The prototype focuses on______streets ...

According to sociologists, there are several different ways in which a person may become recognized as the leader of a social group. In the family, traditional cultural patterns confer leadership on one or both of the parents. In other cases, such as friendship groups, one or more persons may gradually emerge as leaders, although there is no formal process of selection. In larger groups, leaders are usually chosen formally through election or recruitment. Although leaders are often thought to be people with unusual personal ability, decades of research have failed to produce consistent evidence that there is any category of " natural leaders ". It seems that there is no set of personal qualities that all leaders have in common: rather, virtually any person may be recognized as a leader if the person has qualities that meet the needs of that particular group. Research suggests that there are typically two different leadership roles that are held by different individuals. Instrumental leadership is leadership that emphasizes the completion of tasks by a social group. Group members look to instrumental leaders to "get things done". Expressive leadership, on the other hand, is leadership that emphasizes the collective well-beings of a social group’ s members. Expressive leaders are less concerned with the overall goals of the group than with providing emotional support to group members and attempting to minimize tension and conflict among them. Instrumental leaders are likely to have a rather secondary relationship to other group members. They give others tasks and may discipline group members who inhibit (阻碍) attainment of the group’ s goals. Expressive leaders cultivate a more personal or primary relationship to others in the group. They offer sympathy when someone experiences difficulties and try to resolve issues that threaten to divide the group. As the differences in these two roles suggest, expressive leaders generally receive more personal affection from group members: instrumental leaders, if they are successful in promoting group goals, may enjoy a more distant respect.What does the passage mainly discuss

A．The problems faced by leaders.
B．How leadership differs in small and large groups.
C．How social groups determine who will lead them.
D．The role of leaders in social groups.

单项选择题

In its early history, Chicago had floods frequently, especially in the spring, making the streets so muddy that people, horses, and carts got stuck. An old joke that was popular at the time went something like this: A man is stuck up to his waist in a muddy Chicago street. Asked if he needs help, he replies, "No, thanks. I’ve got a good horse under me. " The city planner decided to build an underground drainage(排水) system, but there simply wasn’ t enough difference between the height of the ground level and the water level. The only two options were to lower the Chicago River or raise the city. An engineer named Ellis Chesbrough convinced the city that it had no choice but to build the pipes above ground and then cover them with dirt. This raised the level of the city’ s streets by as much as 12 feet. This of course created a new problem: dirt practically buried the first floors of every building in Chicago. Building owners were faced with a choice: either change the first floors of their buildings into basements, and the second stories into main floors, or hoist the entire buildings to meet the new street level. Small wood-frame buildings could be lifted fairly easily. But what about large, heavy structures like the Tremont Hotel, which was a six-story brick building That’s where George Pullman came in. He had developed some house-moving skills successfully. To lift a big structure like the Tremont Hotel, Pullman would place thousands of jackscrews (螺旋千斤顶) beneath the building’ s foundation. One man was assigned to operate each section of roughly 10 jackscrews. At Pullman’ s signal each man turned his jackscrew the same amount at the same time, thereby raising the building slowly and evenly. Astonishingly, the Tremont Hotel stay open during the entire operation, and many of its guests didn’ t even notice anything was happening. Some people like to say that every problem has a solution. But in Chicago’ s early history, every engineering solution seemed to create a new problem. Now that Chicago’ s waste water was draining efficiently into the Chicago River, the city’ s next step was to clean the polluted river.The author mentions the joke to show______.

A．horses were fairly useful in Chicago
B．Chicago’ s streets were extremely muddy
C．Chicago was very dangerous in the spring
D．the Chicago people were particularly humorous

单项选择题

According to sociologists, there are several different ways in which a person may become recognized as the leader of a social group. In the family, traditional cultural patterns confer leadership on one or both of the parents. In other cases, such as friendship groups, one or more persons may gradually emerge as leaders, although there is no formal process of selection. In larger groups, leaders are usually chosen formally through election or recruitment. Although leaders are often thought to be people with unusual personal ability, decades of research have failed to produce consistent evidence that there is any category of " natural leaders ". It seems that there is no set of personal qualities that all leaders have in common: rather, virtually any person may be recognized as a leader if the person has qualities that meet the needs of that particular group. Research suggests that there are typically two different leadership roles that are held by different individuals. Instrumental leadership is leadership that emphasizes the completion of tasks by a social group. Group members look to instrumental leaders to "get things done". Expressive leadership, on the other hand, is leadership that emphasizes the collective well-beings of a social group’ s members. Expressive leaders are less concerned with the overall goals of the group than with providing emotional support to group members and attempting to minimize tension and conflict among them. Instrumental leaders are likely to have a rather secondary relationship to other group members. They give others tasks and may discipline group members who inhibit (阻碍) attainment of the group’ s goals. Expressive leaders cultivate a more personal or primary relationship to others in the group. They offer sympathy when someone experiences difficulties and try to resolve issues that threaten to divide the group. As the differences in these two roles suggest, expressive leaders generally receive more personal affection from group members: instrumental leaders, if they are successful in promoting group goals, may enjoy a more distant respect.The passage mentions all of the following ways by which people can become leaders EXCEPT______.

A．recruitment
B．formal election process
C．specific leadership training
D．traditional cultural patterns

单项选择题

In its early history, Chicago had floods frequently, especially in the spring, making the streets so muddy that people, horses, and carts got stuck. An old joke that was popular at the time went something like this: A man is stuck up to his waist in a muddy Chicago street. Asked if he needs help, he replies, "No, thanks. I’ve got a good horse under me. " The city planner decided to build an underground drainage(排水) system, but there simply wasn’ t enough difference between the height of the ground level and the water level. The only two options were to lower the Chicago River or raise the city. An engineer named Ellis Chesbrough convinced the city that it had no choice but to build the pipes above ground and then cover them with dirt. This raised the level of the city’ s streets by as much as 12 feet. This of course created a new problem: dirt practically buried the first floors of every building in Chicago. Building owners were faced with a choice: either change the first floors of their buildings into basements, and the second stories into main floors, or hoist the entire buildings to meet the new street level. Small wood-frame buildings could be lifted fairly easily. But what about large, heavy structures like the Tremont Hotel, which was a six-story brick building That’s where George Pullman came in. He had developed some house-moving skills successfully. To lift a big structure like the Tremont Hotel, Pullman would place thousands of jackscrews (螺旋千斤顶) beneath the building’ s foundation. One man was assigned to operate each section of roughly 10 jackscrews. At Pullman’ s signal each man turned his jackscrew the same amount at the same time, thereby raising the building slowly and evenly. Astonishingly, the Tremont Hotel stay open during the entire operation, and many of its guests didn’ t even notice anything was happening. Some people like to say that every problem has a solution. But in Chicago’ s early history, every engineering solution seemed to create a new problem. Now that Chicago’ s waste water was draining efficiently into the Chicago River, the city’ s next step was to clean the polluted river.The city planners were convinced by Ellis Chesbrough to______.

A．get rid of the street dirt
B．lower the Chicago River
C．fight against heavy floods
D．build the pipes above ground

单项选择题

According to sociologists, there are several different ways in which a person may become recognized as the leader of a social group. In the family, traditional cultural patterns confer leadership on one or both of the parents. In other cases, such as friendship groups, one or more persons may gradually emerge as leaders, although there is no formal process of selection. In larger groups, leaders are usually chosen formally through election or recruitment. Although leaders are often thought to be people with unusual personal ability, decades of research have failed to produce consistent evidence that there is any category of " natural leaders ". It seems that there is no set of personal qualities that all leaders have in common: rather, virtually any person may be recognized as a leader if the person has qualities that meet the needs of that particular group. Research suggests that there are typically two different leadership roles that are held by different individuals. Instrumental leadership is leadership that emphasizes the completion of tasks by a social group. Group members look to instrumental leaders to "get things done". Expressive leadership, on the other hand, is leadership that emphasizes the collective well-beings of a social group’ s members. Expressive leaders are less concerned with the overall goals of the group than with providing emotional support to group members and attempting to minimize tension and conflict among them. Instrumental leaders are likely to have a rather secondary relationship to other group members. They give others tasks and may discipline group members who inhibit (阻碍) attainment of the group’ s goals. Expressive leaders cultivate a more personal or primary relationship to others in the group. They offer sympathy when someone experiences difficulties and try to resolve issues that threaten to divide the group. As the differences in these two roles suggest, expressive leaders generally receive more personal affection from group members: instrumental leaders, if they are successful in promoting group goals, may enjoy a more distant respect.Which of the following statements about leadership can be inferred from Paragraph 2

A．A person who is an effective leader of a particular group may not be an effective leader in another group.
B．Few people succeed in sharing a leadership role with another person.
C．A person can best learn how to be an effective leader by studying research on leadership.
D．Most people desire to be leaders but can produce little evidence of their qualifications.

单项选择题

In its early history, Chicago had floods frequently, especially in the spring, making the streets so muddy that people, horses, and carts got stuck. An old joke that was popular at the time went something like this: A man is stuck up to his waist in a muddy Chicago street. Asked if he needs help, he replies, "No, thanks. I’ve got a good horse under me. " The city planner decided to build an underground drainage(排水) system, but there simply wasn’ t enough difference between the height of the ground level and the water level. The only two options were to lower the Chicago River or raise the city. An engineer named Ellis Chesbrough convinced the city that it had no choice but to build the pipes above ground and then cover them with dirt. This raised the level of the city’ s streets by as much as 12 feet. This of course created a new problem: dirt practically buried the first floors of every building in Chicago. Building owners were faced with a choice: either change the first floors of their buildings into basements, and the second stories into main floors, or hoist the entire buildings to meet the new street level. Small wood-frame buildings could be lifted fairly easily. But what about large, heavy structures like the Tremont Hotel, which was a six-story brick building That’s where George Pullman came in. He had developed some house-moving skills successfully. To lift a big structure like the Tremont Hotel, Pullman would place thousands of jackscrews (螺旋千斤顶) beneath the building’ s foundation. One man was assigned to operate each section of roughly 10 jackscrews. At Pullman’ s signal each man turned his jackscrew the same amount at the same time, thereby raising the building slowly and evenly. Astonishingly, the Tremont Hotel stay open during the entire operation, and many of its guests didn’ t even notice anything was happening. Some people like to say that every problem has a solution. But in Chicago’ s early history, every engineering solution seemed to create a new problem. Now that Chicago’ s waste water was draining efficiently into the Chicago River, the city’ s next step was to clean the polluted river.The underlined word "hoist" in Paragraph 4 means "______".

A．change
B．lift
C．repair
D．decorate

单项选择题

According to sociologists, there are several different ways in which a person may become recognized as the leader of a social group. In the family, traditional cultural patterns confer leadership on one or both of the parents. In other cases, such as friendship groups, one or more persons may gradually emerge as leaders, although there is no formal process of selection. In larger groups, leaders are usually chosen formally through election or recruitment. Although leaders are often thought to be people with unusual personal ability, decades of research have failed to produce consistent evidence that there is any category of " natural leaders ". It seems that there is no set of personal qualities that all leaders have in common: rather, virtually any person may be recognized as a leader if the person has qualities that meet the needs of that particular group. Research suggests that there are typically two different leadership roles that are held by different individuals. Instrumental leadership is leadership that emphasizes the completion of tasks by a social group. Group members look to instrumental leaders to "get things done". Expressive leadership, on the other hand, is leadership that emphasizes the collective well-beings of a social group’ s members. Expressive leaders are less concerned with the overall goals of the group than with providing emotional support to group members and attempting to minimize tension and conflict among them. Instrumental leaders are likely to have a rather secondary relationship to other group members. They give others tasks and may discipline group members who inhibit (阻碍) attainment of the group’ s goals. Expressive leaders cultivate a more personal or primary relationship to others in the group. They offer sympathy when someone experiences difficulties and try to resolve issues that threaten to divide the group. As the differences in these two roles suggest, expressive leaders generally receive more personal affection from group members: instrumental leaders, if they are successful in promoting group goals, may enjoy a more distant respect.In mentioning "natural leaders" (Para. 2) , the author is making the point that______.

A．few people qualify as "natural leaders"
B．there is no proof that "natural leaders" exist
C．natural leaders are easily accepted by the members of a group
D．natural leaders share a similar set of characteristics

单项选择题

How do you know if your home is an easy aim for thefts Around the holidays, many families don’ t consider taking proper measures to prevent their homes from suffering holiday thefts. With just a few simple steps, you can better make sure of the safety of your home during all of the holiday celebrations. Here are a few tips for making it difficult to tell you are away from home. Either have a trusted neighbor pick up your mail and newspapers, or tell your mailperson to hold your mail until you return. Nothing says " Hey, we are not home!" like when your postbox is filled with all kinds of mails and you have many different newspapers in your driveway. Set several different lights in your house on random timers. Don’ t leave your outdoor lights on all the time. Instead, put your outside lights on timers to be on during the nights. If an outdoor light remains on for days at a time, it means that nobody is home to turn it off. If you have pets that you are not taking with you on vacation, leave them with a friend, rather than having someone come into your house every day to take care of them. When thefts see a neighbor or friend entering your house every day, they will know you are not home. Close all your curtains when you leave town. This is effective to deter possible thefts, as no one can see what is in your house. If they don’ t know what is inside, then they are less likely to run the risk of breaking in. This article just has suggested a few tips to help you keep your house safe while you are on holiday. Nothing can truly protect your home unless you have it monitored by a professional home security system.What is the main idea of the passage

A．To tell us how to prevent the thefts around the holidays.
B．To tell us to keep the outdoor lights on all the time.
C．To tell us many families suffer from the thefts while they are on holiday.
D．To tell you to have your neighbor go to your house to take care of your pet.

单项选择题

In its early history, Chicago had floods frequently, especially in the spring, making the streets so muddy that people, horses, and carts got stuck. An old joke that was popular at the time went something like this: A man is stuck up to his waist in a muddy Chicago street. Asked if he needs help, he replies, "No, thanks. I’ve got a good horse under me. " The city planner decided to build an underground drainage(排水) system, but there simply wasn’ t enough difference between the height of the ground level and the water level. The only two options were to lower the Chicago River or raise the city. An engineer named Ellis Chesbrough convinced the city that it had no choice but to build the pipes above ground and then cover them with dirt. This raised the level of the city’ s streets by as much as 12 feet. This of course created a new problem: dirt practically buried the first floors of every building in Chicago. Building owners were faced with a choice: either change the first floors of their buildings into basements, and the second stories into main floors, or hoist the entire buildings to meet the new street level. Small wood-frame buildings could be lifted fairly easily. But what about large, heavy structures like the Tremont Hotel, which was a six-story brick building That’s where George Pullman came in. He had developed some house-moving skills successfully. To lift a big structure like the Tremont Hotel, Pullman would place thousands of jackscrews (螺旋千斤顶) beneath the building’ s foundation. One man was assigned to operate each section of roughly 10 jackscrews. At Pullman’ s signal each man turned his jackscrew the same amount at the same time, thereby raising the building slowly and evenly. Astonishingly, the Tremont Hotel stay open during the entire operation, and many of its guests didn’ t even notice anything was happening. Some people like to say that every problem has a solution. But in Chicago’ s early history, every engineering solution seemed to create a new problem. Now that Chicago’ s waste water was draining efficiently into the Chicago River, the city’ s next step was to clean the polluted river.What can we conclude about the moving operation of the Tremont Hotel

A．It went on smoothly as intended.
B．It interrupted the business of the hotel.
C．It involved Pullman turning ten jackscrews.
D．It separated the building from its foundation.

单项选择题

According to sociologists, there are several different ways in which a person may become recognized as the leader of a social group. In the family, traditional cultural patterns confer leadership on one or both of the parents. In other cases, such as friendship groups, one or more persons may gradually emerge as leaders, although there is no formal process of selection. In larger groups, leaders are usually chosen formally through election or recruitment. Although leaders are often thought to be people with unusual personal ability, decades of research have failed to produce consistent evidence that there is any category of " natural leaders ". It seems that there is no set of personal qualities that all leaders have in common: rather, virtually any person may be recognized as a leader if the person has qualities that meet the needs of that particular group. Research suggests that there are typically two different leadership roles that are held by different individuals. Instrumental leadership is leadership that emphasizes the completion of tasks by a social group. Group members look to instrumental leaders to "get things done". Expressive leadership, on the other hand, is leadership that emphasizes the collective well-beings of a social group’ s members. Expressive leaders are less concerned with the overall goals of the group than with providing emotional support to group members and attempting to minimize tension and conflict among them. Instrumental leaders are likely to have a rather secondary relationship to other group members. They give others tasks and may discipline group members who inhibit (阻碍) attainment of the group’ s goals. Expressive leaders cultivate a more personal or primary relationship to others in the group. They offer sympathy when someone experiences difficulties and try to resolve issues that threaten to divide the group. As the differences in these two roles suggest, expressive leaders generally receive more personal affection from group members: instrumental leaders, if they are successful in promoting group goals, may enjoy a more distant respect.The passage indicates that instrumental leaders generally focus on______.

A．ensuring harmonious relationships
B．sharing responsibility with group members
C．identifying new leaders
D．achieving a goal

单项选择题

How do you know if your home is an easy aim for thefts Around the holidays, many families don’ t consider taking proper measures to prevent their homes from suffering holiday thefts. With just a few simple steps, you can better make sure of the safety of your home during all of the holiday celebrations. Here are a few tips for making it difficult to tell you are away from home. Either have a trusted neighbor pick up your mail and newspapers, or tell your mailperson to hold your mail until you return. Nothing says " Hey, we are not home!" like when your postbox is filled with all kinds of mails and you have many different newspapers in your driveway. Set several different lights in your house on random timers. Don’ t leave your outdoor lights on all the time. Instead, put your outside lights on timers to be on during the nights. If an outdoor light remains on for days at a time, it means that nobody is home to turn it off. If you have pets that you are not taking with you on vacation, leave them with a friend, rather than having someone come into your house every day to take care of them. When thefts see a neighbor or friend entering your house every day, they will know you are not home. Close all your curtains when you leave town. This is effective to deter possible thefts, as no one can see what is in your house. If they don’ t know what is inside, then they are less likely to run the risk of breaking in. This article just has suggested a few tips to help you keep your house safe while you are on holiday. Nothing can truly protect your home unless you have it monitored by a professional home security system.If you are on holiday in other places, the lights in your house should______.

A．be lit in an irregular way
B．be kept on all the night
C．be replaced by random timers
D．be turned on only once one day

单项选择题

In its early history, Chicago had floods frequently, especially in the spring, making the streets so muddy that people, horses, and carts got stuck. An old joke that was popular at the time went something like this: A man is stuck up to his waist in a muddy Chicago street. Asked if he needs help, he replies, "No, thanks. I’ve got a good horse under me. " The city planner decided to build an underground drainage(排水) system, but there simply wasn’ t enough difference between the height of the ground level and the water level. The only two options were to lower the Chicago River or raise the city. An engineer named Ellis Chesbrough convinced the city that it had no choice but to build the pipes above ground and then cover them with dirt. This raised the level of the city’ s streets by as much as 12 feet. This of course created a new problem: dirt practically buried the first floors of every building in Chicago. Building owners were faced with a choice: either change the first floors of their buildings into basements, and the second stories into main floors, or hoist the entire buildings to meet the new street level. Small wood-frame buildings could be lifted fairly easily. But what about large, heavy structures like the Tremont Hotel, which was a six-story brick building That’s where George Pullman came in. He had developed some house-moving skills successfully. To lift a big structure like the Tremont Hotel, Pullman would place thousands of jackscrews (螺旋千斤顶) beneath the building’ s foundation. One man was assigned to operate each section of roughly 10 jackscrews. At Pullman’ s signal each man turned his jackscrew the same amount at the same time, thereby raising the building slowly and evenly. Astonishingly, the Tremont Hotel stay open during the entire operation, and many of its guests didn’ t even notice anything was happening. Some people like to say that every problem has a solution. But in Chicago’ s early history, every engineering solution seemed to create a new problem. Now that Chicago’ s waste water was draining efficiently into the Chicago River, the city’ s next step was to clean the polluted river.The passage is mainly about the early Chicago’s______.

单项选择题

How do you know if your home is an easy aim for thefts Around the holidays, many families don’ t consider taking proper measures to prevent their homes from suffering holiday thefts. With just a few simple steps, you can better make sure of the safety of your home during all of the holiday celebrations. Here are a few tips for making it difficult to tell you are away from home. Either have a trusted neighbor pick up your mail and newspapers, or tell your mailperson to hold your mail until you return. Nothing says " Hey, we are not home!" like when your postbox is filled with all kinds of mails and you have many different newspapers in your driveway. Set several different lights in your house on random timers. Don’ t leave your outdoor lights on all the time. Instead, put your outside lights on timers to be on during the nights. If an outdoor light remains on for days at a time, it means that nobody is home to turn it off. If you have pets that you are not taking with you on vacation, leave them with a friend, rather than having someone come into your house every day to take care of them. When thefts see a neighbor or friend entering your house every day, they will know you are not home. Close all your curtains when you leave town. This is effective to deter possible thefts, as no one can see what is in your house. If they don’ t know what is inside, then they are less likely to run the risk of breaking in. This article just has suggested a few tips to help you keep your house safe while you are on holiday. Nothing can truly protect your home unless you have it monitored by a professional home security system.To make your home well protected, what does the writer advise you to do

A．Have all the curtains closed.
B．Stop your mail service at once.
C．Turn to your close neighbors or friends.
D．Equip your home with security system.

单项选择题

How do you know if your home is an easy aim for thefts Around the holidays, many families don’ t consider taking proper measures to prevent their homes from suffering holiday thefts. With just a few simple steps, you can better make sure of the safety of your home during all of the holiday celebrations. Here are a few tips for making it difficult to tell you are away from home. Either have a trusted neighbor pick up your mail and newspapers, or tell your mailperson to hold your mail until you return. Nothing says " Hey, we are not home!" like when your postbox is filled with all kinds of mails and you have many different newspapers in your driveway. Set several different lights in your house on random timers. Don’ t leave your outdoor lights on all the time. Instead, put your outside lights on timers to be on during the nights. If an outdoor light remains on for days at a time, it means that nobody is home to turn it off. If you have pets that you are not taking with you on vacation, leave them with a friend, rather than having someone come into your house every day to take care of them. When thefts see a neighbor or friend entering your house every day, they will know you are not home. Close all your curtains when you leave town. This is effective to deter possible thefts, as no one can see what is in your house. If they don’ t know what is inside, then they are less likely to run the risk of breaking in. This article just has suggested a few tips to help you keep your house safe while you are on holiday. Nothing can truly protect your home unless you have it monitored by a professional home security system.Most of the tips mentioned in the text seem to______.

单项选择题

Chokwe Selassie is on a mission to help drivers avoid potholes (路面坑洼). The eighth-grader was inspired to kick off his mission on a recent morning, when his mother was driving him to school. Their car was damaged as it went over a huge pothole in the middle of the street in their hometown of Jackson, Mississippi. "I decided I was going to do something about the pothole problem in my city," Chokwe says. His solution: an app that warns drivers when there is a pothole ahead. Chokwe developed the app with his friends Rodriguez Ratliff and Emmanuel Brooks. " When the app detects a pothole, it is highlighted(突出显示)in red," Chokwe says. "And if you get close to the pothole, your phone will warn you. " Drivers can also use the app to report any potholes they encounter, and to look for other routes they can take to avoid roads that have them. The app relies on current available information about the streets of Jackson. " It works by using the city’ s 311 call system, so it uses information already stored in a database," Chokwe says. Through the call system, citizens dial 3-1-1 to report non-emergency problems—which include potholes. Chokwe and his friends determined that focusing on the 10 busiest streets in Jackson would give them a large enough sample size to test the prototype (原型). Although the app isn’ t yet available for sale, Chokwe is already looking for ways to improve it. The prototype remains limited to 10 streets in Jackson, but he hopes to add more, so that it includes every street in the city. And then he wants to go even farther. "I want to keep working on the app until it’s nationwide," Chokwe says.Which of the following is the best title for the passage

A．A Solution to Traffic Jams
B．An App to Detect Potholes
C．Pothole Problems in Big Cities
D．Poor Road Conditions

单项选择题

How do you know if your home is an easy aim for thefts Around the holidays, many families don’ t consider taking proper measures to prevent their homes from suffering holiday thefts. With just a few simple steps, you can better make sure of the safety of your home during all of the holiday celebrations. Here are a few tips for making it difficult to tell you are away from home. Either have a trusted neighbor pick up your mail and newspapers, or tell your mailperson to hold your mail until you return. Nothing says " Hey, we are not home!" like when your postbox is filled with all kinds of mails and you have many different newspapers in your driveway. Set several different lights in your house on random timers. Don’ t leave your outdoor lights on all the time. Instead, put your outside lights on timers to be on during the nights. If an outdoor light remains on for days at a time, it means that nobody is home to turn it off. If you have pets that you are not taking with you on vacation, leave them with a friend, rather than having someone come into your house every day to take care of them. When thefts see a neighbor or friend entering your house every day, they will know you are not home. Close all your curtains when you leave town. This is effective to deter possible thefts, as no one can see what is in your house. If they don’ t know what is inside, then they are less likely to run the risk of breaking in. This article just has suggested a few tips to help you keep your house safe while you are on holiday. Nothing can truly protect your home unless you have it monitored by a professional home security system.The underlined word "deter" probably means "______".

A．discover
B．discourage
C．surprise
D．attract

单项选择题

Chokwe Selassie is on a mission to help drivers avoid potholes (路面坑洼). The eighth-grader was inspired to kick off his mission on a recent morning, when his mother was driving him to school. Their car was damaged as it went over a huge pothole in the middle of the street in their hometown of Jackson, Mississippi. "I decided I was going to do something about the pothole problem in my city," Chokwe says. His solution: an app that warns drivers when there is a pothole ahead. Chokwe developed the app with his friends Rodriguez Ratliff and Emmanuel Brooks. " When the app detects a pothole, it is highlighted(突出显示)in red," Chokwe says. "And if you get close to the pothole, your phone will warn you. " Drivers can also use the app to report any potholes they encounter, and to look for other routes they can take to avoid roads that have them. The app relies on current available information about the streets of Jackson. " It works by using the city’ s 311 call system, so it uses information already stored in a database," Chokwe says. Through the call system, citizens dial 3-1-1 to report non-emergency problems—which include potholes. Chokwe and his friends determined that focusing on the 10 busiest streets in Jackson would give them a large enough sample size to test the prototype (原型). Although the app isn’ t yet available for sale, Chokwe is already looking for ways to improve it. The prototype remains limited to 10 streets in Jackson, but he hopes to add more, so that it includes every street in the city. And then he wants to go even farther. "I want to keep working on the app until it’s nationwide," Chokwe says.The phrase "kick off" in Paragraph 1 is closest in meaning to______.

A．leave
B．invent
C．begin
D．shift

单项选择题

Chokwe Selassie is on a mission to help drivers avoid potholes (路面坑洼). The eighth-grader was inspired to kick off his mission on a recent morning, when his mother was driving him to school. Their car was damaged as it went over a huge pothole in the middle of the street in their hometown of Jackson, Mississippi. "I decided I was going to do something about the pothole problem in my city," Chokwe says. His solution: an app that warns drivers when there is a pothole ahead. Chokwe developed the app with his friends Rodriguez Ratliff and Emmanuel Brooks. " When the app detects a pothole, it is highlighted(突出显示)in red," Chokwe says. "And if you get close to the pothole, your phone will warn you. " Drivers can also use the app to report any potholes they encounter, and to look for other routes they can take to avoid roads that have them. The app relies on current available information about the streets of Jackson. " It works by using the city’ s 311 call system, so it uses information already stored in a database," Chokwe says. Through the call system, citizens dial 3-1-1 to report non-emergency problems—which include potholes. Chokwe and his friends determined that focusing on the 10 busiest streets in Jackson would give them a large enough sample size to test the prototype (原型). Although the app isn’ t yet available for sale, Chokwe is already looking for ways to improve it. The prototype remains limited to 10 streets in Jackson, but he hopes to add more, so that it includes every street in the city. And then he wants to go even farther. "I want to keep working on the app until it’s nationwide," Chokwe says.People use the 311 call system to report______.

A．emergencies
B．terrorist attacks
C．non-emergencies
D．child abuse

单项选择题

Chokwe Selassie is on a mission to help drivers avoid potholes (路面坑洼). The eighth-grader was inspired to kick off his mission on a recent morning, when his mother was driving him to school. Their car was damaged as it went over a huge pothole in the middle of the street in their hometown of Jackson, Mississippi. "I decided I was going to do something about the pothole problem in my city," Chokwe says. His solution: an app that warns drivers when there is a pothole ahead. Chokwe developed the app with his friends Rodriguez Ratliff and Emmanuel Brooks. " When the app detects a pothole, it is highlighted(突出显示)in red," Chokwe says. "And if you get close to the pothole, your phone will warn you. " Drivers can also use the app to report any potholes they encounter, and to look for other routes they can take to avoid roads that have them. The app relies on current available information about the streets of Jackson. " It works by using the city’ s 311 call system, so it uses information already stored in a database," Chokwe says. Through the call system, citizens dial 3-1-1 to report non-emergency problems—which include potholes. Chokwe and his friends determined that focusing on the 10 busiest streets in Jackson would give them a large enough sample size to test the prototype (原型). Although the app isn’ t yet available for sale, Chokwe is already looking for ways to improve it. The prototype remains limited to 10 streets in Jackson, but he hopes to add more, so that it includes every street in the city. And then he wants to go even farther. "I want to keep working on the app until it’s nationwide," Chokwe says.The prototype focuses on______streets in Jackson.

A．10
B．15
C．20
D．25

单项选择题

Chokwe Selassie is on a mission to help drivers avoid potholes (路面坑洼). The eighth-grader was inspired to kick off his mission on a recent morning, when his mother was driving him to school. Their car was damaged as it went over a huge pothole in the middle of the street in their hometown of Jackson, Mississippi. "I decided I was going to do something about the pothole problem in my city," Chokwe says. His solution: an app that warns drivers when there is a pothole ahead. Chokwe developed the app with his friends Rodriguez Ratliff and Emmanuel Brooks. " When the app detects a pothole, it is highlighted(突出显示)in red," Chokwe says. "And if you get close to the pothole, your phone will warn you. " Drivers can also use the app to report any potholes they encounter, and to look for other routes they can take to avoid roads that have them. The app relies on current available information about the streets of Jackson. " It works by using the city’ s 311 call system, so it uses information already stored in a database," Chokwe says. Through the call system, citizens dial 3-1-1 to report non-emergency problems—which include potholes. Chokwe and his friends determined that focusing on the 10 busiest streets in Jackson would give them a large enough sample size to test the prototype (原型). Although the app isn’ t yet available for sale, Chokwe is already looking for ways to improve it. The prototype remains limited to 10 streets in Jackson, but he hopes to add more, so that it includes every street in the city. And then he wants to go even farther. "I want to keep working on the app until it’s nationwide," Chokwe says.According to the passage, which of the following statements is TRUE

A．Chokwe developed the app all by himself.
B．People can buy this app from the online store.
C．His mother’ s car was once damaged ever a pothole.
D．The app works by using the city’ s 911 call system.

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