next 18 months, Whole Foods Market Inc. says it plans to expand its selection of organic and animal welfare-rated pet food so the aisle looks more like one of its human—food aisles. "We want people to know that the pet food they buy in our store would be something that they would be just as happy buying for themselves," says Dwight Richmond, global grocery purchasing coordinator at Whole Foods.G) Mr. Richmond—who prefers the term pet "partners," not "owners" —cooks for his two Jack Russell Terriers, often making salmon or beef for both the dogs and for his wife and himself. The dogs’ meals are mixed with kibble. Freshpet says its refrigerated meat rolls are cooked in small batches at lower temperatures without preservatives. With flavors for dogs like "grain-free salmon and ocean whitefish with spinach, cranberries and blueberries, " Freshpet compares its products to " a meal you’d cook for your family, using simple ingredients you recognize".H) Lucy Postins, chief executive and founder, at first worried people wouldn’t want the hassle of mixing warm water with dehydrate (脱水的) food mix. " But they embraced it, " she says. "They love the fact that they share with their pet this moment of anticipation." Ms. Postins says she personally tastes all Honest Kitchen’s products and ingredients and now is focused on adding variety—because many owners worry their dogs and cats will get bored with repetition.I) In July, duck will join the lineup including cage-free turkey, free-range chicken and line-caught haddock. Honest Kitchen plans to add dry mixes—including blends of buckwheat, millet and quinoa, and vegetables like chard, pumpkin and peas—to which consumers can add cooked or raw meat. Several pet-food makers say natural ingredients make their recipes appealing to humans. "The gross-out factor is gone with us," says Mark Sapir, vice president of marketing for Merrick Pet Care Inc. The company’s canned "French Country Cafe" dog food evokes "the romance of France" and "will have your dog begging for more in a heavy French accent, "the company says. "Thanksgiving Day Dinner" has turkey, sweet potatoes, carrots, green beans and Granny Smith apples. "When you open the can, it’s really a human mealtime experience," Mr. Sapir says.J) Not every popular fruit and vegetable translates well for the pet palate. "A lot of these natural ingredients have a good cachet about them but aren’t necessarily what a dog or cat would have any interest in eating," says Nancy Rawson, a director of research at AFB International, in St. Charles, Mo., which produces flavor coatings to the pet-food industry. Behavioral analysis of dogs and cats helps Dr. Rawson determine whether flavors need to be adjusted. By examining how dogs and cats sniff, poke and eat their food, she finds out their enthusiasm or objection. Having worked to balance strong-flavored pet-food ingredients like blueberries and peas, Dr. Rawson is bracing for the day when she’ll have to tackle the bitter taste of kale. "I’m sure it’s coming," she says.Companies begin to realize the importance of cooking the most nutritious food for their pets.

答案：正确答案：E

问答题

The hassle involved in updating software means many of us don’t do it, leaving our computers exposed to crash-prone, and insecure code. But now two major objections to【C1】 updates—the fact that you have to stop running the software to upgrade it and the【C2】 that an update will introduce bugs—could be removed thanks to an ingenious idea from engineers at Imperial College London. Computer scientists have worked out how to employ the unused cores in "multicore" (多核) microprocessors (微处理器) to make the update process invisible to the user. Whenever an update is【C3】 , their trick is to leave the old version of the software running on one【C4】 —so you can carry on using it—while running the update in【C5】 on an unused core. They then synchronize (使同步；使同时发生) the execution of the two programs in such a way—an idea that limits damage from fresh bugs introduced by the update. In a Swiss survey, 70 per cent of a sample of 50 system administrators admitted they don’t always update software for fear of the【C6】 it will cause—and because 25 per cent of updates can introduce new【C7】 . The Imperial team has now successfully tested their idea, they told the International Conference on Software Engineering in San Francisco last month. They say their【C8】 could be applied to apps on【C9】 as well as to server applications, but it is best suited to larger systems needing "increasing reliability, availability and【C10】 ".A) downtime F) smartphones K) coreB) available G) secure L) securityC) ideas H) parallel M) installingD) bugs I) fear N) versionE) equipment J) using O) trick【C6】

答案：正确答案：A

单项选择题

Traffic fumes render the scent of flowers barely recognizable to honeybees and could have a serious impact on their ability to find food, new research has found. Scientists discovered that reactive pollutants in diesel (柴油) destroyed key chemicals in the odour of oilseed flowers making them smell different to the bees. "Honeybees have a sensitive sense of smell and an exceptional ability to learn and memorize new odours," said Tracey Newman, a neuroscientist at the University of Southampton. "The effect of diesel fumes on flower scent could have serious detrimental effects on the number of honeybee colonies and pollination (授粉) activity." Three-quarters of the world’s food crops rely on bees and other natural pollinators " Pollinator services are crucial to humankind," said Newman. But there have been serious declines in natural pollinators in recent decades. A combination of factors is blamed, including the huge loss of the flower-rich habitats that sustain bees, as well as disease, and the impact of agricultural insecticides. The revelation that traffic fumes could be adding to the problems is significant, said Guy Poppy, a professor and ecologist at Southampton, who also worked on the research. He said, "Diesel exhaust is not the root of the problem, but clearly, with all the other stressors, adding another one is likely to be detrimental to bee health."The study, published in the journal Scientific Reports, tested bees’ ability in the laboratory to recognize the aroma of oilseed rape flowers. Bees were strapped down and taught to associate floral scents with food in the form of sugar solutions. Once the bees learned the connection they began sticking their tongues out in anticipation of food even if it was not offered—an indication that they recognized the smell. When the scent was presented without pollutants the bees recognized it 98% —99% of the time. But after the scent was mixed with levels of diesel exhaust matching those found at roadsides, the bees only recognized it 30% of the time.Which of the following is not the reason for the decline of natural pollinators

A．A large amount of the flower production places disappear.
B．Heavy use of agricultural insecticides.
C．Traffic fumes pollute the atmosphere.
D．Decline on the number of honeybee colonies.

单项选择题

Trawling (用拖网捕鱼) the seabed for fish is an environmental disaster; it wrecks ecosystems, destroys fish stocks and leaves behind a marine desert. Right Environment campaigners say so. But there is growing evidence that the effect is sometimes very different, with trawling increasing fish stocks from the North Sea to the California coast. A new modeling study may for the first time have demonstrated why. Trawlers attach large nets to a metal beam dragged across the seabed to catch bottom-dwelling fish. Greenpeace compares it to "driving a huge bulldozer through a forest", leaving a flat, featureless desert on the seabed. Trawling clearly does remove fish, such as large crustaceans and shellfish, says Daniel van Denderen of the Wageningen Institute for Marine Resources and Ecosystem Studies in the Netherlands. But this is a lucky break for softer, smaller species lurking in the sandy seabed, such as worms. They survive and, with fewer rivals, flourish.And if, as is often the case, these smaller critters are the main food for fish, then the overall effect is to nurture more marine life. Imants Priede, director of Oceanlab at the University of Aberdeen, UK, says there is growing evidence that—while far from universal—the phenomenon is real. "On continental shelves such as the southern North Sea, where shifting sands and gravels are stirred up by strong tidal currents, even trawling more than once a year may be beneficial for some fish stocks," he says. In fact, studies going back 20 years have linked persistent trawling with increased fish stocks. The cause of this counter-intuitive finding has remained uncertain. Some have suggested that trawling stirs up the seabed, throwing potential food into the water column—rather like ploughing a field. Others think that discards from fish nets add to the food available on the sea floor. But van Denderen is the first to show how trawling can stimulate fisheries simply by drifting from ecosystems. "The findings are very important," says Priede.What is not the possible reason for the increasing fish stocks by trawling

A．Trawling stirs up the seabed and leaves potential food into the water.
B．Discards from trawling make more food available on the sea floor.
C．Trawling can stimulate fisheries because of drifting from ecosystems.
D．Trawling makes seabed be more flat and featureless, which is beneficial for fish survive.

问答题

More Pet Brands Target Owners Who Like to Cook Their Own Dog FoodA) Dog owners "know they’re not quite cooking" when they mash the meat or mix it with kibble, says Scott Morris, co-founder of the Secaucus, N. J., company. "But they still feel emotionally rewarded for the effort." That insight is driving a big shift in the way companies are designing food for the nation’s millions of dogs and cats. After years of steadily rising pet-food sales, brands are launching premium-priced products requiring humans to refrigerate, freeze, dice, heat and/or mix-in additional ingredients like meat and vegetables.B) More pet owners want to feed their dogs and cats fresh food like the stuff people eat. These pet "parents" want to do more than dump food from a can or a bag into a bowl. They want to prepare a meal for their pet the way they would for a family member. Companies are designing specifically for the "happy dance" —what the industry calls all the jumping, wagging, purring and pawing that hungry dogs and cats do when anticipating a meal. " That enjoyment is what the pet parent is looking for," says Evelia Davis, vice president of consumable merchandise for retailer PetSmart Inc.C) A majority of pet owners now customize their pet’s meals in some way, maybe adding bacon or some chopped vegetables, according to research from retailer Petco Animal Supplies Inc. "We’re seeing it as a shift," says John Sturm, vice president of food and treats. "Just putting the bowl on the ground and walking away isn’t the humanized experience that pet parents are looking for." Laura Twichell says the extra steps she takes to feed her black Labrador help stave off digestive problems. Twice a day, Ms. Twichell, a stay-at-home mother in Cincinnati, slices a quarter-pound slab from a roll of refrigerated chicken-and-vegetable dog food. She mixes it with a half-cup of organic, salmon-based kibble, which she has soaked in water and then heated in the microwave, plus three tablespoons of canned pumpkin puree.D) Once mainstream shoppers didn’t give the ingredients in pet food much thought. Experts say it’s hard to achieve a balanced homemade diet, though, and eventually the expense and time involved turned a lot of pet owners off—and opened the door to nutrient-rich packaged products that require just a little preparation.E) In March, Nestle S. A. —owned Purina introduced Just Right, an online customizable brand that asks owners questions about their dog, including breed, age, activity level and skin condition, and then helps tailor food to the dog’s individual needs. "We built this brand based on the belief that the best nutrition is personalized," says Brian Lester, Purina’s director of marketing for innovation.F) U. S. sales of pet food in 2013 totaled an estimated $21 billion, up 24% since 2008, according to market research firm Packaged Facts. The industry’s growth through the recession points to the close bond consumers feel with pets. In a survey last year, 83% of consumers said they consider their pets part of the family. Over the next 18 months, Whole Foods Market Inc. says it plans to expand its selection of organic and animal welfare-rated pet food so the aisle looks more like one of its human—food aisles. "We want people to know that the pet food they buy in our store would be something that they would be just as happy buying for themselves," says Dwight Richmond, global grocery purchasing coordinator at Whole Foods.G) Mr. Richmond—who prefers the term pet "partners," not "owners" —cooks for his two Jack Russell Terriers, often making salmon or beef for both the dogs and for his wife and himself. The dogs’ meals are mixed with kibble. Freshpet says its refrigerated meat rolls are cooked in small batches at lower temperatures without preservatives. With flavors for dogs like "grain-free salmon and ocean whitefish with spinach, cranberries and blueberries, " Freshpet compares its products to " a meal you’d cook for your family, using simple ingredients you recognize".H) Lucy Postins, chief executive and founder, at first worried people wouldn’t want the hassle of mixing warm water with dehydrate (脱水的) food mix. " But they embraced it, " she says. "They love the fact that they share with their pet this moment of anticipation." Ms. Postins says she personally tastes all Honest Kitchen’s products and ingredients and now is focused on adding variety—because many owners worry their dogs and cats will get bored with repetition.I) In July, duck will join the lineup including cage-free turkey, free-range chicken and line-caught haddock. Honest Kitchen plans to add dry mixes—including blends of buckwheat, millet and quinoa, and vegetables like chard, pumpkin and peas—to which consumers can add cooked or raw meat. Several pet-food makers say natural ingredients make their recipes appealing to humans. "The gross-out factor is gone with us," says Mark Sapir, vice president of marketing for Merrick Pet Care Inc. The company’s canned "French Country Cafe" dog food evokes "the romance of France" and "will have your dog begging for more in a heavy French accent, "the company says. "Thanksgiving Day Dinner" has turkey, sweet potatoes, carrots, green beans and Granny Smith apples. "When you open the can, it’s really a human mealtime experience," Mr. Sapir says.J) Not every popular fruit and vegetable translates well for the pet palate. "A lot of these natural ingredients have a good cachet about them but aren’t necessarily what a dog or cat would have any interest in eating," says Nancy Rawson, a director of research at AFB International, in St. Charles, Mo., which produces flavor coatings to the pet-food industry. Behavioral analysis of dogs and cats helps Dr. Rawson determine whether flavors need to be adjusted. By examining how dogs and cats sniff, poke and eat their food, she finds out their enthusiasm or objection. Having worked to balance strong-flavored pet-food ingredients like blueberries and peas, Dr. Rawson is bracing for the day when she’ll have to tackle the bitter taste of kale. "I’m sure it’s coming," she says.Experts try to balance the ingredients of pet food in order to produce suitable food for dogs and cats.

答案：正确答案：J

单项选择题

Traffic fumes render the scent of flowers barely recognizable to honeybees and could have a serious impact on their ability to find food, new research has found. Scientists discovered that reactive pollutants in diesel (柴油) destroyed key chemicals in the odour of oilseed flowers making them smell different to the bees. "Honeybees have a sensitive sense of smell and an exceptional ability to learn and memorize new odours," said Tracey Newman, a neuroscientist at the University of Southampton. "The effect of diesel fumes on flower scent could have serious detrimental effects on the number of honeybee colonies and pollination (授粉) activity." Three-quarters of the world’s food crops rely on bees and other natural pollinators " Pollinator services are crucial to humankind," said Newman. But there have been serious declines in natural pollinators in recent decades. A combination of factors is blamed, including the huge loss of the flower-rich habitats that sustain bees, as well as disease, and the impact of agricultural insecticides. The revelation that traffic fumes could be adding to the problems is significant, said Guy Poppy, a professor and ecologist at Southampton, who also worked on the research. He said, "Diesel exhaust is not the root of the problem, but clearly, with all the other stressors, adding another one is likely to be detrimental to bee health."The study, published in the journal Scientific Reports, tested bees’ ability in the laboratory to recognize the aroma of oilseed rape flowers. Bees were strapped down and taught to associate floral scents with food in the form of sugar solutions. Once the bees learned the connection they began sticking their tongues out in anticipation of food even if it was not offered—an indication that they recognized the smell. When the scent was presented without pollutants the bees recognized it 98% —99% of the time. But after the scent was mixed with levels of diesel exhaust matching those found at roadsides, the bees only recognized it 30% of the time.By saying "Diesel exhaust is not the root of the problem, but clearly, with all the other stressors, adding another one is likely to be detrimental to bee health," Guy Poppy probably means________.

A．Although diesel exhaust is not the main problem, it still affects bee’s health.
B．The effect of diesel exhaust is not very important to bee.
C．Diesel exhaust will not influence bee’s health.
D．There are still other stressors that will affect bee’s health.

问答题

The hassle involved in updating software means many of us don’t do it, leaving our computers exposed to crash-prone, and insecure code. But now two major objections to【C1】 updates—the fact that you have to stop running the software to upgrade it and the【C2】 that an update will introduce bugs—could be removed thanks to an ingenious idea from engineers at Imperial College London. Computer scientists have worked out how to employ the unused cores in "multicore" (多核) microprocessors (微处理器) to make the update process invisible to the user. Whenever an update is【C3】 , their trick is to leave the old version of the software running on one【C4】 —so you can carry on using it—while running the update in【C5】 on an unused core. They then synchronize (使同步；使同时发生) the execution of the two programs in such a way—an idea that limits damage from fresh bugs introduced by the update. In a Swiss survey, 70 per cent of a sample of 50 system administrators admitted they don’t always update software for fear of the【C6】 it will cause—and because 25 per cent of updates can introduce new【C7】 . The Imperial team has now successfully tested their idea, they told the International Conference on Software Engineering in San Francisco last month. They say their【C8】 could be applied to apps on【C9】 as well as to server applications, but it is best suited to larger systems needing "increasing reliability, availability and【C10】 ".A) downtime F) smartphones K) coreB) available G) secure L) securityC) ideas H) parallel M) installingD) bugs I) fear N) versionE) equipment J) using O) trick【C7】

答案：正确答案：D

单项选择题

Trawling (用拖网捕鱼) the seabed for fish is an environmental disaster; it wrecks ecosystems, destroys fish stocks and leaves behind a marine desert. Right Environment campaigners say so. But there is growing evidence that the effect is sometimes very different, with trawling increasing fish stocks from the North Sea to the California coast. A new modeling study may for the first time have demonstrated why. Trawlers attach large nets to a metal beam dragged across the seabed to catch bottom-dwelling fish. Greenpeace compares it to "driving a huge bulldozer through a forest", leaving a flat, featureless desert on the seabed. Trawling clearly does remove fish, such as large crustaceans and shellfish, says Daniel van Denderen of the Wageningen Institute for Marine Resources and Ecosystem Studies in the Netherlands. But this is a lucky break for softer, smaller species lurking in the sandy seabed, such as worms. They survive and, with fewer rivals, flourish.And if, as is often the case, these smaller critters are the main food for fish, then the overall effect is to nurture more marine life. Imants Priede, director of Oceanlab at the University of Aberdeen, UK, says there is growing evidence that—while far from universal—the phenomenon is real. "On continental shelves such as the southern North Sea, where shifting sands and gravels are stirred up by strong tidal currents, even trawling more than once a year may be beneficial for some fish stocks," he says. In fact, studies going back 20 years have linked persistent trawling with increased fish stocks. The cause of this counter-intuitive finding has remained uncertain. Some have suggested that trawling stirs up the seabed, throwing potential food into the water column—rather like ploughing a field. Others think that discards from fish nets add to the food available on the sea floor. But van Denderen is the first to show how trawling can stimulate fisheries simply by drifting from ecosystems. "The findings are very important," says Priede.Which of the following is the best title for the passage

A．Trawling is good for fish stocks.
B．Trawling reduces fish stocks.
C．Whether trawling is beneficial for fish stocks increasing
D．Trawling needs to be advocated.

单项选择题

Traffic fumes render the scent of flowers barely recognizable to honeybees and could have a serious impact on their ability to find food, new research has found. Scientists discovered that reactive pollutants in diesel (柴油) destroyed key chemicals in the odour of oilseed flowers making them smell different to the bees. "Honeybees have a sensitive sense of smell and an exceptional ability to learn and memorize new odours," said Tracey Newman, a neuroscientist at the University of Southampton. "The effect of diesel fumes on flower scent could have serious detrimental effects on the number of honeybee colonies and pollination (授粉) activity." Three-quarters of the world’s food crops rely on bees and other natural pollinators " Pollinator services are crucial to humankind," said Newman. But there have been serious declines in natural pollinators in recent decades. A combination of factors is blamed, including the huge loss of the flower-rich habitats that sustain bees, as well as disease, and the impact of agricultural insecticides. The revelation that traffic fumes could be adding to the problems is significant, said Guy Poppy, a professor and ecologist at Southampton, who also worked on the research. He said, "Diesel exhaust is not the root of the problem, but clearly, with all the other stressors, adding another one is likely to be detrimental to bee health."The study, published in the journal Scientific Reports, tested bees’ ability in the laboratory to recognize the aroma of oilseed rape flowers. Bees were strapped down and taught to associate floral scents with food in the form of sugar solutions. Once the bees learned the connection they began sticking their tongues out in anticipation of food even if it was not offered—an indication that they recognized the smell. When the scent was presented without pollutants the bees recognized it 98% —99% of the time. But after the scent was mixed with levels of diesel exhaust matching those found at roadsides, the bees only recognized it 30% of the time.What can we learn from the last paragraph

A．The scent is mixed with diesel exhaust will be difficult to be recognized by bees.
B．Honeybees have a sensitive sense of smell.
C．Diesel exhaust can not recognized by bees.
D．Diesel exhaust one is root of the problem that is detrimental to bee health.

问答题

More Pet Brands Target Owners Who Like to Cook Their Own Dog FoodA) Dog owners "know they’re not quite cooking" when they mash the meat or mix it with kibble, says Scott Morris, co-founder of the Secaucus, N. J., company. "But they still feel emotionally rewarded for the effort." That insight is driving a big shift in the way companies are designing food for the nation’s millions of dogs and cats. After years of steadily rising pet-food sales, brands are launching premium-priced products requiring humans to refrigerate, freeze, dice, heat and/or mix-in additional ingredients like meat and vegetables.B) More pet owners want to feed their dogs and cats fresh food like the stuff people eat. These pet "parents" want to do more than dump food from a can or a bag into a bowl. They want to prepare a meal for their pet the way they would for a family member. Companies are designing specifically for the "happy dance" —what the industry calls all the jumping, wagging, purring and pawing that hungry dogs and cats do when anticipating a meal. " That enjoyment is what the pet parent is looking for," says Evelia Davis, vice president of consumable merchandise for retailer PetSmart Inc.C) A majority of pet owners now customize their pet’s meals in some way, maybe adding bacon or some chopped vegetables, according to research from retailer Petco Animal Supplies Inc. "We’re seeing it as a shift," says John Sturm, vice president of food and treats. "Just putting the bowl on the ground and walking away isn’t the humanized experience that pet parents are looking for." Laura Twichell says the extra steps she takes to feed her black Labrador help stave off digestive problems. Twice a day, Ms. Twichell, a stay-at-home mother in Cincinnati, slices a quarter-pound slab from a roll of refrigerated chicken-and-vegetable dog food. She mixes it with a half-cup of organic, salmon-based kibble, which she has soaked in water and then heated in the microwave, plus three tablespoons of canned pumpkin puree.D) Once mainstream shoppers didn’t give the ingredients in pet food much thought. Experts say it’s hard to achieve a balanced homemade diet, though, and eventually the expense and time involved turned a lot of pet owners off—and opened the door to nutrient-rich packaged products that require just a little preparation.E) In March, Nestle S. A. —owned Purina introduced Just Right, an online customizable brand that asks owners questions about their dog, including breed, age, activity level and skin condition, and then helps tailor food to the dog’s individual needs. "We built this brand based on the belief that the best nutrition is personalized," says Brian Lester, Purina’s director of marketing for innovation.F) U. S. sales of pet food in 2013 totaled an estimated $21 billion, up 24% since 2008, according to market research firm Packaged Facts. The industry’s growth through the recession points to the close bond consumers feel with pets. In a survey last year, 83% of consumers said they consider their pets part of the family. Over the next 18 months, Whole Foods Market Inc. says it plans to expand its selection of organic and animal welfare-rated pet food so the aisle looks more like one of its human—food aisles. "We want people to know that the pet food they buy in our store would be something that they would be just as happy buying for themselves," says Dwight Richmond, global grocery purchasing coordinator at Whole Foods.G) Mr. Richmond—who prefers the term pet "partners," not "owners" —cooks for his two Jack Russell Terriers, often making salmon or beef for both the dogs and for his wife and himself. The dogs’ meals are mixed with kibble. Freshpet says its refrigerated meat rolls are cooked in small batches at lower temperatures without preservatives. With flavors for dogs like "grain-free salmon and ocean whitefish with spinach, cranberries and blueberries, " Freshpet compares its products to " a meal you’d cook for your family, using simple ingredients you recognize".H) Lucy Postins, chief executive and founder, at first worried people wouldn’t want the hassle of mixing warm water with dehydrate (脱水的) food mix. " But they embraced it, " she says. "They love the fact that they share with their pet this moment of anticipation." Ms. Postins says she personally tastes all Honest Kitchen’s products and ingredients and now is focused on adding variety—because many owners worry their dogs and cats will get bored with repetition.I) In July, duck will join the lineup including cage-free turkey, free-range chicken and line-caught haddock. Honest Kitchen plans to add dry mixes—including blends of buckwheat, millet and quinoa, and vegetables like chard, pumpkin and peas—to which consumers can add cooked or raw meat. Several pet-food makers say natural ingredients make their recipes appealing to humans. "The gross-out factor is gone with us," says Mark Sapir, vice president of marketing for Merrick Pet Care Inc. The company’s canned "French Country Cafe" dog food evokes "the romance of France" and "will have your dog begging for more in a heavy French accent, "the company says. "Thanksgiving Day Dinner" has turkey, sweet potatoes, carrots, green beans and Granny Smith apples. "When you open the can, it’s really a human mealtime experience," Mr. Sapir says.J) Not every popular fruit and vegetable translates well for the pet palate. "A lot of these natural ingredients have a good cachet about them but aren’t necessarily what a dog or cat would have any interest in eating," says Nancy Rawson, a director of research at AFB International, in St. Charles, Mo., which produces flavor coatings to the pet-food industry. Behavioral analysis of dogs and cats helps Dr. Rawson determine whether flavors need to be adjusted. By examining how dogs and cats sniff, poke and eat their food, she finds out their enthusiasm or objection. Having worked to balance strong-flavored pet-food ingredients like blueberries and peas, Dr. Rawson is bracing for the day when she’ll have to tackle the bitter taste of kale. "I’m sure it’s coming," she says.The food cooked by pet owners for their dogs or cats may not achieve a healthy diet.

答案：正确答案：D

问答题

The hassle involved in updating software means many of us don’t do it, leaving our computers exposed to crash-prone, and insecure code. But now two major objections to【C1】 updates—the fact that you have to stop running the software to upgrade it and the【C2】 that an update will introduce bugs—could be removed thanks to an ingenious idea from engineers at Imperial College London. Computer scientists have worked out how to employ the unused cores in "multicore" (多核) microprocessors (微处理器) to make the update process invisible to the user. Whenever an update is【C3】 , their trick is to leave the old version of the software running on one【C4】 —so you can carry on using it—while running the update in【C5】 on an unused core. They then synchronize (使同步；使同时发生) the execution of the two programs in such a way—an idea that limits damage from fresh bugs introduced by the update. In a Swiss survey, 70 per cent of a sample of 50 system administrators admitted they don’t always update software for fear of the【C6】 it will cause—and because 25 per cent of updates can introduce new【C7】 . The Imperial team has now successfully tested their idea, they told the International Conference on Software Engineering in San Francisco last month. They say their【C8】 could be applied to apps on【C9】 as well as to server applications, but it is best suited to larger systems needing "increasing reliability, availability and【C10】 ".A) downtime F) smartphones K) coreB) available G) secure L) securityC) ideas H) parallel M) installingD) bugs I) fear N) versionE) equipment J) using O) trick【C8】

答案：正确答案：O

问答题

The hassle involved in updating software means many of us don’t do it, leaving our computers exposed to crash-prone, and insecure code. But now two major objections to【C1】 updates—the fact that you have to stop running the software to upgrade it and the【C2】 that an update will introduce bugs—could be removed thanks to an ingenious idea from engineers at Imperial College London. Computer scientists have worked out how to employ the unused cores in "multicore" (多核) microprocessors (微处理器) to make the update process invisible to the user. Whenever an update is【C3】 , their trick is to leave the old version of the software running on one【C4】 —so you can carry on using it—while running the update in【C5】 on an unused core. They then synchronize (使同步；使同时发生) the execution of the two programs in such a way—an idea that limits damage from fresh bugs introduced by the update. In a Swiss survey, 70 per cent of a sample of 50 system administrators admitted they don’t always update software for fear of the【C6】 it will cause—and because 25 per cent of updates can introduce new【C7】 . The Imperial team has now successfully tested their idea, they told the International Conference on Software Engineering in San Francisco last month. They say their【C8】 could be applied to apps on【C9】 as well as to server applications, but it is best suited to larger systems needing "increasing reliability, availability and【C10】 ".A) downtime F) smartphones K) coreB) available G) secure L) securityC) ideas H) parallel M) installingD) bugs I) fear N) versionE) equipment J) using O) trick【C9】

答案：正确答案：F

问答题

More Pet Brands Target Owners Who Like to Cook Their Own Dog FoodA) Dog owners "know they’re not quite cooking" when they mash the meat or mix it with kibble, says Scott Morris, co-founder of the Secaucus, N. J., company. "But they still feel emotionally rewarded for the effort." That insight is driving a big shift in the way companies are designing food for the nation’s millions of dogs and cats. After years of steadily rising pet-food sales, brands are launching premium-priced products requiring humans to refrigerate, freeze, dice, heat and/or mix-in additional ingredients like meat and vegetables.B) More pet owners want to feed their dogs and cats fresh food like the stuff people eat. These pet "parents" want to do more than dump food from a can or a bag into a bowl. They want to prepare a meal for their pet the way they would for a family member. Companies are designing specifically for the "happy dance" —what the industry calls all the jumping, wagging, purring and pawing that hungry dogs and cats do when anticipating a meal. " That enjoyment is what the pet parent is looking for," says Evelia Davis, vice president of consumable merchandise for retailer PetSmart Inc.C) A majority of pet owners now customize their pet’s meals in some way, maybe adding bacon or some chopped vegetables, according to research from retailer Petco Animal Supplies Inc. "We’re seeing it as a shift," says John Sturm, vice president of food and treats. "Just putting the bowl on the ground and walking away isn’t the humanized experience that pet parents are looking for." Laura Twichell says the extra steps she takes to feed her black Labrador help stave off digestive problems. Twice a day, Ms. Twichell, a stay-at-home mother in Cincinnati, slices a quarter-pound slab from a roll of refrigerated chicken-and-vegetable dog food. She mixes it with a half-cup of organic, salmon-based kibble, which she has soaked in water and then heated in the microwave, plus three tablespoons of canned pumpkin puree.D) Once mainstream shoppers didn’t give the ingredients in pet food much thought. Experts say it’s hard to achieve a balanced homemade diet, though, and eventually the expense and time involved turned a lot of pet owners off—and opened the door to nutrient-rich packaged products that require just a little preparation.E) In March, Nestle S. A. —owned Purina introduced Just Right, an online customizable brand that asks owners questions about their dog, including breed, age, activity level and skin condition, and then helps tailor food to the dog’s individual needs. "We built this brand based on the belief that the best nutrition is personalized," says Brian Lester, Purina’s director of marketing for innovation.F) U. S. sales of pet food in 2013 totaled an estimated $21 billion, up 24% since 2008, according to market research firm Packaged Facts. The industry’s growth through the recession points to the close bond consumers feel with pets. In a survey last year, 83% of consumers said they consider their pets part of the family. Over the next 18 months, Whole Foods Market Inc. says it plans to expand its selection of organic and animal welfare-rated pet food so the aisle looks more like one of its human—food aisles. "We want people to know that the pet food they buy in our store would be something that they would be just as happy buying for themselves," says Dwight Richmond, global grocery purchasing coordinator at Whole Foods.G) Mr. Richmond—who prefers the term pet "partners," not "owners" —cooks for his two Jack Russell Terriers, often making salmon or beef for both the dogs and for his wife and himself. The dogs’ meals are mixed with kibble. Freshpet says its refrigerated meat rolls are cooked in small batches at lower temperatures without preservatives. With flavors for dogs like "grain-free salmon and ocean whitefish with spinach, cranberries and blueberries, " Freshpet compares its products to " a meal you’d cook for your family, using simple ingredients you recognize".H) Lucy Postins, chief executive and founder, at first worried people wouldn’t want the hassle of mixing warm water with dehydrate (脱水的) food mix. " But they embraced it, " she says. "They love the fact that they share with their pet this moment of anticipation." Ms. Postins says she personally tastes all Honest Kitchen’s products and ingredients and now is focused on adding variety—because many owners worry their dogs and cats will get bored with repetition.I) In July, duck will join the lineup including cage-free turkey, free-range chicken and line-caught haddock. Honest Kitchen plans to add dry mixes—including blends of buckwheat, millet and quinoa, and vegetables like chard, pumpkin and peas—to which consumers can add cooked or raw meat. Several pet-food makers say natural ingredients make their recipes appealing to humans. "The gross-out factor is gone with us," says Mark Sapir, vice president of marketing for Merrick Pet Care Inc. The company’s canned "French Country Cafe" dog food evokes "the romance of France" and "will have your dog begging for more in a heavy French accent, "the company says. "Thanksgiving Day Dinner" has turkey, sweet potatoes, carrots, green beans and Granny Smith apples. "When you open the can, it’s really a human mealtime experience," Mr. Sapir says.J) Not every popular fruit and vegetable translates well for the pet palate. "A lot of these natural ingredients have a good cachet about them but aren’t necessarily what a dog or cat would have any interest in eating," says Nancy Rawson, a director of research at AFB International, in St. Charles, Mo., which produces flavor coatings to the pet-food industry. Behavioral analysis of dogs and cats helps Dr. Rawson determine whether flavors need to be adjusted. By examining how dogs and cats sniff, poke and eat their food, she finds out their enthusiasm or objection. Having worked to balance strong-flavored pet-food ingredients like blueberries and peas, Dr. Rawson is bracing for the day when she’ll have to tackle the bitter taste of kale. "I’m sure it’s coming," she says.The natural ingredients in pet food attract more people.

答案：正确答案：I

问答题

The hassle involved in updating software means many of us don’t do it, leaving our computers exposed to crash-prone, and insecure code. But now two major objections to【C1】 updates—the fact that you have to stop running the software to upgrade it and the【C2】 that an update will introduce bugs—could be removed thanks to an ingenious idea from engineers at Imperial College London. Computer scientists have worked out how to employ the unused cores in "multicore" (多核) microprocessors (微处理器) to make the update process invisible to the user. Whenever an update is【C3】 , their trick is to leave the old version of the software running on one【C4】 —so you can carry on using it—while running the update in【C5】 on an unused core. They then synchronize (使同步；使同时发生) the execution of the two programs in such a way—an idea that limits damage from fresh bugs introduced by the update. In a Swiss survey, 70 per cent of a sample of 50 system administrators admitted they don’t always update software for fear of the【C6】 it will cause—and because 25 per cent of updates can introduce new【C7】 . The Imperial team has now successfully tested their idea, they told the International Conference on Software Engineering in San Francisco last month. They say their【C8】 could be applied to apps on【C9】 as well as to server applications, but it is best suited to larger systems needing "increasing reliability, availability and【C10】 ".A) downtime F) smartphones K) coreB) available G) secure L) securityC) ideas H) parallel M) installingD) bugs I) fear N) versionE) equipment J) using O) trick【C10】

答案：正确答案：L

问答题

More Pet Brands Target Owners Who Like to Cook Their Own Dog FoodA) Dog owners "know they’re not quite cooking" when they mash the meat or mix it with kibble, says Scott Morris, co-founder of the Secaucus, N. J., company. "But they still feel emotionally rewarded for the effort." That insight is driving a big shift in the way companies are designing food for the nation’s millions of dogs and cats. After years of steadily rising pet-food sales, brands are launching premium-priced products requiring humans to refrigerate, freeze, dice, heat and/or mix-in additional ingredients like meat and vegetables.B) More pet owners want to feed their dogs and cats fresh food like the stuff people eat. These pet "parents" want to do more than dump food from a can or a bag into a bowl. They want to prepare a meal for their pet the way they would for a family member. Companies are designing specifically for the "happy dance" —what the industry calls all the jumping, wagging, purring and pawing that hungry dogs and cats do when anticipating a meal. " That enjoyment is what the pet parent is looking for," says Evelia Davis, vice president of consumable merchandise for retailer PetSmart Inc.C) A majority of pet owners now customize their pet’s meals in some way, maybe adding bacon or some chopped vegetables, according to research from retailer Petco Animal Supplies Inc. "We’re seeing it as a shift," says John Sturm, vice president of food and treats. "Just putting the bowl on the ground and walking away isn’t the humanized experience that pet parents are looking for." Laura Twichell says the extra steps she takes to feed her black Labrador help stave off digestive problems. Twice a day, Ms. Twichell, a stay-at-home mother in Cincinnati, slices a quarter-pound slab from a roll of refrigerated chicken-and-vegetable dog food. She mixes it with a half-cup of organic, salmon-based kibble, which she has soaked in water and then heated in the microwave, plus three tablespoons of canned pumpkin puree.D) Once mainstream shoppers didn’t give the ingredients in pet food much thought. Experts say it’s hard to achieve a balanced homemade diet, though, and eventually the expense and time involved turned a lot of pet owners off—and opened the door to nutrient-rich packaged products that require just a little preparation.E) In March, Nestle S. A. —owned Purina introduced Just Right, an online customizable brand that asks owners questions about their dog, including breed, age, activity level and skin condition, and then helps tailor food to the dog’s individual needs. "We built this brand based on the belief that the best nutrition is personalized," says Brian Lester, Purina’s director of marketing for innovation.F) U. S. sales of pet food in 2013 totaled an estimated $21 billion, up 24% since 2008, according to market research firm Packaged Facts. The industry’s growth through the recession points to the close bond consumers feel with pets. In a survey last year, 83% of consumers said they consider their pets part of the family. Over the next 18 months, Whole Foods Market Inc. says it plans to expand its selection of organic and animal welfare-rated pet food so the aisle looks more like one of its human—food aisles. "We want people to know that the pet food they buy in our store would be something that they would be just as happy buying for themselves," says Dwight Richmond, global grocery purchasing coordinator at Whole Foods.G) Mr. Richmond—who prefers the term pet "partners," not "owners" —cooks for his two Jack Russell Terriers, often making salmon or beef for both the dogs and for his wife and himself. The dogs’ meals are mixed with kibble. Freshpet says its refrigerated meat rolls are cooked in small batches at lower temperatures without preservatives. With flavors for dogs like "grain-free salmon and ocean whitefish with spinach, cranberries and blueberries, " Freshpet compares its products to " a meal you’d cook for your family, using simple ingredients you recognize".H) Lucy Postins, chief executive and founder, at first worried people wouldn’t want the hassle of mixing warm water with dehydrate (脱水的) food mix. " But they embraced it, " she says. "They love the fact that they share with their pet this moment of anticipation." Ms. Postins says she personally tastes all Honest Kitchen’s products and ingredients and now is focused on adding variety—because many owners worry their dogs and cats will get bored with repetition.I) In July, duck will join the lineup including cage-free turkey, free-range chicken and line-caught haddock. Honest Kitchen plans to add dry mixes—including blends of buckwheat, millet and quinoa, and vegetables like chard, pumpkin and peas—to which consumers can add cooked or raw meat. Several pet-food makers say natural ingredients make their recipes appealing to humans. "The gross-out factor is gone with us," says Mark Sapir, vice president of marketing for Merrick Pet Care Inc. The company’s canned "French Country Cafe" dog food evokes "the romance of France" and "will have your dog begging for more in a heavy French accent, "the company says. "Thanksgiving Day Dinner" has turkey, sweet potatoes, carrots, green beans and Granny Smith apples. "When you open the can, it’s really a human mealtime experience," Mr. Sapir says.J) Not every popular fruit and vegetable translates well for the pet palate. "A lot of these natural ingredients have a good cachet about them but aren’t necessarily what a dog or cat would have any interest in eating," says Nancy Rawson, a director of research at AFB International, in St. Charles, Mo., which produces flavor coatings to the pet-food industry. Behavioral analysis of dogs and cats helps Dr. Rawson determine whether flavors need to be adjusted. By examining how dogs and cats sniff, poke and eat their food, she finds out their enthusiasm or objection. Having worked to balance strong-flavored pet-food ingredients like blueberries and peas, Dr. Rawson is bracing for the day when she’ll have to tackle the bitter taste of kale. "I’m sure it’s coming," she says.A large amount of pet owners will customize food for their dog or cat.

答案：正确答案：C

问答题

More Pet Brands Target Owners Who Like to Cook Their Own Dog FoodA) Dog owners "know they’re not quite cooking" when they mash the meat or mix it with kibble, says Scott Morris, co-founder of the Secaucus, N. J., company. "But they still feel emotionally rewarded for the effort." That insight is driving a big shift in the way companies are designing food for the nation’s millions of dogs and cats. After years of steadily rising pet-food sales, brands are launching premium-priced products requiring humans to refrigerate, freeze, dice, heat and/or mix-in additional ingredients like meat and vegetables.B) More pet owners want to feed their dogs and cats fresh food like the stuff people eat. These pet "parents" want to do more than dump food from a can or a bag into a bowl. They want to prepare a meal for their pet the way they would for a family member. Companies are designing specifically for the "happy dance" —what the industry calls all the jumping, wagging, purring and pawing that hungry dogs and cats do when anticipating a meal. " That enjoyment is what the pet parent is looking for," says Evelia Davis, vice president of consumable merchandise for retailer PetSmart Inc.C) A majority of pet owners now customize their pet’s meals in some way, maybe adding bacon or some chopped vegetables, according to research from retailer Petco Animal Supplies Inc. "We’re seeing it as a shift," says John Sturm, vice president of food and treats. "Just putting the bowl on the ground and walking away isn’t the humanized experience that pet parents are looking for." Laura Twichell says the extra steps she takes to feed her black Labrador help stave off digestive problems. Twice a day, Ms. Twichell, a stay-at-home mother in Cincinnati, slices a quarter-pound slab from a roll of refrigerated chicken-and-vegetable dog food. She mixes it with a half-cup of organic, salmon-based kibble, which she has soaked in water and then heated in the microwave, plus three tablespoons of canned pumpkin puree.D) Once mainstream shoppers didn’t give the ingredients in pet food much thought. Experts say it’s hard to achieve a balanced homemade diet, though, and eventually the expense and time involved turned a lot of pet owners off—and opened the door to nutrient-rich packaged products that require just a little preparation.E) In March, Nestle S. A. —owned Purina introduced Just Right, an online customizable brand that asks owners questions about their dog, including breed, age, activity level and skin condition, and then helps tailor food to the dog’s individual needs. "We built this brand based on the belief that the best nutrition is personalized," says Brian Lester, Purina’s director of marketing for innovation.F) U. S. sales of pet food in 2013 totaled an estimated $21 billion, up 24% since 2008, according to market research firm Packaged Facts. The industry’s growth through the recession points to the close bond consumers feel with pets. In a survey last year, 83% of consumers said they consider their pets part of the family. Over the next 18 months, Whole Foods Market Inc. says it plans to expand its selection of organic and animal welfare-rated pet food so the aisle looks more like one of its human—food aisles. "We want people to know that the pet food they buy in our store would be something that they would be just as happy buying for themselves," says Dwight Richmond, global grocery purchasing coordinator at Whole Foods.G) Mr. Richmond—who prefers the term pet "partners," not "owners" —cooks for his two Jack Russell Terriers, often making salmon or beef for both the dogs and for his wife and himself. The dogs’ meals are mixed with kibble. Freshpet says its refrigerated meat rolls are cooked in small batches at lower temperatures without preservatives. With flavors for dogs like "grain-free salmon and ocean whitefish with spinach, cranberries and blueberries, " Freshpet compares its products to " a meal you’d cook for your family, using simple ingredients you recognize".H) Lucy Postins, chief executive and founder, at first worried people wouldn’t want the hassle of mixing warm water with dehydrate (脱水的) food mix. " But they embraced it, " she says. "They love the fact that they share with their pet this moment of anticipation." Ms. Postins says she personally tastes all Honest Kitchen’s products and ingredients and now is focused on adding variety—because many owners worry their dogs and cats will get bored with repetition.I) In July, duck will join the lineup including cage-free turkey, free-range chicken and line-caught haddock. Honest Kitchen plans to add dry mixes—including blends of buckwheat, millet and quinoa, and vegetables like chard, pumpkin and peas—to which consumers can add cooked or raw meat. Several pet-food makers say natural ingredients make their recipes appealing to humans. "The gross-out factor is gone with us," says Mark Sapir, vice president of marketing for Merrick Pet Care Inc. The company’s canned "French Country Cafe" dog food evokes "the romance of France" and "will have your dog begging for more in a heavy French accent, "the company says. "Thanksgiving Day Dinner" has turkey, sweet potatoes, carrots, green beans and Granny Smith apples. "When you open the can, it’s really a human mealtime experience," Mr. Sapir says.J) Not every popular fruit and vegetable translates well for the pet palate. "A lot of these natural ingredients have a good cachet about them but aren’t necessarily what a dog or cat would have any interest in eating," says Nancy Rawson, a director of research at AFB International, in St. Charles, Mo., which produces flavor coatings to the pet-food industry. Behavioral analysis of dogs and cats helps Dr. Rawson determine whether flavors need to be adjusted. By examining how dogs and cats sniff, poke and eat their food, she finds out their enthusiasm or objection. Having worked to balance strong-flavored pet-food ingredients like blueberries and peas, Dr. Rawson is bracing for the day when she’ll have to tackle the bitter taste of kale. "I’m sure it’s coming," she says.People’s attitude to their pets promotes the development of pet food industry.

答案：正确答案：F

问答题

More Pet Brands Target Owners Who Like to Cook Their Own Dog FoodA) Dog owners "know they’re not quite cooking" when they mash the meat or mix it with kibble, says Scott Morris, co-founder of the Secaucus, N. J., company. "But they still feel emotionally rewarded for the effort." That insight is driving a big shift in the way companies are designing food for the nation’s millions of dogs and cats. After years of steadily rising pet-food sales, brands are launching premium-priced products requiring humans to refrigerate, freeze, dice, heat and/or mix-in additional ingredients like meat and vegetables.B) More pet owners want to feed their dogs and cats fresh food like the stuff people eat. These pet "parents" want to do more than dump food from a can or a bag into a bowl. They want to prepare a meal for their pet the way they would for a family member. Companies are designing specifically for the "happy dance" —what the industry calls all the jumping, wagging, purring and pawing that hungry dogs and cats do when anticipating a meal. " That enjoyment is what the pet parent is looking for," says Evelia Davis, vice president of consumable merchandise for retailer PetSmart Inc.C) A majority of pet owners now customize their pet’s meals in some way, maybe adding bacon or some chopped vegetables, according to research from retailer Petco Animal Supplies Inc. "We’re seeing it as a shift," says John Sturm, vice president of food and treats. "Just putting the bowl on the ground and walking away isn’t the humanized experience that pet parents are looking for." Laura Twichell says the extra steps she takes to feed her black Labrador help stave off digestive problems. Twice a day, Ms. Twichell, a stay-at-home mother in Cincinnati, slices a quarter-pound slab from a roll of refrigerated chicken-and-vegetable dog food. She mixes it with a half-cup of organic, salmon-based kibble, which she has soaked in water and then heated in the microwave, plus three tablespoons of canned pumpkin puree.D) Once mainstream shoppers didn’t give the ingredients in pet food much thought. Experts say it’s hard to achieve a balanced homemade diet, though, and eventually the expense and time involved turned a lot of pet owners off—and opened the door to nutrient-rich packaged products that require just a little preparation.E) In March, Nestle S. A. —owned Purina introduced Just Right, an online customizable brand that asks owners questions about their dog, including breed, age, activity level and skin condition, and then helps tailor food to the dog’s individual needs. "We built this brand based on the belief that the best nutrition is personalized," says Brian Lester, Purina’s director of marketing for innovation.F) U. S. sales of pet food in 2013 totaled an estimated $21 billion, up 24% since 2008, according to market research firm Packaged Facts. The industry’s growth through the recession points to the close bond consumers feel with pets. In a survey last year, 83% of consumers said they consider their pets part of the family. Over the next 18 months, Whole Foods Market Inc. says it plans to expand its selection of organic and animal welfare-rated pet food so the aisle looks more like one of its human—food aisles. "We want people to know that the pet food they buy in our store would be something that they would be just as happy buying for themselves," says Dwight Richmond, global grocery purchasing coordinator at Whole Foods.G) Mr. Richmond—who prefers the term pet "partners," not "owners" —cooks for his two Jack Russell Terriers, often making salmon or beef for both the dogs and for his wife and himself. The dogs’ meals are mixed with kibble. Freshpet says its refrigerated meat rolls are cooked in small batches at lower temperatures without preservatives. With flavors for dogs like "grain-free salmon and ocean whitefish with spinach, cranberries and blueberries, " Freshpet compares its products to " a meal you’d cook for your family, using simple ingredients you recognize".H) Lucy Postins, chief executive and founder, at first worried people wouldn’t want the hassle of mixing warm water with dehydrate (脱水的) food mix. " But they embraced it, " she says. "They love the fact that they share with their pet this moment of anticipation." Ms. Postins says she personally tastes all Honest Kitchen’s products and ingredients and now is focused on adding variety—because many owners worry their dogs and cats will get bored with repetition.I) In July, duck will join the lineup including cage-free turkey, free-range chicken and line-caught haddock. Honest Kitchen plans to add dry mixes—including blends of buckwheat, millet and quinoa, and vegetables like chard, pumpkin and peas—to which consumers can add cooked or raw meat. Several pet-food makers say natural ingredients make their recipes appealing to humans. "The gross-out factor is gone with us," says Mark Sapir, vice president of marketing for Merrick Pet Care Inc. The company’s canned "French Country Cafe" dog food evokes "the romance of France" and "will have your dog begging for more in a heavy French accent, "the company says. "Thanksgiving Day Dinner" has turkey, sweet potatoes, carrots, green beans and Granny Smith apples. "When you open the can, it’s really a human mealtime experience," Mr. Sapir says.J) Not every popular fruit and vegetable translates well for the pet palate. "A lot of these natural ingredients have a good cachet about them but aren’t necessarily what a dog or cat would have any interest in eating," says Nancy Rawson, a director of research at AFB International, in St. Charles, Mo., which produces flavor coatings to the pet-food industry. Behavioral analysis of dogs and cats helps Dr. Rawson determine whether flavors need to be adjusted. By examining how dogs and cats sniff, poke and eat their food, she finds out their enthusiasm or objection. Having worked to balance strong-flavored pet-food ingredients like blueberries and peas, Dr. Rawson is bracing for the day when she’ll have to tackle the bitter taste of kale. "I’m sure it’s coming," she says.Pet owners are no longer satisfied with feeding their pet can food.

答案：正确答案：B

问答题

More Pet Brands Target Owners Who Like to Cook Their Own Dog FoodA) Dog owners "know they’re not quite cooking" when they mash the meat or mix it with kibble, says Scott Morris, co-founder of the Secaucus, N. J., company. "But they still feel emotionally rewarded for the effort." That insight is driving a big shift in the way companies are designing food for the nation’s millions of dogs and cats. After years of steadily rising pet-food sales, brands are launching premium-priced products requiring humans to refrigerate, freeze, dice, heat and/or mix-in additional ingredients like meat and vegetables.B) More pet owners want to feed their dogs and cats fresh food like the stuff people eat. These pet "parents" want to do more than dump food from a can or a bag into a bowl. They want to prepare a meal for their pet the way they would for a family member. Companies are designing specifically for the "happy dance" —what the industry calls all the jumping, wagging, purring and pawing that hungry dogs and cats do when anticipating a meal. " That enjoyment is what the pet parent is looking for," says Evelia Davis, vice president of consumable merchandise for retailer PetSmart Inc.C) A majority of pet owners now customize their pet’s meals in some way, maybe adding bacon or some chopped vegetables, according to research from retailer Petco Animal Supplies Inc. "We’re seeing it as a shift," says John Sturm, vice president of food and treats. "Just putting the bowl on the ground and walking away isn’t the humanized experience that pet parents are looking for." Laura Twichell says the extra steps she takes to feed her black Labrador help stave off digestive problems. Twice a day, Ms. Twichell, a stay-at-home mother in Cincinnati, slices a quarter-pound slab from a roll of refrigerated chicken-and-vegetable dog food. She mixes it with a half-cup of organic, salmon-based kibble, which she has soaked in water and then heated in the microwave, plus three tablespoons of canned pumpkin puree.D) Once mainstream shoppers didn’t give the ingredients in pet food much thought. Experts say it’s hard to achieve a balanced homemade diet, though, and eventually the expense and time involved turned a lot of pet owners off—and opened the door to nutrient-rich packaged products that require just a little preparation.E) In March, Nestle S. A. —owned Purina introduced Just Right, an online customizable brand that asks owners questions about their dog, including breed, age, activity level and skin condition, and then helps tailor food to the dog’s individual needs. "We built this brand based on the belief that the best nutrition is personalized," says Brian Lester, Purina’s director of marketing for innovation.F) U. S. sales of pet food in 2013 totaled an estimated $21 billion, up 24% since 2008, according to market research firm Packaged Facts. The industry’s growth through the recession points to the close bond consumers feel with pets. In a survey last year, 83% of consumers said they consider their pets part of the family. Over the next 18 months, Whole Foods Market Inc. says it plans to expand its selection of organic and animal welfare-rated pet food so the aisle looks more like one of its human—food aisles. "We want people to know that the pet food they buy in our store would be something that they would be just as happy buying for themselves," says Dwight Richmond, global grocery purchasing coordinator at Whole Foods.G) Mr. Richmond—who prefers the term pet "partners," not "owners" —cooks for his two Jack Russell Terriers, often making salmon or beef for both the dogs and for his wife and himself. The dogs’ meals are mixed with kibble. Freshpet says its refrigerated meat rolls are cooked in small batches at lower temperatures without preservatives. With flavors for dogs like "grain-free salmon and ocean whitefish with spinach, cranberries and blueberries, " Freshpet compares its products to " a meal you’d cook for your family, using simple ingredients you recognize".H) Lucy Postins, chief executive and founder, at first worried people wouldn’t want the hassle of mixing warm water with dehydrate (脱水的) food mix. " But they embraced it, " she says. "They love the fact that they share with their pet this moment of anticipation." Ms. Postins says she personally tastes all Honest Kitchen’s products and ingredients and now is focused on adding variety—because many owners worry their dogs and cats will get bored with repetition.I) In July, duck will join the lineup including cage-free turkey, free-range chicken and line-caught haddock. Honest Kitchen plans to add dry mixes—including blends of buckwheat, millet and quinoa, and vegetables like chard, pumpkin and peas—to which consumers can add cooked or raw meat. Several pet-food makers say natural ingredients make their recipes appealing to humans. "The gross-out factor is gone with us," says Mark Sapir, vice president of marketing for Merrick Pet Care Inc. The company’s canned "French Country Cafe" dog food evokes "the romance of France" and "will have your dog begging for more in a heavy French accent, "the company says. "Thanksgiving Day Dinner" has turkey, sweet potatoes, carrots, green beans and Granny Smith apples. "When you open the can, it’s really a human mealtime experience," Mr. Sapir says.J) Not every popular fruit and vegetable translates well for the pet palate. "A lot of these natural ingredients have a good cachet about them but aren’t necessarily what a dog or cat would have any interest in eating," says Nancy Rawson, a director of research at AFB International, in St. Charles, Mo., which produces flavor coatings to the pet-food industry. Behavioral analysis of dogs and cats helps Dr. Rawson determine whether flavors need to be adjusted. By examining how dogs and cats sniff, poke and eat their food, she finds out their enthusiasm or objection. Having worked to balance strong-flavored pet-food ingredients like blueberries and peas, Dr. Rawson is bracing for the day when she’ll have to tackle the bitter taste of kale. "I’m sure it’s coming," she says.Many companies change their ways in designing pet food for the millions of dogs and cats.

答案：正确答案：A