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Judging from recent surveys, most experts in sleep behavior agree that there is virtually an epidemic (流行病) of sleepiness in the nation. "I can’t think of a single study that hasn’t found Americans getting less sleep than they ought to," says Dr. David. Even people who think they are sleeping enough would probably be better off with more rest. The beginning of our sleep-deficit (睡眠不足) crisis can be traced to the invention of the light bulb a century ago. From diary entries and other personal accounts from the 18th and 19th centuries, sleep scientists have reached the conclusion that the average person used to sleep about 9. 5 hours a night. "The best sleep habits once were forced on us, when we had nothing to do in the evening down on the farm, and it was dark. " By the 1950s and 1960s, that sleep schedule had been reduced dramatically, to between 7. 5 and eight hours, and most people had to wake to an alarm clock. "People cheat on their sleep, and they don’t even realize they’re doing it," says Dr. David. "They think they’re okay because they can get by on 6. 5 hours, when they really need 7.5, eight or even more to feel ideally vigorous." Perhaps the most merciless robber of sleep, researchers say, is the complexity of the day. Whenever pressures from work, family, friends and community mount, many people consider sleep the least expensive item on his programme. "In our society, you’re considered dynamic if you say you only need 5. 5 hours’ sleep. If you’ve got to get 8. 5 hours, people think you lack drive and ambition." To determine the consequences of sleep deficit, researchers have put subjects through a set of psychological and performance tests requiring them, for instance, to add columns of numbers or recall a passage read to them only minutes earlier. "We’ve found that if you’re in sleep deficit, performance suffers," says Dr. David. "Short-term memory is weakened, as are abilities to make decisions and to concentrate."The word "subjects" (Para.4) refers to_________.

A．the performance tests used in the study of sleep deficit
B．special branches of knowledge that are being studied
C．people whose behavior or reactions are being studied
D．the psychological consequences of sleep deficit
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问答题

With the world’s population estimated to grow from six to nine billion by 2050, researchers, businesses and governments are already dealing with the impact this increase will have on everything from food and water to infrastructure (基础设施) and jobs. Underlying all this【C1】______ will be the demand for energy, which is expected to double over the next 40 years. Finding the resources to meet this demand in a【C2】______ and sustainable way is the cornerstone (基石) of our nation’s energy security, and will be one of the major【C3】______ of the 21st century. Alternative forms of energy-bio-fuels, wind and solar, to name a few are【C4】______ being funded and developed, and will play a growing【C5】______ in the world’s energy supply. But experts say that even when【C6】______ , alternative energy sources will likely meet only about 30% of the world’s energy needs by 2050. For example, even with【C7】______ investments, such as the $ 93 million for wind energy development【C8】______ in the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act, important alternative energy sources such as wind and bio-fuels【C9】______ only about 1% of the market today. Energy and sustainability experts say the answer to our future energy needs will likely come from a lot of【C10】______ both traditional and alternative.A) stable I) exactlyB) solutions J) consistC) significant K) compriseD) role L) competitionsE) progress M) combinedF) marvelous N) challengesG) included O) certainly H) growth【C1】
答案： 正确答案：H
问答题

With the world’s population estimated to grow from six to nine billion by 2050, researchers, businesses and governments are already dealing with the impact this increase will have on everything from food and water to infrastructure (基础设施) and jobs. Underlying all this【C1】______ will be the demand for energy, which is expected to double over the next 40 years. Finding the resources to meet this demand in a【C2】______ and sustainable way is the cornerstone (基石) of our nation’s energy security, and will be one of the major【C3】______ of the 21st century. Alternative forms of energy-bio-fuels, wind and solar, to name a few are【C4】______ being funded and developed, and will play a growing【C5】______ in the world’s energy supply. But experts say that even when【C6】______ , alternative energy sources will likely meet only about 30% of the world’s energy needs by 2050. For example, even with【C7】______ investments, such as the $ 93 million for wind energy development【C8】______ in the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act, important alternative energy sources such as wind and bio-fuels【C9】______ only about 1% of the market today. Energy and sustainability experts say the answer to our future energy needs will likely come from a lot of【C10】______ both traditional and alternative.A) stable I) exactlyB) solutions J) consistC) significant K) compriseD) role L) competitionsE) progress M) combinedF) marvelous N) challengesG) included O) certainly H) growth【C2】
答案： 正确答案：A
问答题

With the world’s population estimated to grow from six to nine billion by 2050, researchers, businesses and governments are already dealing with the impact this increase will have on everything from food and water to infrastructure (基础设施) and jobs. Underlying all this【C1】______ will be the demand for energy, which is expected to double over the next 40 years. Finding the resources to meet this demand in a【C2】______ and sustainable way is the cornerstone (基石) of our nation’s energy security, and will be one of the major【C3】______ of the 21st century. Alternative forms of energy-bio-fuels, wind and solar, to name a few are【C4】______ being funded and developed, and will play a growing【C5】______ in the world’s energy supply. But experts say that even when【C6】______ , alternative energy sources will likely meet only about 30% of the world’s energy needs by 2050. For example, even with【C7】______ investments, such as the $ 93 million for wind energy development【C8】______ in the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act, important alternative energy sources such as wind and bio-fuels【C9】______ only about 1% of the market today. Energy and sustainability experts say the answer to our future energy needs will likely come from a lot of【C10】______ both traditional and alternative.A) stable I) exactlyB) solutions J) consistC) significant K) compriseD) role L) competitionsE) progress M) combinedF) marvelous N) challengesG) included O) certainly H) growth【C3】
答案： 正确答案：N
问答题

Hate Your Job Here’s How to Reshape It[A] Once upon a time, if you hated your job, you either quit or bit your lip. These days, a group of researchers is trumpeting a third option: shape your job so it is more fruitful than futile.[B] We often get trapped into thinking about our job as a list of things to do and a list of responsibilities, "says Amy Wrzesniewski, an associate professor at the Yale School of Management. "But what if you set aside that mind-set" If you could adjust what you do, she says, "who would you start talking to, what other tasks would you take on, and who would you work with"[C] To make livelihoods more lively, Wrzesniewski and her colleagues Jane Dutton and Justin Berg have developed a methodology they call job-crafting. They’re working with Fortune 500 companies, smaller firms and business schools to change the way Americans think about work. The idea is to make all jobs—even mundane (平凡的) ones—more meaningful by empowering employees to brainstorm and implement subtle but significant workplace adjustments.Step 1: Rethink Your Job—Creatively[D] " The default some people wake up to is dragging themselves to work and facing a list of things they have to do," says Wrzesniewski. So in the job-crafting process, the first step is to think about your job holistically. You first analyze how much time, energy and attention you devote to your various tasks. Then you reflect on that allocation (分配).[E] Take, for example, a maintenance technician at Burt’s Bees, which makes personal-care products. He was interested in process engineering, though that wasn’t part of his job description. To alter the scope of his day-to-day activities, the technician asked a supervisor if he could spend some time studying an idea he had for making the firm’s manufacturing procedures more energy-efficient. His ideas proved helpful, and now process engineering is part of the scope of his work.[F] Barbara Fredrickson, author of Positivity and a professor of psychology at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, says it’s crucial for people to pay attention to their workday emotions. "Doing so," she says, "will help you discover which aspects of your work are most life-giving and most life-draining."[G] Many of us get stuck in ruts (惯例). Berg, a Ph. D. student at the Wharton School at the University of Pennsylvania who helped develop the job-crafting methodology, says we all benefit from periodically rethinking what we do. "Even in the most constraining jobs, people have a certain amount of wiggle room," he says. "Small changes can have a real impact on life at work."Step 2: Diagram Your Day[H] To lay the groundwork for change, job-crafting participants assemble diagrams detailing their workday activities. The first objective is to develop new insights about what you actually do at work. Then you can dream up fresh ways to integrate what the job-crafting exercise calls your "strengths, motives and passions" into your daily routine. You convert task lists into flexible building blocks. The end result is an "after" diagram that can serve as a map for specific changes.[I] Ina Lockau-Vogel, a management consultant who participated in a recent job-crafting workshop, says the exercise helped her adjust her priorities. "Before, I would spend so much time reacting to requests and focusing on urgent tasks that I never had time to address the real important issues." As part of the job-crafting process, she decided on a strategy for delegating and outsourcing (外包) more of her administrative responsibilities.[J] In contrast to business books that counsel managers to influence workers through incentives, job-crafting focuses on what employees themselves can do to re-envision and adjust what they do every day. Given that according to the Bureau of Labor Statistics, it now takes the average job seeker more than six months to find a new position. It’s crucial to make the most of the job you’ve got.Step 3: Identify Job Loves and Hates[K] By reorienting (使适应) how you think about your job, you free yourself up for new ideas about how to restructure your workday time and energy. Take an IT worker who hates dealing with technologically incompetent callers. He might enjoy teaching more than customer service. By spending more time instructing colleagues—and treating help-line callers as curious students of tech—the disgruntled IT person can make the most of his 9-to-5 position.[L] Dutton, a professor at the University of Michigan’s Ross School of Business, says she has seen local auto-industry workers benefit from the job-crafting process. "They come in looking worn down, but after spending two hours on this exercise, they come away thinking about three or four things they can do differently."[M] "They start to recognize they have more control over their work than they realized," says Dutton, who partnered with Wrzesniewski on the original job-crafting research.Step 4: Put Your Ideas into Action[N] To conclude the job-crafting process, participants list specific follow-up steps: Many plan a one-on-one meeting with a supervisor to propose new project ideas. Others connect with colleagues to talk about trading certain tasks. Berg says as long as their goals are met, many managers are happy to let employees adjust how they work.[O] Job-crafting isn’t about revenue, but juicing up (活跃) employee engagement may end up beefing up the bottom line. Amid salary, job and benefit cuts, more and more workers are disgruntled. Surveys show that more than 50% aren’t happy with what they do. Dutton, Berg and Wrzesniewski argue that emphasizing enjoyment can boost efficiency by lowering turnover rates and jacking up productivity. Job-crafting won’t rid you of a lousy boss or a subpar salary, but it does offer some remedies for job dissatisfaction. If you can’t ditch or switch a job, at least make it more likable.A long time ago when a person hated his/her job, he/she will resign or bear it.
答案： 正确答案：A
问答题

With the world’s population estimated to grow from six to nine billion by 2050, researchers, businesses and governments are already dealing with the impact this increase will have on everything from food and water to infrastructure (基础设施) and jobs. Underlying all this【C1】______ will be the demand for energy, which is expected to double over the next 40 years. Finding the resources to meet this demand in a【C2】______ and sustainable way is the cornerstone (基石) of our nation’s energy security, and will be one of the major【C3】______ of the 21st century. Alternative forms of energy-bio-fuels, wind and solar, to name a few are【C4】______ being funded and developed, and will play a growing【C5】______ in the world’s energy supply. But experts say that even when【C6】______ , alternative energy sources will likely meet only about 30% of the world’s energy needs by 2050. For example, even with【C7】______ investments, such as the $ 93 million for wind energy development【C8】______ in the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act, important alternative energy sources such as wind and bio-fuels【C9】______ only about 1% of the market today. Energy and sustainability experts say the answer to our future energy needs will likely come from a lot of【C10】______ both traditional and alternative.A) stable I) exactlyB) solutions J) consistC) significant K) compriseD) role L) competitionsE) progress M) combinedF) marvelous N) challengesG) included O) certainly H) growth【C4】
答案： 正确答案：O
问答题

Hate Your Job Here’s How to Reshape It[A] Once upon a time, if you hated your job, you either quit or bit your lip. These days, a group of researchers is trumpeting a third option: shape your job so it is more fruitful than futile.[B] We often get trapped into thinking about our job as a list of things to do and a list of responsibilities, "says Amy Wrzesniewski, an associate professor at the Yale School of Management. "But what if you set aside that mind-set" If you could adjust what you do, she says, "who would you start talking to, what other tasks would you take on, and who would you work with"[C] To make livelihoods more lively, Wrzesniewski and her colleagues Jane Dutton and Justin Berg have developed a methodology they call job-crafting. They’re working with Fortune 500 companies, smaller firms and business schools to change the way Americans think about work. The idea is to make all jobs—even mundane (平凡的) ones—more meaningful by empowering employees to brainstorm and implement subtle but significant workplace adjustments.Step 1: Rethink Your Job—Creatively[D] " The default some people wake up to is dragging themselves to work and facing a list of things they have to do," says Wrzesniewski. So in the job-crafting process, the first step is to think about your job holistically. You first analyze how much time, energy and attention you devote to your various tasks. Then you reflect on that allocation (分配).[E] Take, for example, a maintenance technician at Burt’s Bees, which makes personal-care products. He was interested in process engineering, though that wasn’t part of his job description. To alter the scope of his day-to-day activities, the technician asked a supervisor if he could spend some time studying an idea he had for making the firm’s manufacturing procedures more energy-efficient. His ideas proved helpful, and now process engineering is part of the scope of his work.[F] Barbara Fredrickson, author of Positivity and a professor of psychology at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, says it’s crucial for people to pay attention to their workday emotions. "Doing so," she says, "will help you discover which aspects of your work are most life-giving and most life-draining."[G] Many of us get stuck in ruts (惯例). Berg, a Ph. D. student at the Wharton School at the University of Pennsylvania who helped develop the job-crafting methodology, says we all benefit from periodically rethinking what we do. "Even in the most constraining jobs, people have a certain amount of wiggle room," he says. "Small changes can have a real impact on life at work."Step 2: Diagram Your Day[H] To lay the groundwork for change, job-crafting participants assemble diagrams detailing their workday activities. The first objective is to develop new insights about what you actually do at work. Then you can dream up fresh ways to integrate what the job-crafting exercise calls your "strengths, motives and passions" into your daily routine. You convert task lists into flexible building blocks. The end result is an "after" diagram that can serve as a map for specific changes.[I] Ina Lockau-Vogel, a management consultant who participated in a recent job-crafting workshop, says the exercise helped her adjust her priorities. "Before, I would spend so much time reacting to requests and focusing on urgent tasks that I never had time to address the real important issues." As part of the job-crafting process, she decided on a strategy for delegating and outsourcing (外包) more of her administrative responsibilities.[J] In contrast to business books that counsel managers to influence workers through incentives, job-crafting focuses on what employees themselves can do to re-envision and adjust what they do every day. Given that according to the Bureau of Labor Statistics, it now takes the average job seeker more than six months to find a new position. It’s crucial to make the most of the job you’ve got.Step 3: Identify Job Loves and Hates[K] By reorienting (使适应) how you think about your job, you free yourself up for new ideas about how to restructure your workday time and energy. Take an IT worker who hates dealing with technologically incompetent callers. He might enjoy teaching more than customer service. By spending more time instructing colleagues—and treating help-line callers as curious students of tech—the disgruntled IT person can make the most of his 9-to-5 position.[L] Dutton, a professor at the University of Michigan’s Ross School of Business, says she has seen local auto-industry workers benefit from the job-crafting process. "They come in looking worn down, but after spending two hours on this exercise, they come away thinking about three or four things they can do differently."[M] "They start to recognize they have more control over their work than they realized," says Dutton, who partnered with Wrzesniewski on the original job-crafting research.Step 4: Put Your Ideas into Action[N] To conclude the job-crafting process, participants list specific follow-up steps: Many plan a one-on-one meeting with a supervisor to propose new project ideas. Others connect with colleagues to talk about trading certain tasks. Berg says as long as their goals are met, many managers are happy to let employees adjust how they work.[O] Job-crafting isn’t about revenue, but juicing up (活跃) employee engagement may end up beefing up the bottom line. Amid salary, job and benefit cuts, more and more workers are disgruntled. Surveys show that more than 50% aren’t happy with what they do. Dutton, Berg and Wrzesniewski argue that emphasizing enjoyment can boost efficiency by lowering turnover rates and jacking up productivity. Job-crafting won’t rid you of a lousy boss or a subpar salary, but it does offer some remedies for job dissatisfaction. If you can’t ditch or switch a job, at least make it more likable.Amy Wrzesniewski think job could be adjusted.
答案： 正确答案：B
问答题

With the world’s population estimated to grow from six to nine billion by 2050, researchers, businesses and governments are already dealing with the impact this increase will have on everything from food and water to infrastructure (基础设施) and jobs. Underlying all this【C1】______ will be the demand for energy, which is expected to double over the next 40 years. Finding the resources to meet this demand in a【C2】______ and sustainable way is the cornerstone (基石) of our nation’s energy security, and will be one of the major【C3】______ of the 21st century. Alternative forms of energy-bio-fuels, wind and solar, to name a few are【C4】______ being funded and developed, and will play a growing【C5】______ in the world’s energy supply. But experts say that even when【C6】______ , alternative energy sources will likely meet only about 30% of the world’s energy needs by 2050. For example, even with【C7】______ investments, such as the $ 93 million for wind energy development【C8】______ in the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act, important alternative energy sources such as wind and bio-fuels【C9】______ only about 1% of the market today. Energy and sustainability experts say the answer to our future energy needs will likely come from a lot of【C10】______ both traditional and alternative.A) stable I) exactlyB) solutions J) consistC) significant K) compriseD) role L) competitionsE) progress M) combinedF) marvelous N) challengesG) included O) certainly H) growth【C5】
答案： 正确答案：D
问答题

Hate Your Job Here’s How to Reshape It[A] Once upon a time, if you hated your job, you either quit or bit your lip. These days, a group of researchers is trumpeting a third option: shape your job so it is more fruitful than futile.[B] We often get trapped into thinking about our job as a list of things to do and a list of responsibilities, "says Amy Wrzesniewski, an associate professor at the Yale School of Management. "But what if you set aside that mind-set" If you could adjust what you do, she says, "who would you start talking to, what other tasks would you take on, and who would you work with"[C] To make livelihoods more lively, Wrzesniewski and her colleagues Jane Dutton and Justin Berg have developed a methodology they call job-crafting. They’re working with Fortune 500 companies, smaller firms and business schools to change the way Americans think about work. The idea is to make all jobs—even mundane (平凡的) ones—more meaningful by empowering employees to brainstorm and implement subtle but significant workplace adjustments.Step 1: Rethink Your Job—Creatively[D] " The default some people wake up to is dragging themselves to work and facing a list of things they have to do," says Wrzesniewski. So in the job-crafting process, the first step is to think about your job holistically. You first analyze how much time, energy and attention you devote to your various tasks. Then you reflect on that allocation (分配).[E] Take, for example, a maintenance technician at Burt’s Bees, which makes personal-care products. He was interested in process engineering, though that wasn’t part of his job description. To alter the scope of his day-to-day activities, the technician asked a supervisor if he could spend some time studying an idea he had for making the firm’s manufacturing procedures more energy-efficient. His ideas proved helpful, and now process engineering is part of the scope of his work.[F] Barbara Fredrickson, author of Positivity and a professor of psychology at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, says it’s crucial for people to pay attention to their workday emotions. "Doing so," she says, "will help you discover which aspects of your work are most life-giving and most life-draining."[G] Many of us get stuck in ruts (惯例). Berg, a Ph. D. student at the Wharton School at the University of Pennsylvania who helped develop the job-crafting methodology, says we all benefit from periodically rethinking what we do. "Even in the most constraining jobs, people have a certain amount of wiggle room," he says. "Small changes can have a real impact on life at work."Step 2: Diagram Your Day[H] To lay the groundwork for change, job-crafting participants assemble diagrams detailing their workday activities. The first objective is to develop new insights about what you actually do at work. Then you can dream up fresh ways to integrate what the job-crafting exercise calls your "strengths, motives and passions" into your daily routine. You convert task lists into flexible building blocks. The end result is an "after" diagram that can serve as a map for specific changes.[I] Ina Lockau-Vogel, a management consultant who participated in a recent job-crafting workshop, says the exercise helped her adjust her priorities. "Before, I would spend so much time reacting to requests and focusing on urgent tasks that I never had time to address the real important issues." As part of the job-crafting process, she decided on a strategy for delegating and outsourcing (外包) more of her administrative responsibilities.[J] In contrast to business books that counsel managers to influence workers through incentives, job-crafting focuses on what employees themselves can do to re-envision and adjust what they do every day. Given that according to the Bureau of Labor Statistics, it now takes the average job seeker more than six months to find a new position. It’s crucial to make the most of the job you’ve got.Step 3: Identify Job Loves and Hates[K] By reorienting (使适应) how you think about your job, you free yourself up for new ideas about how to restructure your workday time and energy. Take an IT worker who hates dealing with technologically incompetent callers. He might enjoy teaching more than customer service. By spending more time instructing colleagues—and treating help-line callers as curious students of tech—the disgruntled IT person can make the most of his 9-to-5 position.[L] Dutton, a professor at the University of Michigan’s Ross School of Business, says she has seen local auto-industry workers benefit from the job-crafting process. "They come in looking worn down, but after spending two hours on this exercise, they come away thinking about three or four things they can do differently."[M] "They start to recognize they have more control over their work than they realized," says Dutton, who partnered with Wrzesniewski on the original job-crafting research.Step 4: Put Your Ideas into Action[N] To conclude the job-crafting process, participants list specific follow-up steps: Many plan a one-on-one meeting with a supervisor to propose new project ideas. Others connect with colleagues to talk about trading certain tasks. Berg says as long as their goals are met, many managers are happy to let employees adjust how they work.[O] Job-crafting isn’t about revenue, but juicing up (活跃) employee engagement may end up beefing up the bottom line. Amid salary, job and benefit cuts, more and more workers are disgruntled. Surveys show that more than 50% aren’t happy with what they do. Dutton, Berg and Wrzesniewski argue that emphasizing enjoyment can boost efficiency by lowering turnover rates and jacking up productivity. Job-crafting won’t rid you of a lousy boss or a subpar salary, but it does offer some remedies for job dissatisfaction. If you can’t ditch or switch a job, at least make it more likable.Your first thing to do in the job-crafting process is to think about your job wholly.
答案： 正确答案：D
单项选择题

They say that sticks and stones may break your bones, but words will never hurt you. Yet childhood bullying really can damage your long-term health. Gone are the days when bullying was considered an inevitable and ultimately harmless part of growing up—just last month we learned that childhood bullying can lead to poorer mental health even into middle age. Now William Copeland at Duke University in Durham, North Carolina, and his colleagues have shown that it can have lingering physiological effects too. They tracked 1,420 9-year-old right through their teens. Each child was seen up to nine times during the study and quizzed about bullying. The team then measured levels of C-reactive protein in their blood. CRP is a marker of inflammation (炎症) linked to higher risk of cardiovascular disease (心血管疾病) and problems like diabetes. "Because we were collecting biological samples throughout, we were able to look at CRP levels in subjects prior to their bullying involvement," says Copeland. "This really gives us an idea of the changes bullying brings about." Although CRP levels naturally rise in everyone during adolescence, levels were highest in children who reported being tormented by bullies. Even at the ages of 19 and 21, children who had once been bullied had CRP levels about 1. 4 times higher than peers who were neither perpetrators nor victims. In a cruel twist, the bullies had the lowest levels of all, suggesting they didn’t suffer the same health risks. They may even see a benefit from their behavior, though Copeland stresses it doesn’t vindicate (辩护) their actions. "The goal would instead be to find other ways to produce this protective effect without it being at someone else’s expense," he says. Andrea Danese at King’s College London has previously shown that maltreatment during childhood can lead to high levels of inflammation in adult life. "This new study is a helpful addition in showing that these effects extend to another important childhood stressor," he says. He suggests that care workers could monitor levels of CRP in children having psychotherapy to see if it is helping to soothe the stress of being bullied.What do you know about CRP

A．It is a symbol of the inflammation.
B．It is a symbol of cardiovascular disease.
C．It relates directly to diabetes.
D．It is a symbol of physiological effects caused by bullying.
问答题

With the world’s population estimated to grow from six to nine billion by 2050, researchers, businesses and governments are already dealing with the impact this increase will have on everything from food and water to infrastructure (基础设施) and jobs. Underlying all this【C1】______ will be the demand for energy, which is expected to double over the next 40 years. Finding the resources to meet this demand in a【C2】______ and sustainable way is the cornerstone (基石) of our nation’s energy security, and will be one of the major【C3】______ of the 21st century. Alternative forms of energy-bio-fuels, wind and solar, to name a few are【C4】______ being funded and developed, and will play a growing【C5】______ in the world’s energy supply. But experts say that even when【C6】______ , alternative energy sources will likely meet only about 30% of the world’s energy needs by 2050. For example, even with【C7】______ investments, such as the $ 93 million for wind energy development【C8】______ in the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act, important alternative energy sources such as wind and bio-fuels【C9】______ only about 1% of the market today. Energy and sustainability experts say the answer to our future energy needs will likely come from a lot of【C10】______ both traditional and alternative.A) stable I) exactlyB) solutions J) consistC) significant K) compriseD) role L) competitionsE) progress M) combinedF) marvelous N) challengesG) included O) certainly H) growth【C6】
答案： 正确答案：M
问答题

Hate Your Job Here’s How to Reshape It[A] Once upon a time, if you hated your job, you either quit or bit your lip. These days, a group of researchers is trumpeting a third option: shape your job so it is more fruitful than futile.[B] We often get trapped into thinking about our job as a list of things to do and a list of responsibilities, "says Amy Wrzesniewski, an associate professor at the Yale School of Management. "But what if you set aside that mind-set" If you could adjust what you do, she says, "who would you start talking to, what other tasks would you take on, and who would you work with"[C] To make livelihoods more lively, Wrzesniewski and her colleagues Jane Dutton and Justin Berg have developed a methodology they call job-crafting. They’re working with Fortune 500 companies, smaller firms and business schools to change the way Americans think about work. The idea is to make all jobs—even mundane (平凡的) ones—more meaningful by empowering employees to brainstorm and implement subtle but significant workplace adjustments.Step 1: Rethink Your Job—Creatively[D] " The default some people wake up to is dragging themselves to work and facing a list of things they have to do," says Wrzesniewski. So in the job-crafting process, the first step is to think about your job holistically. You first analyze how much time, energy and attention you devote to your various tasks. Then you reflect on that allocation (分配).[E] Take, for example, a maintenance technician at Burt’s Bees, which makes personal-care products. He was interested in process engineering, though that wasn’t part of his job description. To alter the scope of his day-to-day activities, the technician asked a supervisor if he could spend some time studying an idea he had for making the firm’s manufacturing procedures more energy-efficient. His ideas proved helpful, and now process engineering is part of the scope of his work.[F] Barbara Fredrickson, author of Positivity and a professor of psychology at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, says it’s crucial for people to pay attention to their workday emotions. "Doing so," she says, "will help you discover which aspects of your work are most life-giving and most life-draining."[G] Many of us get stuck in ruts (惯例). Berg, a Ph. D. student at the Wharton School at the University of Pennsylvania who helped develop the job-crafting methodology, says we all benefit from periodically rethinking what we do. "Even in the most constraining jobs, people have a certain amount of wiggle room," he says. "Small changes can have a real impact on life at work."Step 2: Diagram Your Day[H] To lay the groundwork for change, job-crafting participants assemble diagrams detailing their workday activities. The first objective is to develop new insights about what you actually do at work. Then you can dream up fresh ways to integrate what the job-crafting exercise calls your "strengths, motives and passions" into your daily routine. You convert task lists into flexible building blocks. The end result is an "after" diagram that can serve as a map for specific changes.[I] Ina Lockau-Vogel, a management consultant who participated in a recent job-crafting workshop, says the exercise helped her adjust her priorities. "Before, I would spend so much time reacting to requests and focusing on urgent tasks that I never had time to address the real important issues." As part of the job-crafting process, she decided on a strategy for delegating and outsourcing (外包) more of her administrative responsibilities.[J] In contrast to business books that counsel managers to influence workers through incentives, job-crafting focuses on what employees themselves can do to re-envision and adjust what they do every day. Given that according to the Bureau of Labor Statistics, it now takes the average job seeker more than six months to find a new position. It’s crucial to make the most of the job you’ve got.Step 3: Identify Job Loves and Hates[K] By reorienting (使适应) how you think about your job, you free yourself up for new ideas about how to restructure your workday time and energy. Take an IT worker who hates dealing with technologically incompetent callers. He might enjoy teaching more than customer service. By spending more time instructing colleagues—and treating help-line callers as curious students of tech—the disgruntled IT person can make the most of his 9-to-5 position.[L] Dutton, a professor at the University of Michigan’s Ross School of Business, says she has seen local auto-industry workers benefit from the job-crafting process. "They come in looking worn down, but after spending two hours on this exercise, they come away thinking about three or four things they can do differently."[M] "They start to recognize they have more control over their work than they realized," says Dutton, who partnered with Wrzesniewski on the original job-crafting research.Step 4: Put Your Ideas into Action[N] To conclude the job-crafting process, participants list specific follow-up steps: Many plan a one-on-one meeting with a supervisor to propose new project ideas. Others connect with colleagues to talk about trading certain tasks. Berg says as long as their goals are met, many managers are happy to let employees adjust how they work.[O] Job-crafting isn’t about revenue, but juicing up (活跃) employee engagement may end up beefing up the bottom line. Amid salary, job and benefit cuts, more and more workers are disgruntled. Surveys show that more than 50% aren’t happy with what they do. Dutton, Berg and Wrzesniewski argue that emphasizing enjoyment can boost efficiency by lowering turnover rates and jacking up productivity. Job-crafting won’t rid you of a lousy boss or a subpar salary, but it does offer some remedies for job dissatisfaction. If you can’t ditch or switch a job, at least make it more likable.The idea of a maintenance technician at Burt’s Bees turned out to be helpful and energy-efficient.
答案： 正确答案：E
单项选择题

They say that sticks and stones may break your bones, but words will never hurt you. Yet childhood bullying really can damage your long-term health. Gone are the days when bullying was considered an inevitable and ultimately harmless part of growing up—just last month we learned that childhood bullying can lead to poorer mental health even into middle age. Now William Copeland at Duke University in Durham, North Carolina, and his colleagues have shown that it can have lingering physiological effects too. They tracked 1,420 9-year-old right through their teens. Each child was seen up to nine times during the study and quizzed about bullying. The team then measured levels of C-reactive protein in their blood. CRP is a marker of inflammation (炎症) linked to higher risk of cardiovascular disease (心血管疾病) and problems like diabetes. "Because we were collecting biological samples throughout, we were able to look at CRP levels in subjects prior to their bullying involvement," says Copeland. "This really gives us an idea of the changes bullying brings about." Although CRP levels naturally rise in everyone during adolescence, levels were highest in children who reported being tormented by bullies. Even at the ages of 19 and 21, children who had once been bullied had CRP levels about 1. 4 times higher than peers who were neither perpetrators nor victims. In a cruel twist, the bullies had the lowest levels of all, suggesting they didn’t suffer the same health risks. They may even see a benefit from their behavior, though Copeland stresses it doesn’t vindicate (辩护) their actions. "The goal would instead be to find other ways to produce this protective effect without it being at someone else’s expense," he says. Andrea Danese at King’s College London has previously shown that maltreatment during childhood can lead to high levels of inflammation in adult life. "This new study is a helpful addition in showing that these effects extend to another important childhood stressor," he says. He suggests that care workers could monitor levels of CRP in children having psychotherapy to see if it is helping to soothe the stress of being bullied.What does Copeland mean by saying "prior to their bullying involvement" (Para. 4)

A．Before the children bullied others.
B．Before the children were bullied.
C．In preference to the children’s bullying behavior.
D．In preference to the children’s being bullied.
单项选择题

Judging from recent surveys, most experts in sleep behavior agree that there is virtually an epidemic (流行病) of sleepiness in the nation. "I can’t think of a single study that hasn’t found Americans getting less sleep than they ought to," says Dr. David. Even people who think they are sleeping enough would probably be better off with more rest. The beginning of our sleep-deficit (睡眠不足) crisis can be traced to the invention of the light bulb a century ago. From diary entries and other personal accounts from the 18th and 19th centuries, sleep scientists have reached the conclusion that the average person used to sleep about 9. 5 hours a night. "The best sleep habits once were forced on us, when we had nothing to do in the evening down on the farm, and it was dark. " By the 1950s and 1960s, that sleep schedule had been reduced dramatically, to between 7. 5 and eight hours, and most people had to wake to an alarm clock. "People cheat on their sleep, and they don’t even realize they’re doing it," says Dr. David. "They think they’re okay because they can get by on 6. 5 hours, when they really need 7.5, eight or even more to feel ideally vigorous." Perhaps the most merciless robber of sleep, researchers say, is the complexity of the day. Whenever pressures from work, family, friends and community mount, many people consider sleep the least expensive item on his programme. "In our society, you’re considered dynamic if you say you only need 5. 5 hours’ sleep. If you’ve got to get 8. 5 hours, people think you lack drive and ambition." To determine the consequences of sleep deficit, researchers have put subjects through a set of psychological and performance tests requiring them, for instance, to add columns of numbers or recall a passage read to them only minutes earlier. "We’ve found that if you’re in sleep deficit, performance suffers," says Dr. David. "Short-term memory is weakened, as are abilities to make decisions and to concentrate."People in the 18 th and 19 th centuries used to sleep about 9. 5 hours a night because they had_______.

A．no drive and ambition
B．no electric lighting
C．the best sleep habits
D．nothing to do in the evening
问答题

With the world’s population estimated to grow from six to nine billion by 2050, researchers, businesses and governments are already dealing with the impact this increase will have on everything from food and water to infrastructure (基础设施) and jobs. Underlying all this【C1】______ will be the demand for energy, which is expected to double over the next 40 years. Finding the resources to meet this demand in a【C2】______ and sustainable way is the cornerstone (基石) of our nation’s energy security, and will be one of the major【C3】______ of the 21st century. Alternative forms of energy-bio-fuels, wind and solar, to name a few are【C4】______ being funded and developed, and will play a growing【C5】______ in the world’s energy supply. But experts say that even when【C6】______ , alternative energy sources will likely meet only about 30% of the world’s energy needs by 2050. For example, even with【C7】______ investments, such as the $ 93 million for wind energy development【C8】______ in the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act, important alternative energy sources such as wind and bio-fuels【C9】______ only about 1% of the market today. Energy and sustainability experts say the answer to our future energy needs will likely come from a lot of【C10】______ both traditional and alternative.A) stable I) exactlyB) solutions J) consistC) significant K) compriseD) role L) competitionsE) progress M) combinedF) marvelous N) challengesG) included O) certainly H) growth【C7】
答案： 正确答案：C
问答题

Hate Your Job Here’s How to Reshape It[A] Once upon a time, if you hated your job, you either quit or bit your lip. These days, a group of researchers is trumpeting a third option: shape your job so it is more fruitful than futile.[B] We often get trapped into thinking about our job as a list of things to do and a list of responsibilities, "says Amy Wrzesniewski, an associate professor at the Yale School of Management. "But what if you set aside that mind-set" If you could adjust what you do, she says, "who would you start talking to, what other tasks would you take on, and who would you work with"[C] To make livelihoods more lively, Wrzesniewski and her colleagues Jane Dutton and Justin Berg have developed a methodology they call job-crafting. They’re working with Fortune 500 companies, smaller firms and business schools to change the way Americans think about work. The idea is to make all jobs—even mundane (平凡的) ones—more meaningful by empowering employees to brainstorm and implement subtle but significant workplace adjustments.Step 1: Rethink Your Job—Creatively[D] " The default some people wake up to is dragging themselves to work and facing a list of things they have to do," says Wrzesniewski. So in the job-crafting process, the first step is to think about your job holistically. You first analyze how much time, energy and attention you devote to your various tasks. Then you reflect on that allocation (分配).[E] Take, for example, a maintenance technician at Burt’s Bees, which makes personal-care products. He was interested in process engineering, though that wasn’t part of his job description. To alter the scope of his day-to-day activities, the technician asked a supervisor if he could spend some time studying an idea he had for making the firm’s manufacturing procedures more energy-efficient. His ideas proved helpful, and now process engineering is part of the scope of his work.[F] Barbara Fredrickson, author of Positivity and a professor of psychology at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, says it’s crucial for people to pay attention to their workday emotions. "Doing so," she says, "will help you discover which aspects of your work are most life-giving and most life-draining."[G] Many of us get stuck in ruts (惯例). Berg, a Ph. D. student at the Wharton School at the University of Pennsylvania who helped develop the job-crafting methodology, says we all benefit from periodically rethinking what we do. "Even in the most constraining jobs, people have a certain amount of wiggle room," he says. "Small changes can have a real impact on life at work."Step 2: Diagram Your Day[H] To lay the groundwork for change, job-crafting participants assemble diagrams detailing their workday activities. The first objective is to develop new insights about what you actually do at work. Then you can dream up fresh ways to integrate what the job-crafting exercise calls your "strengths, motives and passions" into your daily routine. You convert task lists into flexible building blocks. The end result is an "after" diagram that can serve as a map for specific changes.[I] Ina Lockau-Vogel, a management consultant who participated in a recent job-crafting workshop, says the exercise helped her adjust her priorities. "Before, I would spend so much time reacting to requests and focusing on urgent tasks that I never had time to address the real important issues." As part of the job-crafting process, she decided on a strategy for delegating and outsourcing (外包) more of her administrative responsibilities.[J] In contrast to business books that counsel managers to influence workers through incentives, job-crafting focuses on what employees themselves can do to re-envision and adjust what they do every day. Given that according to the Bureau of Labor Statistics, it now takes the average job seeker more than six months to find a new position. It’s crucial to make the most of the job you’ve got.Step 3: Identify Job Loves and Hates[K] By reorienting (使适应) how you think about your job, you free yourself up for new ideas about how to restructure your workday time and energy. Take an IT worker who hates dealing with technologically incompetent callers. He might enjoy teaching more than customer service. By spending more time instructing colleagues—and treating help-line callers as curious students of tech—the disgruntled IT person can make the most of his 9-to-5 position.[L] Dutton, a professor at the University of Michigan’s Ross School of Business, says she has seen local auto-industry workers benefit from the job-crafting process. "They come in looking worn down, but after spending two hours on this exercise, they come away thinking about three or four things they can do differently."[M] "They start to recognize they have more control over their work than they realized," says Dutton, who partnered with Wrzesniewski on the original job-crafting research.Step 4: Put Your Ideas into Action[N] To conclude the job-crafting process, participants list specific follow-up steps: Many plan a one-on-one meeting with a supervisor to propose new project ideas. Others connect with colleagues to talk about trading certain tasks. Berg says as long as their goals are met, many managers are happy to let employees adjust how they work.[O] Job-crafting isn’t about revenue, but juicing up (活跃) employee engagement may end up beefing up the bottom line. Amid salary, job and benefit cuts, more and more workers are disgruntled. Surveys show that more than 50% aren’t happy with what they do. Dutton, Berg and Wrzesniewski argue that emphasizing enjoyment can boost efficiency by lowering turnover rates and jacking up productivity. Job-crafting won’t rid you of a lousy boss or a subpar salary, but it does offer some remedies for job dissatisfaction. If you can’t ditch or switch a job, at least make it more likable.Berg’s suggestion about work is to rethink and make small changes.
答案： 正确答案：G
问答题

With the world’s population estimated to grow from six to nine billion by 2050, researchers, businesses and governments are already dealing with the impact this increase will have on everything from food and water to infrastructure (基础设施) and jobs. Underlying all this【C1】______ will be the demand for energy, which is expected to double over the next 40 years. Finding the resources to meet this demand in a【C2】______ and sustainable way is the cornerstone (基石) of our nation’s energy security, and will be one of the major【C3】______ of the 21st century. Alternative forms of energy-bio-fuels, wind and solar, to name a few are【C4】______ being funded and developed, and will play a growing【C5】______ in the world’s energy supply. But experts say that even when【C6】______ , alternative energy sources will likely meet only about 30% of the world’s energy needs by 2050. For example, even with【C7】______ investments, such as the $ 93 million for wind energy development【C8】______ in the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act, important alternative energy sources such as wind and bio-fuels【C9】______ only about 1% of the market today. Energy and sustainability experts say the answer to our future energy needs will likely come from a lot of【C10】______ both traditional and alternative.A) stable I) exactlyB) solutions J) consistC) significant K) compriseD) role L) competitionsE) progress M) combinedF) marvelous N) challengesG) included O) certainly H) growth【C8】
答案： 正确答案：G
单项选择题

Judging from recent surveys, most experts in sleep behavior agree that there is virtually an epidemic (流行病) of sleepiness in the nation. "I can’t think of a single study that hasn’t found Americans getting less sleep than they ought to," says Dr. David. Even people who think they are sleeping enough would probably be better off with more rest. The beginning of our sleep-deficit (睡眠不足) crisis can be traced to the invention of the light bulb a century ago. From diary entries and other personal accounts from the 18th and 19th centuries, sleep scientists have reached the conclusion that the average person used to sleep about 9. 5 hours a night. "The best sleep habits once were forced on us, when we had nothing to do in the evening down on the farm, and it was dark. " By the 1950s and 1960s, that sleep schedule had been reduced dramatically, to between 7. 5 and eight hours, and most people had to wake to an alarm clock. "People cheat on their sleep, and they don’t even realize they’re doing it," says Dr. David. "They think they’re okay because they can get by on 6. 5 hours, when they really need 7.5, eight or even more to feel ideally vigorous." Perhaps the most merciless robber of sleep, researchers say, is the complexity of the day. Whenever pressures from work, family, friends and community mount, many people consider sleep the least expensive item on his programme. "In our society, you’re considered dynamic if you say you only need 5. 5 hours’ sleep. If you’ve got to get 8. 5 hours, people think you lack drive and ambition." To determine the consequences of sleep deficit, researchers have put subjects through a set of psychological and performance tests requiring them, for instance, to add columns of numbers or recall a passage read to them only minutes earlier. "We’ve found that if you’re in sleep deficit, performance suffers," says Dr. David. "Short-term memory is weakened, as are abilities to make decisions and to concentrate."According to Dr. David, Americans______.

A．are ideally vigorous even under the pressure of life
B．often neglect the consequences of sleep deficit
C．do not know how to relax themselves properly
D．can get by on 6. 5 hours of sleep
单项选择题

They say that sticks and stones may break your bones, but words will never hurt you. Yet childhood bullying really can damage your long-term health. Gone are the days when bullying was considered an inevitable and ultimately harmless part of growing up—just last month we learned that childhood bullying can lead to poorer mental health even into middle age. Now William Copeland at Duke University in Durham, North Carolina, and his colleagues have shown that it can have lingering physiological effects too. They tracked 1,420 9-year-old right through their teens. Each child was seen up to nine times during the study and quizzed about bullying. The team then measured levels of C-reactive protein in their blood. CRP is a marker of inflammation (炎症) linked to higher risk of cardiovascular disease (心血管疾病) and problems like diabetes. "Because we were collecting biological samples throughout, we were able to look at CRP levels in subjects prior to their bullying involvement," says Copeland. "This really gives us an idea of the changes bullying brings about." Although CRP levels naturally rise in everyone during adolescence, levels were highest in children who reported being tormented by bullies. Even at the ages of 19 and 21, children who had once been bullied had CRP levels about 1. 4 times higher than peers who were neither perpetrators nor victims. In a cruel twist, the bullies had the lowest levels of all, suggesting they didn’t suffer the same health risks. They may even see a benefit from their behavior, though Copeland stresses it doesn’t vindicate (辩护) their actions. "The goal would instead be to find other ways to produce this protective effect without it being at someone else’s expense," he says. Andrea Danese at King’s College London has previously shown that maltreatment during childhood can lead to high levels of inflammation in adult life. "This new study is a helpful addition in showing that these effects extend to another important childhood stressor," he says. He suggests that care workers could monitor levels of CRP in children having psychotherapy to see if it is helping to soothe the stress of being bullied.What can be learned from Paragraph 5

A．The levels of CRP of the children being bullied are much higher than their peers.
B．CRP levels naturally rise along with the increase of age.
C．The bullies are not blamed for the health risks of the bullied.
D．Copeland intends to defend the benefit of the bullies’ actions.
问答题

With the world’s population estimated to grow from six to nine billion by 2050, researchers, businesses and governments are already dealing with the impact this increase will have on everything from food and water to infrastructure (基础设施) and jobs. Underlying all this【C1】______ will be the demand for energy, which is expected to double over the next 40 years. Finding the resources to meet this demand in a【C2】______ and sustainable way is the cornerstone (基石) of our nation’s energy security, and will be one of the major【C3】______ of the 21st century. Alternative forms of energy-bio-fuels, wind and solar, to name a few are【C4】______ being funded and developed, and will play a growing【C5】______ in the world’s energy supply. But experts say that even when【C6】______ , alternative energy sources will likely meet only about 30% of the world’s energy needs by 2050. For example, even with【C7】______ investments, such as the $ 93 million for wind energy development【C8】______ in the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act, important alternative energy sources such as wind and bio-fuels【C9】______ only about 1% of the market today. Energy and sustainability experts say the answer to our future energy needs will likely come from a lot of【C10】______ both traditional and alternative.A) stable I) exactlyB) solutions J) consistC) significant K) compriseD) role L) competitionsE) progress M) combinedF) marvelous N) challengesG) included O) certainly H) growth【C9】
答案： 正确答案：K
问答题

Hate Your Job Here’s How to Reshape It[A] Once upon a time, if you hated your job, you either quit or bit your lip. These days, a group of researchers is trumpeting a third option: shape your job so it is more fruitful than futile.[B] We often get trapped into thinking about our job as a list of things to do and a list of responsibilities, "says Amy Wrzesniewski, an associate professor at the Yale School of Management. "But what if you set aside that mind-set" If you could adjust what you do, she says, "who would you start talking to, what other tasks would you take on, and who would you work with"[C] To make livelihoods more lively, Wrzesniewski and her colleagues Jane Dutton and Justin Berg have developed a methodology they call job-crafting. They’re working with Fortune 500 companies, smaller firms and business schools to change the way Americans think about work. The idea is to make all jobs—even mundane (平凡的) ones—more meaningful by empowering employees to brainstorm and implement subtle but significant workplace adjustments.Step 1: Rethink Your Job—Creatively[D] " The default some people wake up to is dragging themselves to work and facing a list of things they have to do," says Wrzesniewski. So in the job-crafting process, the first step is to think about your job holistically. You first analyze how much time, energy and attention you devote to your various tasks. Then you reflect on that allocation (分配).[E] Take, for example, a maintenance technician at Burt’s Bees, which makes personal-care products. He was interested in process engineering, though that wasn’t part of his job description. To alter the scope of his day-to-day activities, the technician asked a supervisor if he could spend some time studying an idea he had for making the firm’s manufacturing procedures more energy-efficient. His ideas proved helpful, and now process engineering is part of the scope of his work.[F] Barbara Fredrickson, author of Positivity and a professor of psychology at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, says it’s crucial for people to pay attention to their workday emotions. "Doing so," she says, "will help you discover which aspects of your work are most life-giving and most life-draining."[G] Many of us get stuck in ruts (惯例). Berg, a Ph. D. student at the Wharton School at the University of Pennsylvania who helped develop the job-crafting methodology, says we all benefit from periodically rethinking what we do. "Even in the most constraining jobs, people have a certain amount of wiggle room," he says. "Small changes can have a real impact on life at work."Step 2: Diagram Your Day[H] To lay the groundwork for change, job-crafting participants assemble diagrams detailing their workday activities. The first objective is to develop new insights about what you actually do at work. Then you can dream up fresh ways to integrate what the job-crafting exercise calls your "strengths, motives and passions" into your daily routine. You convert task lists into flexible building blocks. The end result is an "after" diagram that can serve as a map for specific changes.[I] Ina Lockau-Vogel, a management consultant who participated in a recent job-crafting workshop, says the exercise helped her adjust her priorities. "Before, I would spend so much time reacting to requests and focusing on urgent tasks that I never had time to address the real important issues." As part of the job-crafting process, she decided on a strategy for delegating and outsourcing (外包) more of her administrative responsibilities.[J] In contrast to business books that counsel managers to influence workers through incentives, job-crafting focuses on what employees themselves can do to re-envision and adjust what they do every day. Given that according to the Bureau of Labor Statistics, it now takes the average job seeker more than six months to find a new position. It’s crucial to make the most of the job you’ve got.Step 3: Identify Job Loves and Hates[K] By reorienting (使适应) how you think about your job, you free yourself up for new ideas about how to restructure your workday time and energy. Take an IT worker who hates dealing with technologically incompetent callers. He might enjoy teaching more than customer service. By spending more time instructing colleagues—and treating help-line callers as curious students of tech—the disgruntled IT person can make the most of his 9-to-5 position.[L] Dutton, a professor at the University of Michigan’s Ross School of Business, says she has seen local auto-industry workers benefit from the job-crafting process. "They come in looking worn down, but after spending two hours on this exercise, they come away thinking about three or four things they can do differently."[M] "They start to recognize they have more control over their work than they realized," says Dutton, who partnered with Wrzesniewski on the original job-crafting research.Step 4: Put Your Ideas into Action[N] To conclude the job-crafting process, participants list specific follow-up steps: Many plan a one-on-one meeting with a supervisor to propose new project ideas. Others connect with colleagues to talk about trading certain tasks. Berg says as long as their goals are met, many managers are happy to let employees adjust how they work.[O] Job-crafting isn’t about revenue, but juicing up (活跃) employee engagement may end up beefing up the bottom line. Amid salary, job and benefit cuts, more and more workers are disgruntled. Surveys show that more than 50% aren’t happy with what they do. Dutton, Berg and Wrzesniewski argue that emphasizing enjoyment can boost efficiency by lowering turnover rates and jacking up productivity. Job-crafting won’t rid you of a lousy boss or a subpar salary, but it does offer some remedies for job dissatisfaction. If you can’t ditch or switch a job, at least make it more likable.According to Ina Lockau-Vogel, the benefit from job-crafting is that it helps her set priorities properly.
答案： 正确答案：I
单项选择题

They say that sticks and stones may break your bones, but words will never hurt you. Yet childhood bullying really can damage your long-term health. Gone are the days when bullying was considered an inevitable and ultimately harmless part of growing up—just last month we learned that childhood bullying can lead to poorer mental health even into middle age. Now William Copeland at Duke University in Durham, North Carolina, and his colleagues have shown that it can have lingering physiological effects too. They tracked 1,420 9-year-old right through their teens. Each child was seen up to nine times during the study and quizzed about bullying. The team then measured levels of C-reactive protein in their blood. CRP is a marker of inflammation (炎症) linked to higher risk of cardiovascular disease (心血管疾病) and problems like diabetes. "Because we were collecting biological samples throughout, we were able to look at CRP levels in subjects prior to their bullying involvement," says Copeland. "This really gives us an idea of the changes bullying brings about." Although CRP levels naturally rise in everyone during adolescence, levels were highest in children who reported being tormented by bullies. Even at the ages of 19 and 21, children who had once been bullied had CRP levels about 1. 4 times higher than peers who were neither perpetrators nor victims. In a cruel twist, the bullies had the lowest levels of all, suggesting they didn’t suffer the same health risks. They may even see a benefit from their behavior, though Copeland stresses it doesn’t vindicate (辩护) their actions. "The goal would instead be to find other ways to produce this protective effect without it being at someone else’s expense," he says. Andrea Danese at King’s College London has previously shown that maltreatment during childhood can lead to high levels of inflammation in adult life. "This new study is a helpful addition in showing that these effects extend to another important childhood stressor," he says. He suggests that care workers could monitor levels of CRP in children having psychotherapy to see if it is helping to soothe the stress of being bullied.What does Andrea Danese suggest about childhood maltreatment

A．It has nothing to do with inflammation in adult life.
B．Copeland’s study shows nothing related to it.
C．CRP is the marker of childhood abuse.
D．It has an influence on children’s CRP levels.
单项选择题

Judging from recent surveys, most experts in sleep behavior agree that there is virtually an epidemic (流行病) of sleepiness in the nation. "I can’t think of a single study that hasn’t found Americans getting less sleep than they ought to," says Dr. David. Even people who think they are sleeping enough would probably be better off with more rest. The beginning of our sleep-deficit (睡眠不足) crisis can be traced to the invention of the light bulb a century ago. From diary entries and other personal accounts from the 18th and 19th centuries, sleep scientists have reached the conclusion that the average person used to sleep about 9. 5 hours a night. "The best sleep habits once were forced on us, when we had nothing to do in the evening down on the farm, and it was dark. " By the 1950s and 1960s, that sleep schedule had been reduced dramatically, to between 7. 5 and eight hours, and most people had to wake to an alarm clock. "People cheat on their sleep, and they don’t even realize they’re doing it," says Dr. David. "They think they’re okay because they can get by on 6. 5 hours, when they really need 7.5, eight or even more to feel ideally vigorous." Perhaps the most merciless robber of sleep, researchers say, is the complexity of the day. Whenever pressures from work, family, friends and community mount, many people consider sleep the least expensive item on his programme. "In our society, you’re considered dynamic if you say you only need 5. 5 hours’ sleep. If you’ve got to get 8. 5 hours, people think you lack drive and ambition." To determine the consequences of sleep deficit, researchers have put subjects through a set of psychological and performance tests requiring them, for instance, to add columns of numbers or recall a passage read to them only minutes earlier. "We’ve found that if you’re in sleep deficit, performance suffers," says Dr. David. "Short-term memory is weakened, as are abilities to make decisions and to concentrate."Many Americans believe that______.

A．sleep is the first thing that can be sacrificed when one is busy
B．they need more sleep to cope with the complexities of everyday life
C．to sleep is something one can do at any time of the day
D．enough sleep promotes people’s drive and ambition
问答题

With the world’s population estimated to grow from six to nine billion by 2050, researchers, businesses and governments are already dealing with the impact this increase will have on everything from food and water to infrastructure (基础设施) and jobs. Underlying all this【C1】______ will be the demand for energy, which is expected to double over the next 40 years. Finding the resources to meet this demand in a【C2】______ and sustainable way is the cornerstone (基石) of our nation’s energy security, and will be one of the major【C3】______ of the 21st century. Alternative forms of energy-bio-fuels, wind and solar, to name a few are【C4】______ being funded and developed, and will play a growing【C5】______ in the world’s energy supply. But experts say that even when【C6】______ , alternative energy sources will likely meet only about 30% of the world’s energy needs by 2050. For example, even with【C7】______ investments, such as the $ 93 million for wind energy development【C8】______ in the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act, important alternative energy sources such as wind and bio-fuels【C9】______ only about 1% of the market today. Energy and sustainability experts say the answer to our future energy needs will likely come from a lot of【C10】______ both traditional and alternative.A) stable I) exactlyB) solutions J) consistC) significant K) compriseD) role L) competitionsE) progress M) combinedF) marvelous N) challengesG) included O) certainly H) growth【C10】
答案： 正确答案：B
问答题

Hate Your Job Here’s How to Reshape It[A] Once upon a time, if you hated your job, you either quit or bit your lip. These days, a group of researchers is trumpeting a third option: shape your job so it is more fruitful than futile.[B] We often get trapped into thinking about our job as a list of things to do and a list of responsibilities, "says Amy Wrzesniewski, an associate professor at the Yale School of Management. "But what if you set aside that mind-set" If you could adjust what you do, she says, "who would you start talking to, what other tasks would you take on, and who would you work with"[C] To make livelihoods more lively, Wrzesniewski and her colleagues Jane Dutton and Justin Berg have developed a methodology they call job-crafting. They’re working with Fortune 500 companies, smaller firms and business schools to change the way Americans think about work. The idea is to make all jobs—even mundane (平凡的) ones—more meaningful by empowering employees to brainstorm and implement subtle but significant workplace adjustments.Step 1: Rethink Your Job—Creatively[D] " The default some people wake up to is dragging themselves to work and facing a list of things they have to do," says Wrzesniewski. So in the job-crafting process, the first step is to think about your job holistically. You first analyze how much time, energy and attention you devote to your various tasks. Then you reflect on that allocation (分配).[E] Take, for example, a maintenance technician at Burt’s Bees, which makes personal-care products. He was interested in process engineering, though that wasn’t part of his job description. To alter the scope of his day-to-day activities, the technician asked a supervisor if he could spend some time studying an idea he had for making the firm’s manufacturing procedures more energy-efficient. His ideas proved helpful, and now process engineering is part of the scope of his work.[F] Barbara Fredrickson, author of Positivity and a professor of psychology at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, says it’s crucial for people to pay attention to their workday emotions. "Doing so," she says, "will help you discover which aspects of your work are most life-giving and most life-draining."[G] Many of us get stuck in ruts (惯例). Berg, a Ph. D. student at the Wharton School at the University of Pennsylvania who helped develop the job-crafting methodology, says we all benefit from periodically rethinking what we do. "Even in the most constraining jobs, people have a certain amount of wiggle room," he says. "Small changes can have a real impact on life at work."Step 2: Diagram Your Day[H] To lay the groundwork for change, job-crafting participants assemble diagrams detailing their workday activities. The first objective is to develop new insights about what you actually do at work. Then you can dream up fresh ways to integrate what the job-crafting exercise calls your "strengths, motives and passions" into your daily routine. You convert task lists into flexible building blocks. The end result is an "after" diagram that can serve as a map for specific changes.[I] Ina Lockau-Vogel, a management consultant who participated in a recent job-crafting workshop, says the exercise helped her adjust her priorities. "Before, I would spend so much time reacting to requests and focusing on urgent tasks that I never had time to address the real important issues." As part of the job-crafting process, she decided on a strategy for delegating and outsourcing (外包) more of her administrative responsibilities.[J] In contrast to business books that counsel managers to influence workers through incentives, job-crafting focuses on what employees themselves can do to re-envision and adjust what they do every day. Given that according to the Bureau of Labor Statistics, it now takes the average job seeker more than six months to find a new position. It’s crucial to make the most of the job you’ve got.Step 3: Identify Job Loves and Hates[K] By reorienting (使适应) how you think about your job, you free yourself up for new ideas about how to restructure your workday time and energy. Take an IT worker who hates dealing with technologically incompetent callers. He might enjoy teaching more than customer service. By spending more time instructing colleagues—and treating help-line callers as curious students of tech—the disgruntled IT person can make the most of his 9-to-5 position.[L] Dutton, a professor at the University of Michigan’s Ross School of Business, says she has seen local auto-industry workers benefit from the job-crafting process. "They come in looking worn down, but after spending two hours on this exercise, they come away thinking about three or four things they can do differently."[M] "They start to recognize they have more control over their work than they realized," says Dutton, who partnered with Wrzesniewski on the original job-crafting research.Step 4: Put Your Ideas into Action[N] To conclude the job-crafting process, participants list specific follow-up steps: Many plan a one-on-one meeting with a supervisor to propose new project ideas. Others connect with colleagues to talk about trading certain tasks. Berg says as long as their goals are met, many managers are happy to let employees adjust how they work.[O] Job-crafting isn’t about revenue, but juicing up (活跃) employee engagement may end up beefing up the bottom line. Amid salary, job and benefit cuts, more and more workers are disgruntled. Surveys show that more than 50% aren’t happy with what they do. Dutton, Berg and Wrzesniewski argue that emphasizing enjoyment can boost efficiency by lowering turnover rates and jacking up productivity. Job-crafting won’t rid you of a lousy boss or a subpar salary, but it does offer some remedies for job dissatisfaction. If you can’t ditch or switch a job, at least make it more likable.According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics, the situation in job market is—it is difficult to find a job.
答案： 正确答案：J
单项选择题

They say that sticks and stones may break your bones, but words will never hurt you. Yet childhood bullying really can damage your long-term health. Gone are the days when bullying was considered an inevitable and ultimately harmless part of growing up—just last month we learned that childhood bullying can lead to poorer mental health even into middle age. Now William Copeland at Duke University in Durham, North Carolina, and his colleagues have shown that it can have lingering physiological effects too. They tracked 1,420 9-year-old right through their teens. Each child was seen up to nine times during the study and quizzed about bullying. The team then measured levels of C-reactive protein in their blood. CRP is a marker of inflammation (炎症) linked to higher risk of cardiovascular disease (心血管疾病) and problems like diabetes. "Because we were collecting biological samples throughout, we were able to look at CRP levels in subjects prior to their bullying involvement," says Copeland. "This really gives us an idea of the changes bullying brings about." Although CRP levels naturally rise in everyone during adolescence, levels were highest in children who reported being tormented by bullies. Even at the ages of 19 and 21, children who had once been bullied had CRP levels about 1. 4 times higher than peers who were neither perpetrators nor victims. In a cruel twist, the bullies had the lowest levels of all, suggesting they didn’t suffer the same health risks. They may even see a benefit from their behavior, though Copeland stresses it doesn’t vindicate (辩护) their actions. "The goal would instead be to find other ways to produce this protective effect without it being at someone else’s expense," he says. Andrea Danese at King’s College London has previously shown that maltreatment during childhood can lead to high levels of inflammation in adult life. "This new study is a helpful addition in showing that these effects extend to another important childhood stressor," he says. He suggests that care workers could monitor levels of CRP in children having psychotherapy to see if it is helping to soothe the stress of being bullied.What is the main idea of this passage

A．Bullying is harmless to children’s growth.
B．CRP levels reflect the risks of poorer health.
C．Bullying does harm to a person all through his life.
D．Children once bullied have higher CRP levels than peers who are not.
单项选择题

Judging from recent surveys, most experts in sleep behavior agree that there is virtually an epidemic (流行病) of sleepiness in the nation. "I can’t think of a single study that hasn’t found Americans getting less sleep than they ought to," says Dr. David. Even people who think they are sleeping enough would probably be better off with more rest. The beginning of our sleep-deficit (睡眠不足) crisis can be traced to the invention of the light bulb a century ago. From diary entries and other personal accounts from the 18th and 19th centuries, sleep scientists have reached the conclusion that the average person used to sleep about 9. 5 hours a night. "The best sleep habits once were forced on us, when we had nothing to do in the evening down on the farm, and it was dark. " By the 1950s and 1960s, that sleep schedule had been reduced dramatically, to between 7. 5 and eight hours, and most people had to wake to an alarm clock. "People cheat on their sleep, and they don’t even realize they’re doing it," says Dr. David. "They think they’re okay because they can get by on 6. 5 hours, when they really need 7.5, eight or even more to feel ideally vigorous." Perhaps the most merciless robber of sleep, researchers say, is the complexity of the day. Whenever pressures from work, family, friends and community mount, many people consider sleep the least expensive item on his programme. "In our society, you’re considered dynamic if you say you only need 5. 5 hours’ sleep. If you’ve got to get 8. 5 hours, people think you lack drive and ambition." To determine the consequences of sleep deficit, researchers have put subjects through a set of psychological and performance tests requiring them, for instance, to add columns of numbers or recall a passage read to them only minutes earlier. "We’ve found that if you’re in sleep deficit, performance suffers," says Dr. David. "Short-term memory is weakened, as are abilities to make decisions and to concentrate."The word "subjects" (Para.4) refers to_________.

A．the performance tests used in the study of sleep deficit
B．special branches of knowledge that are being studied
C．people whose behavior or reactions are being studied
D．the psychological consequences of sleep deficit
问答题

Hate Your Job Here’s How to Reshape It[A] Once upon a time, if you hated your job, you either quit or bit your lip. These days, a group of researchers is trumpeting a third option: shape your job so it is more fruitful than futile.[B] We often get trapped into thinking about our job as a list of things to do and a list of responsibilities, "says Amy Wrzesniewski, an associate professor at the Yale School of Management. "But what if you set aside that mind-set" If you could adjust what you do, she says, "who would you start talking to, what other tasks would you take on, and who would you work with"[C] To make livelihoods more lively, Wrzesniewski and her colleagues Jane Dutton and Justin Berg have developed a methodology they call job-crafting. They’re working with Fortune 500 companies, smaller firms and business schools to change the way Americans think about work. The idea is to make all jobs—even mundane (平凡的) ones—more meaningful by empowering employees to brainstorm and implement subtle but significant workplace adjustments.Step 1: Rethink Your Job—Creatively[D] " The default some people wake up to is dragging themselves to work and facing a list of things they have to do," says Wrzesniewski. So in the job-crafting process, the first step is to think about your job holistically. You first analyze how much time, energy and attention you devote to your various tasks. Then you reflect on that allocation (分配).[E] Take, for example, a maintenance technician at Burt’s Bees, which makes personal-care products. He was interested in process engineering, though that wasn’t part of his job description. To alter the scope of his day-to-day activities, the technician asked a supervisor if he could spend some time studying an idea he had for making the firm’s manufacturing procedures more energy-efficient. His ideas proved helpful, and now process engineering is part of the scope of his work.[F] Barbara Fredrickson, author of Positivity and a professor of psychology at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, says it’s crucial for people to pay attention to their workday emotions. "Doing so," she says, "will help you discover which aspects of your work are most life-giving and most life-draining."[G] Many of us get stuck in ruts (惯例). Berg, a Ph. D. student at the Wharton School at the University of Pennsylvania who helped develop the job-crafting methodology, says we all benefit from periodically rethinking what we do. "Even in the most constraining jobs, people have a certain amount of wiggle room," he says. "Small changes can have a real impact on life at work."Step 2: Diagram Your Day[H] To lay the groundwork for change, job-crafting participants assemble diagrams detailing their workday activities. The first objective is to develop new insights about what you actually do at work. Then you can dream up fresh ways to integrate what the job-crafting exercise calls your "strengths, motives and passions" into your daily routine. You convert task lists into flexible building blocks. The end result is an "after" diagram that can serve as a map for specific changes.[I] Ina Lockau-Vogel, a management consultant who participated in a recent job-crafting workshop, says the exercise helped her adjust her priorities. "Before, I would spend so much time reacting to requests and focusing on urgent tasks that I never had time to address the real important issues." As part of the job-crafting process, she decided on a strategy for delegating and outsourcing (外包) more of her administrative responsibilities.[J] In contrast to business books that counsel managers to influence workers through incentives, job-crafting focuses on what employees themselves can do to re-envision and adjust what they do every day. Given that according to the Bureau of Labor Statistics, it now takes the average job seeker more than six months to find a new position. It’s crucial to make the most of the job you’ve got.Step 3: Identify Job Loves and Hates[K] By reorienting (使适应) how you think about your job, you free yourself up for new ideas about how to restructure your workday time and energy. Take an IT worker who hates dealing with technologically incompetent callers. He might enjoy teaching more than customer service. By spending more time instructing colleagues—and treating help-line callers as curious students of tech—the disgruntled IT person can make the most of his 9-to-5 position.[L] Dutton, a professor at the University of Michigan’s Ross School of Business, says she has seen local auto-industry workers benefit from the job-crafting process. "They come in looking worn down, but after spending two hours on this exercise, they come away thinking about three or four things they can do differently."[M] "They start to recognize they have more control over their work than they realized," says Dutton, who partnered with Wrzesniewski on the original job-crafting research.Step 4: Put Your Ideas into Action[N] To conclude the job-crafting process, participants list specific follow-up steps: Many plan a one-on-one meeting with a supervisor to propose new project ideas. Others connect with colleagues to talk about trading certain tasks. Berg says as long as their goals are met, many managers are happy to let employees adjust how they work.[O] Job-crafting isn’t about revenue, but juicing up (活跃) employee engagement may end up beefing up the bottom line. Amid salary, job and benefit cuts, more and more workers are disgruntled. Surveys show that more than 50% aren’t happy with what they do. Dutton, Berg and Wrzesniewski argue that emphasizing enjoyment can boost efficiency by lowering turnover rates and jacking up productivity. Job-crafting won’t rid you of a lousy boss or a subpar salary, but it does offer some remedies for job dissatisfaction. If you can’t ditch or switch a job, at least make it more likable.Dutton has seen that local auto-industry workers profit from the job-crafting process.
答案： 正确答案：L
单项选择题

Judging from recent surveys, most experts in sleep behavior agree that there is virtually an epidemic (流行病) of sleepiness in the nation. "I can’t think of a single study that hasn’t found Americans getting less sleep than they ought to," says Dr. David. Even people who think they are sleeping enough would probably be better off with more rest. The beginning of our sleep-deficit (睡眠不足) crisis can be traced to the invention of the light bulb a century ago. From diary entries and other personal accounts from the 18th and 19th centuries, sleep scientists have reached the conclusion that the average person used to sleep about 9. 5 hours a night. "The best sleep habits once were forced on us, when we had nothing to do in the evening down on the farm, and it was dark. " By the 1950s and 1960s, that sleep schedule had been reduced dramatically, to between 7. 5 and eight hours, and most people had to wake to an alarm clock. "People cheat on their sleep, and they don’t even realize they’re doing it," says Dr. David. "They think they’re okay because they can get by on 6. 5 hours, when they really need 7.5, eight or even more to feel ideally vigorous." Perhaps the most merciless robber of sleep, researchers say, is the complexity of the day. Whenever pressures from work, family, friends and community mount, many people consider sleep the least expensive item on his programme. "In our society, you’re considered dynamic if you say you only need 5. 5 hours’ sleep. If you’ve got to get 8. 5 hours, people think you lack drive and ambition." To determine the consequences of sleep deficit, researchers have put subjects through a set of psychological and performance tests requiring them, for instance, to add columns of numbers or recall a passage read to them only minutes earlier. "We’ve found that if you’re in sleep deficit, performance suffers," says Dr. David. "Short-term memory is weakened, as are abilities to make decisions and to concentrate."It can be concluded from the passage that one should sleep as many hours as is necessary to_________.

A．improve one’s memory dramatically
B．be considered dynamic by other people
C．maintain one’s daily schedule
D．feel energetic and perform adequately
问答题

Hate Your Job Here’s How to Reshape It[A] Once upon a time, if you hated your job, you either quit or bit your lip. These days, a group of researchers is trumpeting a third option: shape your job so it is more fruitful than futile.[B] We often get trapped into thinking about our job as a list of things to do and a list of responsibilities, "says Amy Wrzesniewski, an associate professor at the Yale School of Management. "But what if you set aside that mind-set" If you could adjust what you do, she says, "who would you start talking to, what other tasks would you take on, and who would you work with"[C] To make livelihoods more lively, Wrzesniewski and her colleagues Jane Dutton and Justin Berg have developed a methodology they call job-crafting. They’re working with Fortune 500 companies, smaller firms and business schools to change the way Americans think about work. The idea is to make all jobs—even mundane (平凡的) ones—more meaningful by empowering employees to brainstorm and implement subtle but significant workplace adjustments.Step 1: Rethink Your Job—Creatively[D] " The default some people wake up to is dragging themselves to work and facing a list of things they have to do," says Wrzesniewski. So in the job-crafting process, the first step is to think about your job holistically. You first analyze how much time, energy and attention you devote to your various tasks. Then you reflect on that allocation (分配).[E] Take, for example, a maintenance technician at Burt’s Bees, which makes personal-care products. He was interested in process engineering, though that wasn’t part of his job description. To alter the scope of his day-to-day activities, the technician asked a supervisor if he could spend some time studying an idea he had for making the firm’s manufacturing procedures more energy-efficient. His ideas proved helpful, and now process engineering is part of the scope of his work.[F] Barbara Fredrickson, author of Positivity and a professor of psychology at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, says it’s crucial for people to pay attention to their workday emotions. "Doing so," she says, "will help you discover which aspects of your work are most life-giving and most life-draining."[G] Many of us get stuck in ruts (惯例). Berg, a Ph. D. student at the Wharton School at the University of Pennsylvania who helped develop the job-crafting methodology, says we all benefit from periodically rethinking what we do. "Even in the most constraining jobs, people have a certain amount of wiggle room," he says. "Small changes can have a real impact on life at work."Step 2: Diagram Your Day[H] To lay the groundwork for change, job-crafting participants assemble diagrams detailing their workday activities. The first objective is to develop new insights about what you actually do at work. Then you can dream up fresh ways to integrate what the job-crafting exercise calls your "strengths, motives and passions" into your daily routine. You convert task lists into flexible building blocks. The end result is an "after" diagram that can serve as a map for specific changes.[I] Ina Lockau-Vogel, a management consultant who participated in a recent job-crafting workshop, says the exercise helped her adjust her priorities. "Before, I would spend so much time reacting to requests and focusing on urgent tasks that I never had time to address the real important issues." As part of the job-crafting process, she decided on a strategy for delegating and outsourcing (外包) more of her administrative responsibilities.[J] In contrast to business books that counsel managers to influence workers through incentives, job-crafting focuses on what employees themselves can do to re-envision and adjust what they do every day. Given that according to the Bureau of Labor Statistics, it now takes the average job seeker more than six months to find a new position. It’s crucial to make the most of the job you’ve got.Step 3: Identify Job Loves and Hates[K] By reorienting (使适应) how you think about your job, you free yourself up for new ideas about how to restructure your workday time and energy. Take an IT worker who hates dealing with technologically incompetent callers. He might enjoy teaching more than customer service. By spending more time instructing colleagues—and treating help-line callers as curious students of tech—the disgruntled IT person can make the most of his 9-to-5 position.[L] Dutton, a professor at the University of Michigan’s Ross School of Business, says she has seen local auto-industry workers benefit from the job-crafting process. "They come in looking worn down, but after spending two hours on this exercise, they come away thinking about three or four things they can do differently."[M] "They start to recognize they have more control over their work than they realized," says Dutton, who partnered with Wrzesniewski on the original job-crafting research.Step 4: Put Your Ideas into Action[N] To conclude the job-crafting process, participants list specific follow-up steps: Many plan a one-on-one meeting with a supervisor to propose new project ideas. Others connect with colleagues to talk about trading certain tasks. Berg says as long as their goals are met, many managers are happy to let employees adjust how they work.[O] Job-crafting isn’t about revenue, but juicing up (活跃) employee engagement may end up beefing up the bottom line. Amid salary, job and benefit cuts, more and more workers are disgruntled. Surveys show that more than 50% aren’t happy with what they do. Dutton, Berg and Wrzesniewski argue that emphasizing enjoyment can boost efficiency by lowering turnover rates and jacking up productivity. Job-crafting won’t rid you of a lousy boss or a subpar salary, but it does offer some remedies for job dissatisfaction. If you can’t ditch or switch a job, at least make it more likable.According to Berg, if the job-crafting process is successful, the supervisors are willing to let employees adjust what to do.
答案： 正确答案：N
问答题

Hate Your Job Here’s How to Reshape It[A] Once upon a time, if you hated your job, you either quit or bit your lip. These days, a group of researchers is trumpeting a third option: shape your job so it is more fruitful than futile.[B] We often get trapped into thinking about our job as a list of things to do and a list of responsibilities, "says Amy Wrzesniewski, an associate professor at the Yale School of Management. "But what if you set aside that mind-set" If you could adjust what you do, she says, "who would you start talking to, what other tasks would you take on, and who would you work with"[C] To make livelihoods more lively, Wrzesniewski and her colleagues Jane Dutton and Justin Berg have developed a methodology they call job-crafting. They’re working with Fortune 500 companies, smaller firms and business schools to change the way Americans think about work. The idea is to make all jobs—even mundane (平凡的) ones—more meaningful by empowering employees to brainstorm and implement subtle but significant workplace adjustments.Step 1: Rethink Your Job—Creatively[D] " The default some people wake up to is dragging themselves to work and facing a list of things they have to do," says Wrzesniewski. So in the job-crafting process, the first step is to think about your job holistically. You first analyze how much time, energy and attention you devote to your various tasks. Then you reflect on that allocation (分配).[E] Take, for example, a maintenance technician at Burt’s Bees, which makes personal-care products. He was interested in process engineering, though that wasn’t part of his job description. To alter the scope of his day-to-day activities, the technician asked a supervisor if he could spend some time studying an idea he had for making the firm’s manufacturing procedures more energy-efficient. His ideas proved helpful, and now process engineering is part of the scope of his work.[F] Barbara Fredrickson, author of Positivity and a professor of psychology at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, says it’s crucial for people to pay attention to their workday emotions. "Doing so," she says, "will help you discover which aspects of your work are most life-giving and most life-draining."[G] Many of us get stuck in ruts (惯例). Berg, a Ph. D. student at the Wharton School at the University of Pennsylvania who helped develop the job-crafting methodology, says we all benefit from periodically rethinking what we do. "Even in the most constraining jobs, people have a certain amount of wiggle room," he says. "Small changes can have a real impact on life at work."Step 2: Diagram Your Day[H] To lay the groundwork for change, job-crafting participants assemble diagrams detailing their workday activities. The first objective is to develop new insights about what you actually do at work. Then you can dream up fresh ways to integrate what the job-crafting exercise calls your "strengths, motives and passions" into your daily routine. You convert task lists into flexible building blocks. The end result is an "after" diagram that can serve as a map for specific changes.[I] Ina Lockau-Vogel, a management consultant who participated in a recent job-crafting workshop, says the exercise helped her adjust her priorities. "Before, I would spend so much time reacting to requests and focusing on urgent tasks that I never had time to address the real important issues." As part of the job-crafting process, she decided on a strategy for delegating and outsourcing (外包) more of her administrative responsibilities.[J] In contrast to business books that counsel managers to influence workers through incentives, job-crafting focuses on what employees themselves can do to re-envision and adjust what they do every day. Given that according to the Bureau of Labor Statistics, it now takes the average job seeker more than six months to find a new position. It’s crucial to make the most of the job you’ve got.Step 3: Identify Job Loves and Hates[K] By reorienting (使适应) how you think about your job, you free yourself up for new ideas about how to restructure your workday time and energy. Take an IT worker who hates dealing with technologically incompetent callers. He might enjoy teaching more than customer service. By spending more time instructing colleagues—and treating help-line callers as curious students of tech—the disgruntled IT person can make the most of his 9-to-5 position.[L] Dutton, a professor at the University of Michigan’s Ross School of Business, says she has seen local auto-industry workers benefit from the job-crafting process. "They come in looking worn down, but after spending two hours on this exercise, they come away thinking about three or four things they can do differently."[M] "They start to recognize they have more control over their work than they realized," says Dutton, who partnered with Wrzesniewski on the original job-crafting research.Step 4: Put Your Ideas into Action[N] To conclude the job-crafting process, participants list specific follow-up steps: Many plan a one-on-one meeting with a supervisor to propose new project ideas. Others connect with colleagues to talk about trading certain tasks. Berg says as long as their goals are met, many managers are happy to let employees adjust how they work.[O] Job-crafting isn’t about revenue, but juicing up (活跃) employee engagement may end up beefing up the bottom line. Amid salary, job and benefit cuts, more and more workers are disgruntled. Surveys show that more than 50% aren’t happy with what they do. Dutton, Berg and Wrzesniewski argue that emphasizing enjoyment can boost efficiency by lowering turnover rates and jacking up productivity. Job-crafting won’t rid you of a lousy boss or a subpar salary, but it does offer some remedies for job dissatisfaction. If you can’t ditch or switch a job, at least make it more likable.If you can’t quit your job, using job-crafting may at least offer some remedies for job dissatisfaction.
答案： 正确答案：O
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