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The decision about where to live while studying at the tertiary level can have a major influence on a student’s chances of success. It is important that particular needs, such as security, a quiet place to study, and a convenient location, are taken into consideration before a choice is made. Various options available to students are discussed below: 1. Private Rental Accommodation. A single student can either move into an existing household or establish one with friends or acquaintances. Rent and expenses such as bonds, electricity, gas, and the telephone are shared equally among the people living in the household. Buying food and cooking is done either individually or on a group basis. Each person is expected to help clean and tidy the shared living space, that is, the kitchen, bathroom, and living room. Each is responsible for cleaning his or her own room and doing the washing. The best place to start looking is on noticeboards around universities and colleges, or in the windows of nearby coffee shops. Students often advertise for housemates, and those seeking accommodation should advertise their situation too. Local real estate agents often provide a share service, although there is usually a significant fee for this. A last resort would be the ’ To Let’ or ’ Share Accommodation’ sections of the weekend newspapers. A small number of flats and houses are available through the university or college housing offices, but most are found through local real estate agents. Unfortunately, there is no cheap way to move into a house or flat. When renting, a person is usually required to sign a six-month lease, and pay rent in advance plus a refundable bond. Remember to make allowances for these establishment costs, and include the purchase price of furniture and equipment. Starting from scratch means a rental bond, rent in advance, a telephone bond and connection fee, electricity or gas connection fees, furniture, utensils, appliances, and so on. Even moving into an established house can cost more money than most students expect. You should find out about all the extra costs before signing a lease and committing yourself. Moving out before the end of the lease period requires the rent to be paid until a suitable new tenant is found. 2. Lodgings. Lodgings refers to a furnished room in a private home(of a family or elderly person)with use of facilities such as kitchen, bathroom, and laundry. Sometimes cooking facilities and bathroom are separate, but are usually shared. No meals are provided. Students buy their own food, do their own cooking, clean their rooms, and do their own washing. Use of the telephone in the home is an extra cost, but electricity is usually included in the rent. Rooms for lodgers are always available in suburbs around universities and colleges, but there is an increased demand as institutions begin their first intake of new students. 3. Homestays. Homestays are a furnished room and use of facilities in a private home(of a family or elderly person), with dinner and breakfast provided. Some, but not all, provide lunches, bed linen, laundry , service, and weekly room cleaning. It is difficult to find full board accommodation because the number of places listed is limited. A room with use of facilities(own cooking)is easier to find in suburbs close to university and college campuses. The cost for full board is about a third as much again as for property rental arrangements. In summary, finding accommodation while you study is a difficult business, and it is recommended that advice be sought wherever possible. Do not underestimate the costs involved: students invariably complain that they overspend. Nonetheless, in the long run, it is probably wise to pay a little extra in order to ensure comfort and ease while engaged in an all-important study programme. Question 56 to 60Fill in the blanks below with information from the passage, using no more than three words for each blank.

答案：正确答案：dinner and breakfast

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The decision about where to live while studying at the tertiary level can have a major influence on a student’s chances of success. It is important that particular needs, such as security, a quiet place to study, and a convenient location, are taken into consideration before a choice is made. Various options available to students are discussed below: 1. Private Rental Accommodation. A single student can either move into an existing household or establish one with friends or acquaintances. Rent and expenses such as bonds, electricity, gas, and the telephone are shared equally among the people living in the household. Buying food and cooking is done either individually or on a group basis. Each person is expected to help clean and tidy the shared living space, that is, the kitchen, bathroom, and living room. Each is responsible for cleaning his or her own room and doing the washing. The best place to start looking is on noticeboards around universities and colleges, or in the windows of nearby coffee shops. Students often advertise for housemates, and those seeking accommodation should advertise their situation too. Local real estate agents often provide a share service, although there is usually a significant fee for this. A last resort would be the ’ To Let’ or ’ Share Accommodation’ sections of the weekend newspapers. A small number of flats and houses are available through the university or college housing offices, but most are found through local real estate agents. Unfortunately, there is no cheap way to move into a house or flat. When renting, a person is usually required to sign a six-month lease, and pay rent in advance plus a refundable bond. Remember to make allowances for these establishment costs, and include the purchase price of furniture and equipment. Starting from scratch means a rental bond, rent in advance, a telephone bond and connection fee, electricity or gas connection fees, furniture, utensils, appliances, and so on. Even moving into an established house can cost more money than most students expect. You should find out about all the extra costs before signing a lease and committing yourself. Moving out before the end of the lease period requires the rent to be paid until a suitable new tenant is found. 2. Lodgings. Lodgings refers to a furnished room in a private home(of a family or elderly person)with use of facilities such as kitchen, bathroom, and laundry. Sometimes cooking facilities and bathroom are separate, but are usually shared. No meals are provided. Students buy their own food, do their own cooking, clean their rooms, and do their own washing. Use of the telephone in the home is an extra cost, but electricity is usually included in the rent. Rooms for lodgers are always available in suburbs around universities and colleges, but there is an increased demand as institutions begin their first intake of new students. 3. Homestays. Homestays are a furnished room and use of facilities in a private home(of a family or elderly person), with dinner and breakfast provided. Some, but not all, provide lunches, bed linen, laundry , service, and weekly room cleaning. It is difficult to find full board accommodation because the number of places listed is limited. A room with use of facilities(own cooking)is easier to find in suburbs close to university and college campuses. The cost for full board is about a third as much again as for property rental arrangements. In summary, finding accommodation while you study is a difficult business, and it is recommended that advice be sought wherever possible. Do not underestimate the costs involved: students invariably complain that they overspend. Nonetheless, in the long run, it is probably wise to pay a little extra in order to ensure comfort and ease while engaged in an all-important study programme. Question 56 to 60Fill in the blanks below with information from the passage, using no more than three words for each blank.

答案：正确答案：Shared

【B1】The major reason is loss of habitat, which has continued despite the establishment of 14 panda reserves. Deforestation, mainly carried out by farmers clearing land to make way for fields as they move higher into the mountains, has drastically contracted the mammal’s range. The panda has disappeared from much of central and eastern China, and is now restricted to the eastern flank of the Himalayas. 【B2】 Almost half of the panda’s habitat has been cut down or degraded since 1975. Worse, the surviving panda population has also become fragmented: a combination of satellite imagery and ground surveys reveals panda "islands" in patches of forest separated by cleared land. The population of these islands has become isolated because the animals are loath to cross open areas. Just putting a road through panda habitat may be enough to split a population in two. 【B3】The smallest groups have too few animals to be viable, and will inevitably die out. The larger populations may be viable in the short term, but will be susceptible to genetic defects as a result of inbreeding. 【B4】The flowering prompts pandas to move from one area to another, thus preventing inbreeding in otherwise sedentary populations. In panda islands, however, bamboo flowering could prove catastrophic(灾难性的)because the pandas are unable to emigrate. The latest conservation management plan for the panda, prepared by China’s Ministry of Forestry and the World Wide Fund for Nature, aims primarily at maintaining panda habitats and ensuring that populations are linked wherever possible. This plan will change some existing reserve boundaries , establish 14 new reserves and protect or replant corridors of forest between panda islands. Other measures include better control of poaching, reducing the degradation of habitats outside reserves, and reforestation. 【B5】Implementation will be expensive and will require participation by individuals ranging from villagers to government officials. Questions 61 to 65Choose from the sentences A—G the one which best fits each gap of 61—65. There are two extra sentences which you do not need to use.A. The plan is ambitious.B. The giant panda, the creature that has become a symbol of conservation, is facing extinction.C. Satellite imagery has shown the seriousness of the situation.D. In these circumstances, a more traditional threat to pandas—the cycle of flowering and subsequent withering of the bamboo that is their staple food—can become literally species-threatening.E. The minuscule size of the panda populations worries conservationists.F. Panda is one of the rarest animals in China.G. It’s impossible to achieve this goal.【B1】

答案：正确答案：B

The decision about where to live while studying at the tertiary level can have a major influence on a student’s chances of success. It is important that particular needs, such as security, a quiet place to study, and a convenient location, are taken into consideration before a choice is made. Various options available to students are discussed below: 1. Private Rental Accommodation. A single student can either move into an existing household or establish one with friends or acquaintances. Rent and expenses such as bonds, electricity, gas, and the telephone are shared equally among the people living in the household. Buying food and cooking is done either individually or on a group basis. Each person is expected to help clean and tidy the shared living space, that is, the kitchen, bathroom, and living room. Each is responsible for cleaning his or her own room and doing the washing. The best place to start looking is on noticeboards around universities and colleges, or in the windows of nearby coffee shops. Students often advertise for housemates, and those seeking accommodation should advertise their situation too. Local real estate agents often provide a share service, although there is usually a significant fee for this. A last resort would be the ’ To Let’ or ’ Share Accommodation’ sections of the weekend newspapers. A small number of flats and houses are available through the university or college housing offices, but most are found through local real estate agents. Unfortunately, there is no cheap way to move into a house or flat. When renting, a person is usually required to sign a six-month lease, and pay rent in advance plus a refundable bond. Remember to make allowances for these establishment costs, and include the purchase price of furniture and equipment. Starting from scratch means a rental bond, rent in advance, a telephone bond and connection fee, electricity or gas connection fees, furniture, utensils, appliances, and so on. Even moving into an established house can cost more money than most students expect. You should find out about all the extra costs before signing a lease and committing yourself. Moving out before the end of the lease period requires the rent to be paid until a suitable new tenant is found. 2. Lodgings. Lodgings refers to a furnished room in a private home(of a family or elderly person)with use of facilities such as kitchen, bathroom, and laundry. Sometimes cooking facilities and bathroom are separate, but are usually shared. No meals are provided. Students buy their own food, do their own cooking, clean their rooms, and do their own washing. Use of the telephone in the home is an extra cost, but electricity is usually included in the rent. Rooms for lodgers are always available in suburbs around universities and colleges, but there is an increased demand as institutions begin their first intake of new students. 3. Homestays. Homestays are a furnished room and use of facilities in a private home(of a family or elderly person), with dinner and breakfast provided. Some, but not all, provide lunches, bed linen, laundry , service, and weekly room cleaning. It is difficult to find full board accommodation because the number of places listed is limited. A room with use of facilities(own cooking)is easier to find in suburbs close to university and college campuses. The cost for full board is about a third as much again as for property rental arrangements. In summary, finding accommodation while you study is a difficult business, and it is recommended that advice be sought wherever possible. Do not underestimate the costs involved: students invariably complain that they overspend. Nonetheless, in the long run, it is probably wise to pay a little extra in order to ensure comfort and ease while engaged in an all-important study programme. Question 56 to 60Fill in the blanks below with information from the passage, using no more than three words for each blank.

答案：正确答案：refund

【B1】The major reason is loss of habitat, which has continued despite the establishment of 14 panda reserves. Deforestation, mainly carried out by farmers clearing land to make way for fields as they move higher into the mountains, has drastically contracted the mammal’s range. The panda has disappeared from much of central and eastern China, and is now restricted to the eastern flank of the Himalayas. 【B2】 Almost half of the panda’s habitat has been cut down or degraded since 1975. Worse, the surviving panda population has also become fragmented: a combination of satellite imagery and ground surveys reveals panda "islands" in patches of forest separated by cleared land. The population of these islands has become isolated because the animals are loath to cross open areas. Just putting a road through panda habitat may be enough to split a population in two. 【B3】The smallest groups have too few animals to be viable, and will inevitably die out. The larger populations may be viable in the short term, but will be susceptible to genetic defects as a result of inbreeding. 【B4】The flowering prompts pandas to move from one area to another, thus preventing inbreeding in otherwise sedentary populations. In panda islands, however, bamboo flowering could prove catastrophic(灾难性的)because the pandas are unable to emigrate. The latest conservation management plan for the panda, prepared by China’s Ministry of Forestry and the World Wide Fund for Nature, aims primarily at maintaining panda habitats and ensuring that populations are linked wherever possible. This plan will change some existing reserve boundaries , establish 14 new reserves and protect or replant corridors of forest between panda islands. Other measures include better control of poaching, reducing the degradation of habitats outside reserves, and reforestation. 【B5】Implementation will be expensive and will require participation by individuals ranging from villagers to government officials. Questions 61 to 65Choose from the sentences A—G the one which best fits each gap of 61—65. There are two extra sentences which you do not need to use.A. The plan is ambitious.B. The giant panda, the creature that has become a symbol of conservation, is facing extinction.C. Satellite imagery has shown the seriousness of the situation.D. In these circumstances, a more traditional threat to pandas—the cycle of flowering and subsequent withering of the bamboo that is their staple food—can become literally species-threatening.E. The minuscule size of the panda populations worries conservationists.F. Panda is one of the rarest animals in China.G. It’s impossible to achieve this goal.【B2】

答案：正确答案：C

Exactly what a public forest is and how the public should be able to use it has been debated since the National Forests were first formed in 1905. Since then, the U. S. Forest Service has been allowing timber, mining, ranching, and recreational interests to use the forests as a resource. In fact, the Forest Service, which manages 34 million acres of wilderness across the country, is part of the Department of Agriculture. Since the government perpetuated the concept of nature as a user-friendly commodity, you might say that it missed the forest for the trees. For the last 27 years, the rest of the nation—both public and private—has been working to comply with the landmark Endangered Species Act, but the U. S. Forest Service has paid little attention to the wildlife under its care: sometimes due to a lack of funds, sometimes a lack of information , sometimes a lack of will. For the forests in Southern California, however, this is changing. A little known regional environmental group, the Center for Biological Diversity, brought a lawsuit two years ago that has forced the Forest Service to face the Endangered Species Act and comply with it. Assuming the agency is able, all the life in the forest, from Smith’s blue butterfly to the cattle rancher to the intrepid backpacker, will be affected. In the Los Padres Forest alone, which spans almost two million acres, as many as 11.6 million people have been allowed to troop in each year during the summer months, unknowingly disrupting a fragile ecosystem essential to the health of the forest they have come to enjoy. Even the rugged packers in the backcountry, mostly nature-lovers at heart, have disturbed the breeding of the red-legged frog and arroyo as they camped, with permission, along shallows. Invasive species aside from humans pose problems as well. Bullfrogs originally from the Eastern U. S. are munching red-legged frogs and arroyo toads, as are the warm water non-native fish species like small-mouthed bass and blue gill. Fragile native plants are being crowded out by pampas grass and other non-natives in the majority of the meadows. One of the most dangerous invaders of Southern California is the cowbird, also an East Coast native, which has been wreaking havoc on native avian species across the country. Cowbirds have the offensive but biologically useful trait of laying eggs in others’ nests, leaving the host parents to rear its big, hungry young. Often the baby cowbird hatches first and develops faster at the expense of its foster parents’ offspring. Temporary emergency measures adopted in January 1999 to address these problems closed four campgrounds in the Ojai Ranger District from sunset to sunrise to protect the arroyo toad. In the Monterey district, fencing and grazing use were limited for the benefit of steel head. The final settlement on March 1 of the Center for Biological Diversity suit stipulated another set of protections, largely benefiting the California condor. Poisonous ethylocol-based antifreeze was banned, requirements for anti-perching devices on communication sites went into effect, and bird-safe power lines must be installed. Questions 66 to 70 Answer the following questions with the information given in the passage.What activities have been allowed in public forests since 1905

答案：正确答案：Timber，mining，ranching and recreational activities．

The decision about where to live while studying at the tertiary level can have a major influence on a student’s chances of success. It is important that particular needs, such as security, a quiet place to study, and a convenient location, are taken into consideration before a choice is made. Various options available to students are discussed below: 1. Private Rental Accommodation. A single student can either move into an existing household or establish one with friends or acquaintances. Rent and expenses such as bonds, electricity, gas, and the telephone are shared equally among the people living in the household. Buying food and cooking is done either individually or on a group basis. Each person is expected to help clean and tidy the shared living space, that is, the kitchen, bathroom, and living room. Each is responsible for cleaning his or her own room and doing the washing. The best place to start looking is on noticeboards around universities and colleges, or in the windows of nearby coffee shops. Students often advertise for housemates, and those seeking accommodation should advertise their situation too. Local real estate agents often provide a share service, although there is usually a significant fee for this. A last resort would be the ’ To Let’ or ’ Share Accommodation’ sections of the weekend newspapers. A small number of flats and houses are available through the university or college housing offices, but most are found through local real estate agents. Unfortunately, there is no cheap way to move into a house or flat. When renting, a person is usually required to sign a six-month lease, and pay rent in advance plus a refundable bond. Remember to make allowances for these establishment costs, and include the purchase price of furniture and equipment. Starting from scratch means a rental bond, rent in advance, a telephone bond and connection fee, electricity or gas connection fees, furniture, utensils, appliances, and so on. Even moving into an established house can cost more money than most students expect. You should find out about all the extra costs before signing a lease and committing yourself. Moving out before the end of the lease period requires the rent to be paid until a suitable new tenant is found. 2. Lodgings. Lodgings refers to a furnished room in a private home(of a family or elderly person)with use of facilities such as kitchen, bathroom, and laundry. Sometimes cooking facilities and bathroom are separate, but are usually shared. No meals are provided. Students buy their own food, do their own cooking, clean their rooms, and do their own washing. Use of the telephone in the home is an extra cost, but electricity is usually included in the rent. Rooms for lodgers are always available in suburbs around universities and colleges, but there is an increased demand as institutions begin their first intake of new students. 3. Homestays. Homestays are a furnished room and use of facilities in a private home(of a family or elderly person), with dinner and breakfast provided. Some, but not all, provide lunches, bed linen, laundry , service, and weekly room cleaning. It is difficult to find full board accommodation because the number of places listed is limited. A room with use of facilities(own cooking)is easier to find in suburbs close to university and college campuses. The cost for full board is about a third as much again as for property rental arrangements. In summary, finding accommodation while you study is a difficult business, and it is recommended that advice be sought wherever possible. Do not underestimate the costs involved: students invariably complain that they overspend. Nonetheless, in the long run, it is probably wise to pay a little extra in order to ensure comfort and ease while engaged in an all-important study programme. Question 56 to 60Fill in the blanks below with information from the passage, using no more than three words for each blank.

答案：正确答案：a semester year

Exactly what a public forest is and how the public should be able to use it has been debated since the National Forests were first formed in 1905. Since then, the U. S. Forest Service has been allowing timber, mining, ranching, and recreational interests to use the forests as a resource. In fact, the Forest Service, which manages 34 million acres of wilderness across the country, is part of the Department of Agriculture. Since the government perpetuated the concept of nature as a user-friendly commodity, you might say that it missed the forest for the trees. For the last 27 years, the rest of the nation—both public and private—has been working to comply with the landmark Endangered Species Act, but the U. S. Forest Service has paid little attention to the wildlife under its care: sometimes due to a lack of funds, sometimes a lack of information , sometimes a lack of will. For the forests in Southern California, however, this is changing. A little known regional environmental group, the Center for Biological Diversity, brought a lawsuit two years ago that has forced the Forest Service to face the Endangered Species Act and comply with it. Assuming the agency is able, all the life in the forest, from Smith’s blue butterfly to the cattle rancher to the intrepid backpacker, will be affected. In the Los Padres Forest alone, which spans almost two million acres, as many as 11.6 million people have been allowed to troop in each year during the summer months, unknowingly disrupting a fragile ecosystem essential to the health of the forest they have come to enjoy. Even the rugged packers in the backcountry, mostly nature-lovers at heart, have disturbed the breeding of the red-legged frog and arroyo as they camped, with permission, along shallows. Invasive species aside from humans pose problems as well. Bullfrogs originally from the Eastern U. S. are munching red-legged frogs and arroyo toads, as are the warm water non-native fish species like small-mouthed bass and blue gill. Fragile native plants are being crowded out by pampas grass and other non-natives in the majority of the meadows. One of the most dangerous invaders of Southern California is the cowbird, also an East Coast native, which has been wreaking havoc on native avian species across the country. Cowbirds have the offensive but biologically useful trait of laying eggs in others’ nests, leaving the host parents to rear its big, hungry young. Often the baby cowbird hatches first and develops faster at the expense of its foster parents’ offspring. Temporary emergency measures adopted in January 1999 to address these problems closed four campgrounds in the Ojai Ranger District from sunset to sunrise to protect the arroyo toad. In the Monterey district, fencing and grazing use were limited for the benefit of steel head. The final settlement on March 1 of the Center for Biological Diversity suit stipulated another set of protections, largely benefiting the California condor. Poisonous ethylocol-based antifreeze was banned, requirements for anti-perching devices on communication sites went into effect, and bird-safe power lines must be installed. Questions 66 to 70 Answer the following questions with the information given in the passage.What made the Forest Service comply with the Endangered Species Act

答案：正确答案：A lawsuit by the Center for Biological Diversity．

【B1】The major reason is loss of habitat, which has continued despite the establishment of 14 panda reserves. Deforestation, mainly carried out by farmers clearing land to make way for fields as they move higher into the mountains, has drastically contracted the mammal’s range. The panda has disappeared from much of central and eastern China, and is now restricted to the eastern flank of the Himalayas. 【B2】 Almost half of the panda’s habitat has been cut down or degraded since 1975. Worse, the surviving panda population has also become fragmented: a combination of satellite imagery and ground surveys reveals panda "islands" in patches of forest separated by cleared land. The population of these islands has become isolated because the animals are loath to cross open areas. Just putting a road through panda habitat may be enough to split a population in two. 【B3】The smallest groups have too few animals to be viable, and will inevitably die out. The larger populations may be viable in the short term, but will be susceptible to genetic defects as a result of inbreeding. 【B4】The flowering prompts pandas to move from one area to another, thus preventing inbreeding in otherwise sedentary populations. In panda islands, however, bamboo flowering could prove catastrophic(灾难性的)because the pandas are unable to emigrate. The latest conservation management plan for the panda, prepared by China’s Ministry of Forestry and the World Wide Fund for Nature, aims primarily at maintaining panda habitats and ensuring that populations are linked wherever possible. This plan will change some existing reserve boundaries , establish 14 new reserves and protect or replant corridors of forest between panda islands. Other measures include better control of poaching, reducing the degradation of habitats outside reserves, and reforestation. 【B5】Implementation will be expensive and will require participation by individuals ranging from villagers to government officials. Questions 61 to 65Choose from the sentences A—G the one which best fits each gap of 61—65. There are two extra sentences which you do not need to use.A. The plan is ambitious.B. The giant panda, the creature that has become a symbol of conservation, is facing extinction.C. Satellite imagery has shown the seriousness of the situation.D. In these circumstances, a more traditional threat to pandas—the cycle of flowering and subsequent withering of the bamboo that is their staple food—can become literally species-threatening.E. The minuscule size of the panda populations worries conservationists.F. Panda is one of the rarest animals in China.G. It’s impossible to achieve this goal.【B3】

答案：正确答案：E

The annals of natural history contain many astonishing examples of the ability of animals to find their way home after making distant journeys. Salmons, for example, are born in freshwater streams and soon afterward journey down to sea. Several years later, after they have attained maturity, they swim back upstream to spawn and, in many cases, to die. The particular stream that serves as the journey’s end is almost invariably the same one in which they were born. It is chosen out of dozens or hundreds of equally suitable streams. The expression "almost invariably" is used advisedly in this case. In one investigation by Canadian biologists, 469, 326 young sockeye salmon were marked in a tributary of the Fraser River. Several years later almost 11,000 were recovered after they had completed a return journey to the very same stream, but not a single one was ever recovered from other streams nearby. What underwater guideposts can these fish possibly follow It has been discovered by A. D. Hasler and his associates at the University of Wisconsin that the salmon, like many other fish, have an acute sense of smell and are able tore member slight differences in the chemical composition of water. The most reasonable theory to explain salmon homing is that each individual remembers the distinctive "fragrance" of its native stream. As it moves upstream it makes the correct choice each time a new tributary is encountered, until finally it arrives home. Long-distance migration is especially common in birds, because many species must make annual journeys between their nesting grounds and prime feeding areas far away. Each year over 100, 000 sooty terns, an attractive tropical sea bird, travel from the waters off the west coast of Africa all the way across the Atlantic to Bush Key, a tiny island near the tip of Florida. Here they build their nests and breed. Once the young can fly, all journey back over the Atlantic. Why do the sooty terns migrate at all Like many other seabirds, they find protection from cats, foxes, and other predators on isolated islands. It is evidently safer for them to make an entire transoceanic voyage to reach one such haven than it would be to try to nest on the nearby African shores. A somewhat different reason lies behind the north-south migration of birds in the temperate zones. Each spring a legion of migratory forms, from robins, thrushes, and warblers to geese and ducks, makes its way north into the greening countryside, where large quantities of food are becoming freshly available. Working rapidly, they are able to rear one or more broods of young. As winter approaches and the food supply declines, all head south again. Some species proceed all the way to Central and South America. The record annual journey in the Western Hemisphere is made by the golden plover, one group of which travels from northern Canada to southern South America. A second group of the same species migrates from Alaska to Hawaii and the Marquesas Islands. Human beings could never make such journeys unaided by maps and navigational instruments. How do the birds do it A large part of the answer lies in their ability to use celestial clues. At migration time, caged starlings become unusually restless. If permitted to see the sun, they begin to fly toward the side of the cage that lies in the direction of their normal migration route. However, when the sky is overcast and the sun is obscured from view, their movements persist, but they are non directional. Other migratory birds fly at night and can evidently use the position of the stars to guide them. This surprising fact has been established by several biologists, including S. T. Emlen of Cornell University, who allowed a type of bird called indigo buntings to attempt flights under the artificial night sky of a planetarium. The birds oriented "correctly" with reference to the planetarium sky even when the positions of its constellations did not correspond with the position of the true constellations outside. Thus other outside influences were eliminated, and it could be concluded that the birds were able to orient to what they believed to be the position of the stars. Question 71 to 75Complete the summary below with information from the passage, using three words fo fewer for each blank. Animals are able to get back home after they make long journeys. Salmon, for example, are known to swim back several years later to【R1】where they were born. What guide these fish upstream According to scientists at the University of Wisconsin, salmon【R2】and follow the fragrance of their native stream as they have a sharp【R3】 Birds also make long distance migration each year. Sooty terns, a type of tropical sea bird, travel across the Atlantic from Africa to an island near Florida, where they breed and can【R4】from predators. Birds also migrate in order to find food and rear their young. It is discovered that birds are aided by【R5】__to make distant journeys that even human beings cannot make without the assistance of navigational instruments.【R1】

答案：正确答案：the freshwater streams

【B1】The major reason is loss of habitat, which has continued despite the establishment of 14 panda reserves. Deforestation, mainly carried out by farmers clearing land to make way for fields as they move higher into the mountains, has drastically contracted the mammal’s range. The panda has disappeared from much of central and eastern China, and is now restricted to the eastern flank of the Himalayas. 【B2】 Almost half of the panda’s habitat has been cut down or degraded since 1975. Worse, the surviving panda population has also become fragmented: a combination of satellite imagery and ground surveys reveals panda "islands" in patches of forest separated by cleared land. The population of these islands has become isolated because the animals are loath to cross open areas. Just putting a road through panda habitat may be enough to split a population in two. 【B3】The smallest groups have too few animals to be viable, and will inevitably die out. The larger populations may be viable in the short term, but will be susceptible to genetic defects as a result of inbreeding. 【B4】The flowering prompts pandas to move from one area to another, thus preventing inbreeding in otherwise sedentary populations. In panda islands, however, bamboo flowering could prove catastrophic(灾难性的)because the pandas are unable to emigrate. The latest conservation management plan for the panda, prepared by China’s Ministry of Forestry and the World Wide Fund for Nature, aims primarily at maintaining panda habitats and ensuring that populations are linked wherever possible. This plan will change some existing reserve boundaries , establish 14 new reserves and protect or replant corridors of forest between panda islands. Other measures include better control of poaching, reducing the degradation of habitats outside reserves, and reforestation. 【B5】Implementation will be expensive and will require participation by individuals ranging from villagers to government officials. Questions 61 to 65Choose from the sentences A—G the one which best fits each gap of 61—65. There are two extra sentences which you do not need to use.A. The plan is ambitious.B. The giant panda, the creature that has become a symbol of conservation, is facing extinction.C. Satellite imagery has shown the seriousness of the situation.D. In these circumstances, a more traditional threat to pandas—the cycle of flowering and subsequent withering of the bamboo that is their staple food—can become literally species-threatening.E. The minuscule size of the panda populations worries conservationists.F. Panda is one of the rarest animals in China.G. It’s impossible to achieve this goal.【B4】

答案：正确答案：D

Exactly what a public forest is and how the public should be able to use it has been debated since the National Forests were first formed in 1905. Since then, the U. S. Forest Service has been allowing timber, mining, ranching, and recreational interests to use the forests as a resource. In fact, the Forest Service, which manages 34 million acres of wilderness across the country, is part of the Department of Agriculture. Since the government perpetuated the concept of nature as a user-friendly commodity, you might say that it missed the forest for the trees. For the last 27 years, the rest of the nation—both public and private—has been working to comply with the landmark Endangered Species Act, but the U. S. Forest Service has paid little attention to the wildlife under its care: sometimes due to a lack of funds, sometimes a lack of information , sometimes a lack of will. For the forests in Southern California, however, this is changing. A little known regional environmental group, the Center for Biological Diversity, brought a lawsuit two years ago that has forced the Forest Service to face the Endangered Species Act and comply with it. Assuming the agency is able, all the life in the forest, from Smith’s blue butterfly to the cattle rancher to the intrepid backpacker, will be affected. In the Los Padres Forest alone, which spans almost two million acres, as many as 11.6 million people have been allowed to troop in each year during the summer months, unknowingly disrupting a fragile ecosystem essential to the health of the forest they have come to enjoy. Even the rugged packers in the backcountry, mostly nature-lovers at heart, have disturbed the breeding of the red-legged frog and arroyo as they camped, with permission, along shallows. Invasive species aside from humans pose problems as well. Bullfrogs originally from the Eastern U. S. are munching red-legged frogs and arroyo toads, as are the warm water non-native fish species like small-mouthed bass and blue gill. Fragile native plants are being crowded out by pampas grass and other non-natives in the majority of the meadows. One of the most dangerous invaders of Southern California is the cowbird, also an East Coast native, which has been wreaking havoc on native avian species across the country. Cowbirds have the offensive but biologically useful trait of laying eggs in others’ nests, leaving the host parents to rear its big, hungry young. Often the baby cowbird hatches first and develops faster at the expense of its foster parents’ offspring. Temporary emergency measures adopted in January 1999 to address these problems closed four campgrounds in the Ojai Ranger District from sunset to sunrise to protect the arroyo toad. In the Monterey district, fencing and grazing use were limited for the benefit of steel head. The final settlement on March 1 of the Center for Biological Diversity suit stipulated another set of protections, largely benefiting the California condor. Poisonous ethylocol-based antifreeze was banned, requirements for anti-perching devices on communication sites went into effect, and bird-safe power lines must be installed. Questions 66 to 70 Answer the following questions with the information given in the passage.How much dose the area of the Los Padres Forest cover

答案：正确答案：Two million acres．

The decision about where to live while studying at the tertiary level can have a major influence on a student’s chances of success. It is important that particular needs, such as security, a quiet place to study, and a convenient location, are taken into consideration before a choice is made. Various options available to students are discussed below: 1. Private Rental Accommodation. A single student can either move into an existing household or establish one with friends or acquaintances. Rent and expenses such as bonds, electricity, gas, and the telephone are shared equally among the people living in the household. Buying food and cooking is done either individually or on a group basis. Each person is expected to help clean and tidy the shared living space, that is, the kitchen, bathroom, and living room. Each is responsible for cleaning his or her own room and doing the washing. The best place to start looking is on noticeboards around universities and colleges, or in the windows of nearby coffee shops. Students often advertise for housemates, and those seeking accommodation should advertise their situation too. Local real estate agents often provide a share service, although there is usually a significant fee for this. A last resort would be the ’ To Let’ or ’ Share Accommodation’ sections of the weekend newspapers. A small number of flats and houses are available through the university or college housing offices, but most are found through local real estate agents. Unfortunately, there is no cheap way to move into a house or flat. When renting, a person is usually required to sign a six-month lease, and pay rent in advance plus a refundable bond. Remember to make allowances for these establishment costs, and include the purchase price of furniture and equipment. Starting from scratch means a rental bond, rent in advance, a telephone bond and connection fee, electricity or gas connection fees, furniture, utensils, appliances, and so on. Even moving into an established house can cost more money than most students expect. You should find out about all the extra costs before signing a lease and committing yourself. Moving out before the end of the lease period requires the rent to be paid until a suitable new tenant is found. 2. Lodgings. Lodgings refers to a furnished room in a private home(of a family or elderly person)with use of facilities such as kitchen, bathroom, and laundry. Sometimes cooking facilities and bathroom are separate, but are usually shared. No meals are provided. Students buy their own food, do their own cooking, clean their rooms, and do their own washing. Use of the telephone in the home is an extra cost, but electricity is usually included in the rent. Rooms for lodgers are always available in suburbs around universities and colleges, but there is an increased demand as institutions begin their first intake of new students. 3. Homestays. Homestays are a furnished room and use of facilities in a private home(of a family or elderly person), with dinner and breakfast provided. Some, but not all, provide lunches, bed linen, laundry , service, and weekly room cleaning. It is difficult to find full board accommodation because the number of places listed is limited. A room with use of facilities(own cooking)is easier to find in suburbs close to university and college campuses. The cost for full board is about a third as much again as for property rental arrangements. In summary, finding accommodation while you study is a difficult business, and it is recommended that advice be sought wherever possible. Do not underestimate the costs involved: students invariably complain that they overspend. Nonetheless, in the long run, it is probably wise to pay a little extra in order to ensure comfort and ease while engaged in an all-important study programme. Question 56 to 60Fill in the blanks below with information from the passage, using no more than three words for each blank.

答案：正确答案：dinner and breakfast

The annals of natural history contain many astonishing examples of the ability of animals to find their way home after making distant journeys. Salmons, for example, are born in freshwater streams and soon afterward journey down to sea. Several years later, after they have attained maturity, they swim back upstream to spawn and, in many cases, to die. The particular stream that serves as the journey’s end is almost invariably the same one in which they were born. It is chosen out of dozens or hundreds of equally suitable streams. The expression "almost invariably" is used advisedly in this case. In one investigation by Canadian biologists, 469, 326 young sockeye salmon were marked in a tributary of the Fraser River. Several years later almost 11,000 were recovered after they had completed a return journey to the very same stream, but not a single one was ever recovered from other streams nearby. What underwater guideposts can these fish possibly follow It has been discovered by A. D. Hasler and his associates at the University of Wisconsin that the salmon, like many other fish, have an acute sense of smell and are able tore member slight differences in the chemical composition of water. The most reasonable theory to explain salmon homing is that each individual remembers the distinctive "fragrance" of its native stream. As it moves upstream it makes the correct choice each time a new tributary is encountered, until finally it arrives home. Long-distance migration is especially common in birds, because many species must make annual journeys between their nesting grounds and prime feeding areas far away. Each year over 100, 000 sooty terns, an attractive tropical sea bird, travel from the waters off the west coast of Africa all the way across the Atlantic to Bush Key, a tiny island near the tip of Florida. Here they build their nests and breed. Once the young can fly, all journey back over the Atlantic. Why do the sooty terns migrate at all Like many other seabirds, they find protection from cats, foxes, and other predators on isolated islands. It is evidently safer for them to make an entire transoceanic voyage to reach one such haven than it would be to try to nest on the nearby African shores. A somewhat different reason lies behind the north-south migration of birds in the temperate zones. Each spring a legion of migratory forms, from robins, thrushes, and warblers to geese and ducks, makes its way north into the greening countryside, where large quantities of food are becoming freshly available. Working rapidly, they are able to rear one or more broods of young. As winter approaches and the food supply declines, all head south again. Some species proceed all the way to Central and South America. The record annual journey in the Western Hemisphere is made by the golden plover, one group of which travels from northern Canada to southern South America. A second group of the same species migrates from Alaska to Hawaii and the Marquesas Islands. Human beings could never make such journeys unaided by maps and navigational instruments. How do the birds do it A large part of the answer lies in their ability to use celestial clues. At migration time, caged starlings become unusually restless. If permitted to see the sun, they begin to fly toward the side of the cage that lies in the direction of their normal migration route. However, when the sky is overcast and the sun is obscured from view, their movements persist, but they are non directional. Other migratory birds fly at night and can evidently use the position of the stars to guide them. This surprising fact has been established by several biologists, including S. T. Emlen of Cornell University, who allowed a type of bird called indigo buntings to attempt flights under the artificial night sky of a planetarium. The birds oriented "correctly" with reference to the planetarium sky even when the positions of its constellations did not correspond with the position of the true constellations outside. Thus other outside influences were eliminated, and it could be concluded that the birds were able to orient to what they believed to be the position of the stars. Question 71 to 75Complete the summary below with information from the passage, using three words fo fewer for each blank. Animals are able to get back home after they make long journeys. Salmon, for example, are known to swim back several years later to【R1】where they were born. What guide these fish upstream According to scientists at the University of Wisconsin, salmon【R2】and follow the fragrance of their native stream as they have a sharp【R3】 Birds also make long distance migration each year. Sooty terns, a type of tropical sea bird, travel across the Atlantic from Africa to an island near Florida, where they breed and can【R4】from predators. Birds also migrate in order to find food and rear their young. It is discovered that birds are aided by【R5】__to make distant journeys that even human beings cannot make without the assistance of navigational instruments.【R2】

答案：正确答案：remembers

Exactly what a public forest is and how the public should be able to use it has been debated since the National Forests were first formed in 1905. Since then, the U. S. Forest Service has been allowing timber, mining, ranching, and recreational interests to use the forests as a resource. In fact, the Forest Service, which manages 34 million acres of wilderness across the country, is part of the Department of Agriculture. Since the government perpetuated the concept of nature as a user-friendly commodity, you might say that it missed the forest for the trees. For the last 27 years, the rest of the nation—both public and private—has been working to comply with the landmark Endangered Species Act, but the U. S. Forest Service has paid little attention to the wildlife under its care: sometimes due to a lack of funds, sometimes a lack of information , sometimes a lack of will. For the forests in Southern California, however, this is changing. A little known regional environmental group, the Center for Biological Diversity, brought a lawsuit two years ago that has forced the Forest Service to face the Endangered Species Act and comply with it. Assuming the agency is able, all the life in the forest, from Smith’s blue butterfly to the cattle rancher to the intrepid backpacker, will be affected. In the Los Padres Forest alone, which spans almost two million acres, as many as 11.6 million people have been allowed to troop in each year during the summer months, unknowingly disrupting a fragile ecosystem essential to the health of the forest they have come to enjoy. Even the rugged packers in the backcountry, mostly nature-lovers at heart, have disturbed the breeding of the red-legged frog and arroyo as they camped, with permission, along shallows. Invasive species aside from humans pose problems as well. Bullfrogs originally from the Eastern U. S. are munching red-legged frogs and arroyo toads, as are the warm water non-native fish species like small-mouthed bass and blue gill. Fragile native plants are being crowded out by pampas grass and other non-natives in the majority of the meadows. One of the most dangerous invaders of Southern California is the cowbird, also an East Coast native, which has been wreaking havoc on native avian species across the country. Cowbirds have the offensive but biologically useful trait of laying eggs in others’ nests, leaving the host parents to rear its big, hungry young. Often the baby cowbird hatches first and develops faster at the expense of its foster parents’ offspring. Temporary emergency measures adopted in January 1999 to address these problems closed four campgrounds in the Ojai Ranger District from sunset to sunrise to protect the arroyo toad. In the Monterey district, fencing and grazing use were limited for the benefit of steel head. The final settlement on March 1 of the Center for Biological Diversity suit stipulated another set of protections, largely benefiting the California condor. Poisonous ethylocol-based antifreeze was banned, requirements for anti-perching devices on communication sites went into effect, and bird-safe power lines must be installed. Questions 66 to 70 Answer the following questions with the information given in the passage.Apart from humans, what else are regarded as invaders of forests

答案：正确答案：Invasive species．

【B1】The major reason is loss of habitat, which has continued despite the establishment of 14 panda reserves. Deforestation, mainly carried out by farmers clearing land to make way for fields as they move higher into the mountains, has drastically contracted the mammal’s range. The panda has disappeared from much of central and eastern China, and is now restricted to the eastern flank of the Himalayas. 【B2】 Almost half of the panda’s habitat has been cut down or degraded since 1975. Worse, the surviving panda population has also become fragmented: a combination of satellite imagery and ground surveys reveals panda "islands" in patches of forest separated by cleared land. The population of these islands has become isolated because the animals are loath to cross open areas. Just putting a road through panda habitat may be enough to split a population in two. 【B3】The smallest groups have too few animals to be viable, and will inevitably die out. The larger populations may be viable in the short term, but will be susceptible to genetic defects as a result of inbreeding. 【B4】The flowering prompts pandas to move from one area to another, thus preventing inbreeding in otherwise sedentary populations. In panda islands, however, bamboo flowering could prove catastrophic(灾难性的)because the pandas are unable to emigrate. The latest conservation management plan for the panda, prepared by China’s Ministry of Forestry and the World Wide Fund for Nature, aims primarily at maintaining panda habitats and ensuring that populations are linked wherever possible. This plan will change some existing reserve boundaries , establish 14 new reserves and protect or replant corridors of forest between panda islands. Other measures include better control of poaching, reducing the degradation of habitats outside reserves, and reforestation. 【B5】Implementation will be expensive and will require participation by individuals ranging from villagers to government officials. Questions 61 to 65Choose from the sentences A—G the one which best fits each gap of 61—65. There are two extra sentences which you do not need to use.A. The plan is ambitious.B. The giant panda, the creature that has become a symbol of conservation, is facing extinction.C. Satellite imagery has shown the seriousness of the situation.D. In these circumstances, a more traditional threat to pandas—the cycle of flowering and subsequent withering of the bamboo that is their staple food—can become literally species-threatening.E. The minuscule size of the panda populations worries conservationists.F. Panda is one of the rarest animals in China.G. It’s impossible to achieve this goal.【B5】

答案：正确答案：A

The decision about where to live while studying at the tertiary level can have a major influence on a student’s chances of success. It is important that particular needs, such as security, a quiet place to study, and a convenient location, are taken into consideration before a choice is made. Various options available to students are discussed below: 1. Private Rental Accommodation. A single student can either move into an existing household or establish one with friends or acquaintances. Rent and expenses such as bonds, electricity, gas, and the telephone are shared equally among the people living in the household. Buying food and cooking is done either individually or on a group basis. Each person is expected to help clean and tidy the shared living space, that is, the kitchen, bathroom, and living room. Each is responsible for cleaning his or her own room and doing the washing. The best place to start looking is on noticeboards around universities and colleges, or in the windows of nearby coffee shops. Students often advertise for housemates, and those seeking accommodation should advertise their situation too. Local real estate agents often provide a share service, although there is usually a significant fee for this. A last resort would be the ’ To Let’ or ’ Share Accommodation’ sections of the weekend newspapers. A small number of flats and houses are available through the university or college housing offices, but most are found through local real estate agents. Unfortunately, there is no cheap way to move into a house or flat. When renting, a person is usually required to sign a six-month lease, and pay rent in advance plus a refundable bond. Remember to make allowances for these establishment costs, and include the purchase price of furniture and equipment. Starting from scratch means a rental bond, rent in advance, a telephone bond and connection fee, electricity or gas connection fees, furniture, utensils, appliances, and so on. Even moving into an established house can cost more money than most students expect. You should find out about all the extra costs before signing a lease and committing yourself. Moving out before the end of the lease period requires the rent to be paid until a suitable new tenant is found. 2. Lodgings. Lodgings refers to a furnished room in a private home(of a family or elderly person)with use of facilities such as kitchen, bathroom, and laundry. Sometimes cooking facilities and bathroom are separate, but are usually shared. No meals are provided. Students buy their own food, do their own cooking, clean their rooms, and do their own washing. Use of the telephone in the home is an extra cost, but electricity is usually included in the rent. Rooms for lodgers are always available in suburbs around universities and colleges, but there is an increased demand as institutions begin their first intake of new students. 3. Homestays. Homestays are a furnished room and use of facilities in a private home(of a family or elderly person), with dinner and breakfast provided. Some, but not all, provide lunches, bed linen, laundry , service, and weekly room cleaning. It is difficult to find full board accommodation because the number of places listed is limited. A room with use of facilities(own cooking)is easier to find in suburbs close to university and college campuses. The cost for full board is about a third as much again as for property rental arrangements. In summary, finding accommodation while you study is a difficult business, and it is recommended that advice be sought wherever possible. Do not underestimate the costs involved: students invariably complain that they overspend. Nonetheless, in the long run, it is probably wise to pay a little extra in order to ensure comfort and ease while engaged in an all-important study programme. Question 56 to 60Fill in the blanks below with information from the passage, using no more than three words for each blank.

答案：正确答案：limited

The annals of natural history contain many astonishing examples of the ability of animals to find their way home after making distant journeys. Salmons, for example, are born in freshwater streams and soon afterward journey down to sea. Several years later, after they have attained maturity, they swim back upstream to spawn and, in many cases, to die. The particular stream that serves as the journey’s end is almost invariably the same one in which they were born. It is chosen out of dozens or hundreds of equally suitable streams. The expression "almost invariably" is used advisedly in this case. In one investigation by Canadian biologists, 469, 326 young sockeye salmon were marked in a tributary of the Fraser River. Several years later almost 11,000 were recovered after they had completed a return journey to the very same stream, but not a single one was ever recovered from other streams nearby. What underwater guideposts can these fish possibly follow It has been discovered by A. D. Hasler and his associates at the University of Wisconsin that the salmon, like many other fish, have an acute sense of smell and are able tore member slight differences in the chemical composition of water. The most reasonable theory to explain salmon homing is that each individual remembers the distinctive "fragrance" of its native stream. As it moves upstream it makes the correct choice each time a new tributary is encountered, until finally it arrives home. Long-distance migration is especially common in birds, because many species must make annual journeys between their nesting grounds and prime feeding areas far away. Each year over 100, 000 sooty terns, an attractive tropical sea bird, travel from the waters off the west coast of Africa all the way across the Atlantic to Bush Key, a tiny island near the tip of Florida. Here they build their nests and breed. Once the young can fly, all journey back over the Atlantic. Why do the sooty terns migrate at all Like many other seabirds, they find protection from cats, foxes, and other predators on isolated islands. It is evidently safer for them to make an entire transoceanic voyage to reach one such haven than it would be to try to nest on the nearby African shores. A somewhat different reason lies behind the north-south migration of birds in the temperate zones. Each spring a legion of migratory forms, from robins, thrushes, and warblers to geese and ducks, makes its way north into the greening countryside, where large quantities of food are becoming freshly available. Working rapidly, they are able to rear one or more broods of young. As winter approaches and the food supply declines, all head south again. Some species proceed all the way to Central and South America. The record annual journey in the Western Hemisphere is made by the golden plover, one group of which travels from northern Canada to southern South America. A second group of the same species migrates from Alaska to Hawaii and the Marquesas Islands. Human beings could never make such journeys unaided by maps and navigational instruments. How do the birds do it A large part of the answer lies in their ability to use celestial clues. At migration time, caged starlings become unusually restless. If permitted to see the sun, they begin to fly toward the side of the cage that lies in the direction of their normal migration route. However, when the sky is overcast and the sun is obscured from view, their movements persist, but they are non directional. Other migratory birds fly at night and can evidently use the position of the stars to guide them. This surprising fact has been established by several biologists, including S. T. Emlen of Cornell University, who allowed a type of bird called indigo buntings to attempt flights under the artificial night sky of a planetarium. The birds oriented "correctly" with reference to the planetarium sky even when the positions of its constellations did not correspond with the position of the true constellations outside. Thus other outside influences were eliminated, and it could be concluded that the birds were able to orient to what they believed to be the position of the stars. Question 71 to 75Complete the summary below with information from the passage, using three words fo fewer for each blank. Animals are able to get back home after they make long journeys. Salmon, for example, are known to swim back several years later to【R1】where they were born. What guide these fish upstream According to scientists at the University of Wisconsin, salmon【R2】and follow the fragrance of their native stream as they have a sharp【R3】 Birds also make long distance migration each year. Sooty terns, a type of tropical sea bird, travel across the Atlantic from Africa to an island near Florida, where they breed and can【R4】from predators. Birds also migrate in order to find food and rear their young. It is discovered that birds are aided by【R5】__to make distant journeys that even human beings cannot make without the assistance of navigational instruments.【R3】

答案：正确答案：sense of smell

Exactly what a public forest is and how the public should be able to use it has been debated since the National Forests were first formed in 1905. Since then, the U. S. Forest Service has been allowing timber, mining, ranching, and recreational interests to use the forests as a resource. In fact, the Forest Service, which manages 34 million acres of wilderness across the country, is part of the Department of Agriculture. Since the government perpetuated the concept of nature as a user-friendly commodity, you might say that it missed the forest for the trees. For the last 27 years, the rest of the nation—both public and private—has been working to comply with the landmark Endangered Species Act, but the U. S. Forest Service has paid little attention to the wildlife under its care: sometimes due to a lack of funds, sometimes a lack of information , sometimes a lack of will. For the forests in Southern California, however, this is changing. A little known regional environmental group, the Center for Biological Diversity, brought a lawsuit two years ago that has forced the Forest Service to face the Endangered Species Act and comply with it. Assuming the agency is able, all the life in the forest, from Smith’s blue butterfly to the cattle rancher to the intrepid backpacker, will be affected. In the Los Padres Forest alone, which spans almost two million acres, as many as 11.6 million people have been allowed to troop in each year during the summer months, unknowingly disrupting a fragile ecosystem essential to the health of the forest they have come to enjoy. Even the rugged packers in the backcountry, mostly nature-lovers at heart, have disturbed the breeding of the red-legged frog and arroyo as they camped, with permission, along shallows. Invasive species aside from humans pose problems as well. Bullfrogs originally from the Eastern U. S. are munching red-legged frogs and arroyo toads, as are the warm water non-native fish species like small-mouthed bass and blue gill. Fragile native plants are being crowded out by pampas grass and other non-natives in the majority of the meadows. One of the most dangerous invaders of Southern California is the cowbird, also an East Coast native, which has been wreaking havoc on native avian species across the country. Cowbirds have the offensive but biologically useful trait of laying eggs in others’ nests, leaving the host parents to rear its big, hungry young. Often the baby cowbird hatches first and develops faster at the expense of its foster parents’ offspring. Temporary emergency measures adopted in January 1999 to address these problems closed four campgrounds in the Ojai Ranger District from sunset to sunrise to protect the arroyo toad. In the Monterey district, fencing and grazing use were limited for the benefit of steel head. The final settlement on March 1 of the Center for Biological Diversity suit stipulated another set of protections, largely benefiting the California condor. Poisonous ethylocol-based antifreeze was banned, requirements for anti-perching devices on communication sites went into effect, and bird-safe power lines must be installed. Questions 66 to 70 Answer the following questions with the information given in the passage.When were four campgrounds closed in order to protect the native species in the forest

答案：正确答案：In January 1999．

The annals of natural history contain many astonishing examples of the ability of animals to find their way home after making distant journeys. Salmons, for example, are born in freshwater streams and soon afterward journey down to sea. Several years later, after they have attained maturity, they swim back upstream to spawn and, in many cases, to die. The particular stream that serves as the journey’s end is almost invariably the same one in which they were born. It is chosen out of dozens or hundreds of equally suitable streams. The expression "almost invariably" is used advisedly in this case. In one investigation by Canadian biologists, 469, 326 young sockeye salmon were marked in a tributary of the Fraser River. Several years later almost 11,000 were recovered after they had completed a return journey to the very same stream, but not a single one was ever recovered from other streams nearby. What underwater guideposts can these fish possibly follow It has been discovered by A. D. Hasler and his associates at the University of Wisconsin that the salmon, like many other fish, have an acute sense of smell and are able tore member slight differences in the chemical composition of water. The most reasonable theory to explain salmon homing is that each individual remembers the distinctive "fragrance" of its native stream. As it moves upstream it makes the correct choice each time a new tributary is encountered, until finally it arrives home. Long-distance migration is especially common in birds, because many species must make annual journeys between their nesting grounds and prime feeding areas far away. Each year over 100, 000 sooty terns, an attractive tropical sea bird, travel from the waters off the west coast of Africa all the way across the Atlantic to Bush Key, a tiny island near the tip of Florida. Here they build their nests and breed. Once the young can fly, all journey back over the Atlantic. Why do the sooty terns migrate at all Like many other seabirds, they find protection from cats, foxes, and other predators on isolated islands. It is evidently safer for them to make an entire transoceanic voyage to reach one such haven than it would be to try to nest on the nearby African shores. A somewhat different reason lies behind the north-south migration of birds in the temperate zones. Each spring a legion of migratory forms, from robins, thrushes, and warblers to geese and ducks, makes its way north into the greening countryside, where large quantities of food are becoming freshly available. Working rapidly, they are able to rear one or more broods of young. As winter approaches and the food supply declines, all head south again. Some species proceed all the way to Central and South America. The record annual journey in the Western Hemisphere is made by the golden plover, one group of which travels from northern Canada to southern South America. A second group of the same species migrates from Alaska to Hawaii and the Marquesas Islands. Human beings could never make such journeys unaided by maps and navigational instruments. How do the birds do it A large part of the answer lies in their ability to use celestial clues. At migration time, caged starlings become unusually restless. If permitted to see the sun, they begin to fly toward the side of the cage that lies in the direction of their normal migration route. However, when the sky is overcast and the sun is obscured from view, their movements persist, but they are non directional. Other migratory birds fly at night and can evidently use the position of the stars to guide them. This surprising fact has been established by several biologists, including S. T. Emlen of Cornell University, who allowed a type of bird called indigo buntings to attempt flights under the artificial night sky of a planetarium. The birds oriented "correctly" with reference to the planetarium sky even when the positions of its constellations did not correspond with the position of the true constellations outside. Thus other outside influences were eliminated, and it could be concluded that the birds were able to orient to what they believed to be the position of the stars. Question 71 to 75Complete the summary below with information from the passage, using three words fo fewer for each blank. Animals are able to get back home after they make long journeys. Salmon, for example, are known to swim back several years later to【R1】where they were born. What guide these fish upstream According to scientists at the University of Wisconsin, salmon【R2】and follow the fragrance of their native stream as they have a sharp【R3】 Birds also make long distance migration each year. Sooty terns, a type of tropical sea bird, travel across the Atlantic from Africa to an island near Florida, where they breed and can【R4】from predators. Birds also migrate in order to find food and rear their young. It is discovered that birds are aided by【R5】__to make distant journeys that even human beings cannot make without the assistance of navigational instruments.【R4】

答案：正确答案：find protection

The annals of natural history contain many astonishing examples of the ability of animals to find their way home after making distant journeys. Salmons, for example, are born in freshwater streams and soon afterward journey down to sea. Several years later, after they have attained maturity, they swim back upstream to spawn and, in many cases, to die. The particular stream that serves as the journey’s end is almost invariably the same one in which they were born. It is chosen out of dozens or hundreds of equally suitable streams. The expression "almost invariably" is used advisedly in this case. In one investigation by Canadian biologists, 469, 326 young sockeye salmon were marked in a tributary of the Fraser River. Several years later almost 11,000 were recovered after they had completed a return journey to the very same stream, but not a single one was ever recovered from other streams nearby. What underwater guideposts can these fish possibly follow It has been discovered by A. D. Hasler and his associates at the University of Wisconsin that the salmon, like many other fish, have an acute sense of smell and are able tore member slight differences in the chemical composition of water. The most reasonable theory to explain salmon homing is that each individual remembers the distinctive "fragrance" of its native stream. As it moves upstream it makes the correct choice each time a new tributary is encountered, until finally it arrives home. Long-distance migration is especially common in birds, because many species must make annual journeys between their nesting grounds and prime feeding areas far away. Each year over 100, 000 sooty terns, an attractive tropical sea bird, travel from the waters off the west coast of Africa all the way across the Atlantic to Bush Key, a tiny island near the tip of Florida. Here they build their nests and breed. Once the young can fly, all journey back over the Atlantic. Why do the sooty terns migrate at all Like many other seabirds, they find protection from cats, foxes, and other predators on isolated islands. It is evidently safer for them to make an entire transoceanic voyage to reach one such haven than it would be to try to nest on the nearby African shores. A somewhat different reason lies behind the north-south migration of birds in the temperate zones. Each spring a legion of migratory forms, from robins, thrushes, and warblers to geese and ducks, makes its way north into the greening countryside, where large quantities of food are becoming freshly available. Working rapidly, they are able to rear one or more broods of young. As winter approaches and the food supply declines, all head south again. Some species proceed all the way to Central and South America. The record annual journey in the Western Hemisphere is made by the golden plover, one group of which travels from northern Canada to southern South America. A second group of the same species migrates from Alaska to Hawaii and the Marquesas Islands. Human beings could never make such journeys unaided by maps and navigational instruments. How do the birds do it A large part of the answer lies in their ability to use celestial clues. At migration time, caged starlings become unusually restless. If permitted to see the sun, they begin to fly toward the side of the cage that lies in the direction of their normal migration route. However, when the sky is overcast and the sun is obscured from view, their movements persist, but they are non directional. Other migratory birds fly at night and can evidently use the position of the stars to guide them. This surprising fact has been established by several biologists, including S. T. Emlen of Cornell University, who allowed a type of bird called indigo buntings to attempt flights under the artificial night sky of a planetarium. The birds oriented "correctly" with reference to the planetarium sky even when the positions of its constellations did not correspond with the position of the true constellations outside. Thus other outside influences were eliminated, and it could be concluded that the birds were able to orient to what they believed to be the position of the stars. Question 71 to 75Complete the summary below with information from the passage, using three words fo fewer for each blank. Animals are able to get back home after they make long journeys. Salmon, for example, are known to swim back several years later to【R1】where they were born. What guide these fish upstream According to scientists at the University of Wisconsin, salmon【R2】and follow the fragrance of their native stream as they have a sharp【R3】 Birds also make long distance migration each year. Sooty terns, a type of tropical sea bird, travel across the Atlantic from Africa to an island near Florida, where they breed and can【R4】from predators. Birds also migrate in order to find food and rear their young. It is discovered that birds are aided by【R5】__to make distant journeys that even human beings cannot make without the assistance of navigational instruments.【R5】

答案：正确答案：celestial clues／position of the stars