专业英语八级题库_大学英语题库

填空题

All social animals communicate with each other, from bees and
ants to whales and apes, but only humans have developed a
language which is more than a set of prearranged signals. Our
speech even differs in a physical way of the communication of other 1
animals. It comes from a cortical speech centre which does not
respond instinctively, and organises sound and meaning on a 2
rational basis. This section of the brain is unique to humans. When
and how the special talent of language developed are impossible to 3
say. But it is generally assumed that its evolution must have been a
long process. Our ancestors were probably saying a million years 4
ago, but with a slower delivery, a smaller vocabulary and above all
a simple grammar than we are accustomed to. 5
The origins of human language will perhaps remain forever
obscurely. By contrast the origin of individual languages has been 6
the subject of very precise study over the past two centuries.
There are about 5,000 languages spoken in the world today (a
third of them in Africa), but scholars group them together into
relatively a few families—probably less than twenty. Languages are 7
linked to each other by sharing words or sounds or grammatical 8
constructions. The theory is that the members of each linguistic
group have descended one language, a common ancestor. In many 9
cases that original language is judged by the experts to have been
spoken in surprisingly recent time—as little as a few thousand years 10
ago.

答案：第一个of—from[解析] 介词误用。该句意为“我们的语言甚至从生理的角度来讲都不同于其他动物的沟通方式。”diffe...

填空题

The question of whether languages shape the way we think
go back centuries; Charlemagne proclaimed that "to have a second 21
language is to have a second soul". But the idea went out of favor to 22
scientists when Noam Chomsky"s theories of language gained
popularity in the 1960s and 1970s. Dr. Chomsky proposed that
there was a universal grammar for all human languages—essentially, 23
that languages don"t really differ from one another in significant
ways. And because languages didn"t differ from one another, the
theory went, it made none sense to ask whether linguistic differences 24
led to differences in thinking.
The search for the linguistic universals yielded interesting 25
data on languages, and after decades of work, not a single 26
proposing universal has withstood scrutiny. Instead, as linguists 27
probed deeper into the world"s languages (7,000 or so, only a
fraction of them analyzed), innumerable predictable differences 28
emerged.
Of course, just because people talk differently doesn"t
necessarily mean they think differently. In the past decade,
cognitive scientists have begun to measure not just how people talk,
also how they think, asking whether our understanding of even such 29
fundamental domains of experience that space, time and causality 30
could be constructed by language.

答案： go—goes[解析] 主谓不一致。此处意为“语言是否会影响我们的思维方式这一问题早在几个世纪前就被提出来了”。该句主语...

填空题

Early anthropologists, following the theory that words
determine thought, believed that language and its strueture were
entirely dependent on the cultural context which they existed. This 11
was a logical extension of whatever is termed the Standard Social 12
Science Model, which views the human mind as an indefinite 13
malleable structure capable of absorbing any sort of culture without
constraints from genetic or neurological factors.
In this vein, anthropologist Verne Ray conducted a study in the
1950s, given color samples to different American Indian tribes and 14
asking them to give the names of the colors. He concluded that the
spectrum we see it as "green", "yellow", etc. was an entirely 15
arbitrary division, and each culture divided the spectrum
separately. According to that hypothesis, the divisions seen between 16
colors are a consequence of the language we learn, and do not
correspond with divisions in the natural world. A similar hypothesis 17
is upheld in the extremely popular meme of Eskimo words for
snow—common stories vary from fifty to downwards of two hundred. 18
Extreme cultural relativism of this type has now been clearly
refuted. Eskimos use at most twelve different words for snow, which
is not much more than English speakers and should be expected 19
since they exist in a cold climate. The color-relativity hypothesis
have now been completely debunked by more careful, thorough, and 20
systematic studies which show a remarkable similarity between the
ways in which different cultures divide the spectrum.

答案： ∧which—in[解析] 介词缺失。该句意为“……语言及其结构完全取决于它们生存的环境……。”此处为定语从句，先行词是...

填空题

All social animals communicate with each other, from bees and
ants to whales and apes, but only humans have developed a
language which is more than a set of prearranged signals. Our
speech even differs in a physical way of the communication of other 1
animals. It comes from a cortical speech centre which does not
respond instinctively, and organises sound and meaning on a 2
rational basis. This section of the brain is unique to humans. When
and how the special talent of language developed are impossible to 3
say. But it is generally assumed that its evolution must have been a
long process. Our ancestors were probably saying a million years 4
ago, but with a slower delivery, a smaller vocabulary and above all
a simple grammar than we are accustomed to. 5
The origins of human language will perhaps remain forever
obscurely. By contrast the origin of individual languages has been 6
the subject of very precise study over the past two centuries.
There are about 5,000 languages spoken in the world today (a
third of them in Africa), but scholars group them together into
relatively a few families—probably less than twenty. Languages are 7
linked to each other by sharing words or sounds or grammatical 8
constructions. The theory is that the members of each linguistic
group have descended one language, a common ancestor. In many 9
cases that original language is judged by the experts to have been
spoken in surprisingly recent time—as little as a few thousand years 10
ago.

答案：第一个and—but[解析] 连词误用。该句意为“它来自于一个皮质语言中心，这个语言中心并不能做出本能的反应，但是却能以...

填空题

Language and culture are not fundamentally inseparable. At
the most basic level, language is a method of expressing ideas. That
is, language is communication; while usually verbal, language can
also be visual (via signs and symbols), or semiotics (via hand or
body gestures). Culture, on the other hand, is a special set of 31
ideas, practices, customs and beliefs which make up a functioning
society as distinct.
A culture must have at most one language, which it uses as a 32
distinct media of communication to convey its defining ideas, 33
customs, beliefs, et al., from one member of the culture to any 34
member. Cultures can develop multiple languages, or "borrow"
languages from other cultures to use; not all of such languages are 35
co-equal in the culture. One of the major defining characteristics of
culture is which language is the primary means of communication in 36
that culture; sociologists and anthropologists draw lines among 37
similar cultures heavily based on the prevalent language usage.
Languages, on the other hand, can be developed (or evolve)
apart from its originated culture. Certain language has scope for 38
cross-cultural adaptations and communication, and may not actually
be part of some culture. Additionally, many languages are used by 39
different cultures (that is, the same language can be used in several
cultures).
Language is heavily influenced by culture—as cultures come
out with new ideas, they develop language components to express 40
those ideas. The reverse is also true: the limits of a language can
define what is expressible in a culture (that is, the limits of a
language can prevent certain concepts from being part of a culture).

答案： special—specific[解析] 词义混淆。该句意思是“另一方面，文化是由理念、惯例、习俗、信仰等共同组建的特定...

填空题

Early anthropologists, following the theory that words
determine thought, believed that language and its strueture were
entirely dependent on the cultural context which they existed. This 11
was a logical extension of whatever is termed the Standard Social 12
Science Model, which views the human mind as an indefinite 13
malleable structure capable of absorbing any sort of culture without
constraints from genetic or neurological factors.
In this vein, anthropologist Verne Ray conducted a study in the
1950s, given color samples to different American Indian tribes and 14
asking them to give the names of the colors. He concluded that the
spectrum we see it as "green", "yellow", etc. was an entirely 15
arbitrary division, and each culture divided the spectrum
separately. According to that hypothesis, the divisions seen between 16
colors are a consequence of the language we learn, and do not
correspond with divisions in the natural world. A similar hypothesis 17
is upheld in the extremely popular meme of Eskimo words for
snow—common stories vary from fifty to downwards of two hundred. 18
Extreme cultural relativism of this type has now been clearly
refuted. Eskimos use at most twelve different words for snow, which
is not much more than English speakers and should be expected 19
since they exist in a cold climate. The color-relativity hypothesis
have now been completely debunked by more careful, thorough, and 20
systematic studies which show a remarkable similarity between the
ways in which different cultures divide the spectrum.

答案： whatever—what[解析] 从句关系代词误用。该句意为“这是对被称为标准社会科学模式的合理延伸……。”此处of后...

填空题

All social animals communicate with each other, from bees and
ants to whales and apes, but only humans have developed a
language which is more than a set of prearranged signals. Our
speech even differs in a physical way of the communication of other 1
animals. It comes from a cortical speech centre which does not
respond instinctively, and organises sound and meaning on a 2
rational basis. This section of the brain is unique to humans. When
and how the special talent of language developed are impossible to 3
say. But it is generally assumed that its evolution must have been a
long process. Our ancestors were probably saying a million years 4
ago, but with a slower delivery, a smaller vocabulary and above all
a simple grammar than we are accustomed to. 5
The origins of human language will perhaps remain forever
obscurely. By contrast the origin of individual languages has been 6
the subject of very precise study over the past two centuries.
There are about 5,000 languages spoken in the world today (a
third of them in Africa), but scholars group them together into
relatively a few families—probably less than twenty. Languages are 7
linked to each other by sharing words or sounds or grammatical 8
constructions. The theory is that the members of each linguistic
group have descended one language, a common ancestor. In many 9
cases that original language is judged by the experts to have been
spoken in surprisingly recent time—as little as a few thousand years 10
ago.

答案： are—is[解析] 主谓不一致。该句意为“仍然无法说明这种特殊的语言能力是何时以及如何发展的。”该句的主语为when ...

填空题

The question of whether languages shape the way we think
go back centuries; Charlemagne proclaimed that "to have a second 21
language is to have a second soul". But the idea went out of favor to 22
scientists when Noam Chomsky"s theories of language gained
popularity in the 1960s and 1970s. Dr. Chomsky proposed that
there was a universal grammar for all human languages—essentially, 23
that languages don"t really differ from one another in significant
ways. And because languages didn"t differ from one another, the
theory went, it made none sense to ask whether linguistic differences 24
led to differences in thinking.
The search for the linguistic universals yielded interesting 25
data on languages, and after decades of work, not a single 26
proposing universal has withstood scrutiny. Instead, as linguists 27
probed deeper into the world"s languages (7,000 or so, only a
fraction of them analyzed), innumerable predictable differences 28
emerged.
Of course, just because people talk differently doesn"t
necessarily mean they think differently. In the past decade,
cognitive scientists have begun to measure not just how people talk,
also how they think, asking whether our understanding of even such 29
fundamental domains of experience that space, time and causality 30
could be constructed by language.

答案：第二个to—with[解析] 介词误用。此处意为“但是这一观点并不受科学家们的欢迎”。go out of favor w...

填空题

Language and culture are not fundamentally inseparable. At
the most basic level, language is a method of expressing ideas. That
is, language is communication; while usually verbal, language can
also be visual (via signs and symbols), or semiotics (via hand or
body gestures). Culture, on the other hand, is a special set of 31
ideas, practices, customs and beliefs which make up a functioning
society as distinct.
A culture must have at most one language, which it uses as a 32
distinct media of communication to convey its defining ideas, 33
customs, beliefs, et al., from one member of the culture to any 34
member. Cultures can develop multiple languages, or "borrow"
languages from other cultures to use; not all of such languages are 35
co-equal in the culture. One of the major defining characteristics of
culture is which language is the primary means of communication in 36
that culture; sociologists and anthropologists draw lines among 37
similar cultures heavily based on the prevalent language usage.
Languages, on the other hand, can be developed (or evolve)
apart from its originated culture. Certain language has scope for 38
cross-cultural adaptations and communication, and may not actually
be part of some culture. Additionally, many languages are used by 39
different cultures (that is, the same language can be used in several
cultures).
Language is heavily influenced by culture—as cultures come
out with new ideas, they develop language components to express 40
those ideas. The reverse is also true: the limits of a language can
define what is expressible in a culture (that is, the limits of a
language can prevent certain concepts from being part of a culture).

答案： most—least[解析] 语义错误。该句意思是“一种文化至少有一种语言……。”因此将most改为least。

填空题

Early anthropologists, following the theory that words
determine thought, believed that language and its strueture were
entirely dependent on the cultural context which they existed. This 11
was a logical extension of whatever is termed the Standard Social 12
Science Model, which views the human mind as an indefinite 13
malleable structure capable of absorbing any sort of culture without
constraints from genetic or neurological factors.
In this vein, anthropologist Verne Ray conducted a study in the
1950s, given color samples to different American Indian tribes and 14
asking them to give the names of the colors. He concluded that the
spectrum we see it as "green", "yellow", etc. was an entirely 15
arbitrary division, and each culture divided the spectrum
separately. According to that hypothesis, the divisions seen between 16
colors are a consequence of the language we learn, and do not
correspond with divisions in the natural world. A similar hypothesis 17
is upheld in the extremely popular meme of Eskimo words for
snow—common stories vary from fifty to downwards of two hundred. 18
Extreme cultural relativism of this type has now been clearly
refuted. Eskimos use at most twelve different words for snow, which
is not much more than English speakers and should be expected 19
since they exist in a cold climate. The color-relativity hypothesis
have now been completely debunked by more careful, thorough, and 20
systematic studies which show a remarkable similarity between the
ways in which different cultures divide the spectrum.

答案： indefinite—indefinitely[解析] 词性混用。该句意为“……它把人类的思想视为一种可被无限塑造的结构...

填空题

All social animals communicate with each other, from bees and
ants to whales and apes, but only humans have developed a
language which is more than a set of prearranged signals. Our
speech even differs in a physical way of the communication of other 1
animals. It comes from a cortical speech centre which does not
respond instinctively, and organises sound and meaning on a 2
rational basis. This section of the brain is unique to humans. When
and how the special talent of language developed are impossible to 3
say. But it is generally assumed that its evolution must have been a
long process. Our ancestors were probably saying a million years 4
ago, but with a slower delivery, a smaller vocabulary and above all
a simple grammar than we are accustomed to. 5
The origins of human language will perhaps remain forever
obscurely. By contrast the origin of individual languages has been 6
the subject of very precise study over the past two centuries.
There are about 5,000 languages spoken in the world today (a
third of them in Africa), but scholars group them together into
relatively a few families—probably less than twenty. Languages are 7
linked to each other by sharing words or sounds or grammatical 8
constructions. The theory is that the members of each linguistic
group have descended one language, a common ancestor. In many 9
cases that original language is judged by the experts to have been
spoken in surprisingly recent time—as little as a few thousand years 10
ago.

答案： saying—speaking[解析] 近义词误用。该句意为“我们的祖先也许在100万年前就说话了……。”say和spe...

填空题

The question of whether languages shape the way we think
go back centuries; Charlemagne proclaimed that "to have a second 21
language is to have a second soul". But the idea went out of favor to 22
scientists when Noam Chomsky"s theories of language gained
popularity in the 1960s and 1970s. Dr. Chomsky proposed that
there was a universal grammar for all human languages—essentially, 23
that languages don"t really differ from one another in significant
ways. And because languages didn"t differ from one another, the
theory went, it made none sense to ask whether linguistic differences 24
led to differences in thinking.
The search for the linguistic universals yielded interesting 25
data on languages, and after decades of work, not a single 26
proposing universal has withstood scrutiny. Instead, as linguists 27
probed deeper into the world"s languages (7,000 or so, only a
fraction of them analyzed), innumerable predictable differences 28
emerged.
Of course, just because people talk differently doesn"t
necessarily mean they think differently. In the past decade,
cognitive scientists have begun to measure not just how people talk,
also how they think, asking whether our understanding of even such 29
fundamental domains of experience that space, time and causality 30
could be constructed by language.

答案： was—is[解析] 时态错误。此处意为“乔姆斯基博士提出，所有的人类语言都有一个共同的语法体系”。由于宾语从句表述的是...

填空题

Early anthropologists, following the theory that words
determine thought, believed that language and its strueture were
entirely dependent on the cultural context which they existed. This 11
was a logical extension of whatever is termed the Standard Social 12
Science Model, which views the human mind as an indefinite 13
malleable structure capable of absorbing any sort of culture without
constraints from genetic or neurological factors.
In this vein, anthropologist Verne Ray conducted a study in the
1950s, given color samples to different American Indian tribes and 14
asking them to give the names of the colors. He concluded that the
spectrum we see it as "green", "yellow", etc. was an entirely 15
arbitrary division, and each culture divided the spectrum
separately. According to that hypothesis, the divisions seen between 16
colors are a consequence of the language we learn, and do not
correspond with divisions in the natural world. A similar hypothesis 17
is upheld in the extremely popular meme of Eskimo words for
snow—common stories vary from fifty to downwards of two hundred. 18
Extreme cultural relativism of this type has now been clearly
refuted. Eskimos use at most twelve different words for snow, which
is not much more than English speakers and should be expected 19
since they exist in a cold climate. The color-relativity hypothesis
have now been completely debunked by more careful, thorough, and 20
systematic studies which show a remarkable similarity between the
ways in which different cultures divide the spectrum.

答案： given—giving[解析] 非谓语动词误用。该句意为“人类学家凡尔纳·雷在20世纪50年代进行了一项研究，他给不同...

填空题

Language and culture are not fundamentally inseparable. At
the most basic level, language is a method of expressing ideas. That
is, language is communication; while usually verbal, language can
also be visual (via signs and symbols), or semiotics (via hand or
body gestures). Culture, on the other hand, is a special set of 31
ideas, practices, customs and beliefs which make up a functioning
society as distinct.
A culture must have at most one language, which it uses as a 32
distinct media of communication to convey its defining ideas, 33
customs, beliefs, et al., from one member of the culture to any 34
member. Cultures can develop multiple languages, or "borrow"
languages from other cultures to use; not all of such languages are 35
co-equal in the culture. One of the major defining characteristics of
culture is which language is the primary means of communication in 36
that culture; sociologists and anthropologists draw lines among 37
similar cultures heavily based on the prevalent language usage.
Languages, on the other hand, can be developed (or evolve)
apart from its originated culture. Certain language has scope for 38
cross-cultural adaptations and communication, and may not actually
be part of some culture. Additionally, many languages are used by 39
different cultures (that is, the same language can be used in several
cultures).
Language is heavily influenced by culture—as cultures come
out with new ideas, they develop language components to express 40
those ideas. The reverse is also true: the limits of a language can
define what is expressible in a culture (that is, the limits of a
language can prevent certain concepts from being part of a culture).

答案： media—medium[解析] 名词单复数错误。该句意思是“……它用之作为一种不同的沟通媒介……。”由于前面有不定冠词...

填空题

All social animals communicate with each other, from bees and
ants to whales and apes, but only humans have developed a
language which is more than a set of prearranged signals. Our
speech even differs in a physical way of the communication of other 1
animals. It comes from a cortical speech centre which does not
respond instinctively, and organises sound and meaning on a 2
rational basis. This section of the brain is unique to humans. When
and how the special talent of language developed are impossible to 3
say. But it is generally assumed that its evolution must have been a
long process. Our ancestors were probably saying a million years 4
ago, but with a slower delivery, a smaller vocabulary and above all
a simple grammar than we are accustomed to. 5
The origins of human language will perhaps remain forever
obscurely. By contrast the origin of individual languages has been 6
the subject of very precise study over the past two centuries.
There are about 5,000 languages spoken in the world today (a
third of them in Africa), but scholars group them together into
relatively a few families—probably less than twenty. Languages are 7
linked to each other by sharing words or sounds or grammatical 8
constructions. The theory is that the members of each linguistic
group have descended one language, a common ancestor. In many 9
cases that original language is judged by the experts to have been
spoken in surprisingly recent time—as little as a few thousand years 10
ago.

答案： simple—simpler[解析] 形容词比较级错误。该句意为“……更小的词汇量和更简单的语法……。”由于前面smal...

填空题

All social animals communicate with each other, from bees and
ants to whales and apes, but only humans have developed a
language which is more than a set of prearranged signals. Our
speech even differs in a physical way of the communication of other 1
animals. It comes from a cortical speech centre which does not
respond instinctively, and organises sound and meaning on a 2
rational basis. This section of the brain is unique to humans. When
and how the special talent of language developed are impossible to 3
say. But it is generally assumed that its evolution must have been a
long process. Our ancestors were probably saying a million years 4
ago, but with a slower delivery, a smaller vocabulary and above all
a simple grammar than we are accustomed to. 5
The origins of human language will perhaps remain forever
obscurely. By contrast the origin of individual languages has been 6
the subject of very precise study over the past two centuries.
There are about 5,000 languages spoken in the world today (a
third of them in Africa), but scholars group them together into
relatively a few families—probably less than twenty. Languages are 7
linked to each other by sharing words or sounds or grammatical 8
constructions. The theory is that the members of each linguistic
group have descended one language, a common ancestor. In many 9
cases that original language is judged by the experts to have been
spoken in surprisingly recent time—as little as a few thousand years 10
ago.

答案： obscurely—obscure[解析] 词性混用。该句意为“人类语言的起源问题或许将永远保持不明朗的状态。”rema...

填空题

Language and culture are not fundamentally inseparable. At
the most basic level, language is a method of expressing ideas. That
is, language is communication; while usually verbal, language can
also be visual (via signs and symbols), or semiotics (via hand or
body gestures). Culture, on the other hand, is a special set of 31
ideas, practices, customs and beliefs which make up a functioning
society as distinct.
A culture must have at most one language, which it uses as a 32
distinct media of communication to convey its defining ideas, 33
customs, beliefs, et al., from one member of the culture to any 34
member. Cultures can develop multiple languages, or "borrow"
languages from other cultures to use; not all of such languages are 35
co-equal in the culture. One of the major defining characteristics of
culture is which language is the primary means of communication in 36
that culture; sociologists and anthropologists draw lines among 37
similar cultures heavily based on the prevalent language usage.
Languages, on the other hand, can be developed (or evolve)
apart from its originated culture. Certain language has scope for 38
cross-cultural adaptations and communication, and may not actually
be part of some culture. Additionally, many languages are used by 39
different cultures (that is, the same language can be used in several
cultures).
Language is heavily influenced by culture—as cultures come
out with new ideas, they develop language components to express 40
those ideas. The reverse is also true: the limits of a language can
define what is expressible in a culture (that is, the limits of a
language can prevent certain concepts from being part of a culture).

答案： any—another[解析] 代词误用。该句意思是“……从一种文化中的一者到另一者……。”one...another为...

填空题

The question of whether languages shape the way we think
go back centuries; Charlemagne proclaimed that "to have a second 21
language is to have a second soul". But the idea went out of favor to 22
scientists when Noam Chomsky"s theories of language gained
popularity in the 1960s and 1970s. Dr. Chomsky proposed that
there was a universal grammar for all human languages—essentially, 23
that languages don"t really differ from one another in significant
ways. And because languages didn"t differ from one another, the
theory went, it made none sense to ask whether linguistic differences 24
led to differences in thinking.
The search for the linguistic universals yielded interesting 25
data on languages, and after decades of work, not a single 26
proposing universal has withstood scrutiny. Instead, as linguists 27
probed deeper into the world"s languages (7,000 or so, only a
fraction of them analyzed), innumerable predictable differences 28
emerged.
Of course, just because people talk differently doesn"t
necessarily mean they think differently. In the past decade,
cognitive scientists have begun to measure not just how people talk,
also how they think, asking whether our understanding of even such 29
fundamental domains of experience that space, time and causality 30
could be constructed by language.

答案： none—no[解析] 代词误用。此处意为“研究语言差异是否会导致思维方式差异是毫无意义的”。make no sense...

填空题

Early anthropologists, following the theory that words
determine thought, believed that language and its strueture were
entirely dependent on the cultural context which they existed. This 11
was a logical extension of whatever is termed the Standard Social 12
Science Model, which views the human mind as an indefinite 13
malleable structure capable of absorbing any sort of culture without
constraints from genetic or neurological factors.
In this vein, anthropologist Verne Ray conducted a study in the
1950s, given color samples to different American Indian tribes and 14
asking them to give the names of the colors. He concluded that the
spectrum we see it as "green", "yellow", etc. was an entirely 15
arbitrary division, and each culture divided the spectrum
separately. According to that hypothesis, the divisions seen between 16
colors are a consequence of the language we learn, and do not
correspond with divisions in the natural world. A similar hypothesis 17
is upheld in the extremely popular meme of Eskimo words for
snow—common stories vary from fifty to downwards of two hundred. 18
Extreme cultural relativism of this type has now been clearly
refuted. Eskimos use at most twelve different words for snow, which
is not much more than English speakers and should be expected 19
since they exist in a cold climate. The color-relativity hypothesis
have now been completely debunked by more careful, thorough, and 20
systematic studies which show a remarkable similarity between the
ways in which different cultures divide the spectrum.

答案： it—in[解析] 代词冗余。该句意为“他得出的结论是我们视为绿色、黄色等的光谱……。”该处为定语...

填空题

All social animals communicate with each other, from bees and
ants to whales and apes, but only humans have developed a
language which is more than a set of prearranged signals. Our
speech even differs in a physical way of the communication of other 1
animals. It comes from a cortical speech centre which does not
respond instinctively, and organises sound and meaning on a 2
rational basis. This section of the brain is unique to humans. When
and how the special talent of language developed are impossible to 3
say. But it is generally assumed that its evolution must have been a
long process. Our ancestors were probably saying a million years 4
ago, but with a slower delivery, a smaller vocabulary and above all
a simple grammar than we are accustomed to. 5
The origins of human language will perhaps remain forever
obscurely. By contrast the origin of individual languages has been 6
the subject of very precise study over the past two centuries.
There are about 5,000 languages spoken in the world today (a
third of them in Africa), but scholars group them together into
relatively a few families—probably less than twenty. Languages are 7
linked to each other by sharing words or sounds or grammatical 8
constructions. The theory is that the members of each linguistic
group have descended one language, a common ancestor. In many 9
cases that original language is judged by the experts to have been
spoken in surprisingly recent time—as little as a few thousand years 10
ago.

答案： a—a[解析] 冠词冗余。该句意为“……然而学者们将它们分为相对较少的种类……。”由relativ...

填空题

Language and culture are not fundamentally inseparable. At
the most basic level, language is a method of expressing ideas. That
is, language is communication; while usually verbal, language can
also be visual (via signs and symbols), or semiotics (via hand or
body gestures). Culture, on the other hand, is a special set of 31
ideas, practices, customs and beliefs which make up a functioning
society as distinct.
A culture must have at most one language, which it uses as a 32
distinct media of communication to convey its defining ideas, 33
customs, beliefs, et al., from one member of the culture to any 34
member. Cultures can develop multiple languages, or "borrow"
languages from other cultures to use; not all of such languages are 35
co-equal in the culture. One of the major defining characteristics of
culture is which language is the primary means of communication in 36
that culture; sociologists and anthropologists draw lines among 37
similar cultures heavily based on the prevalent language usage.
Languages, on the other hand, can be developed (or evolve)
apart from its originated culture. Certain language has scope for 38
cross-cultural adaptations and communication, and may not actually
be part of some culture. Additionally, many languages are used by 39
different cultures (that is, the same language can be used in several
cultures).
Language is heavily influenced by culture—as cultures come
out with new ideas, they develop language components to express 40
those ideas. The reverse is also true: the limits of a language can
define what is expressible in a culture (that is, the limits of a
language can prevent certain concepts from being part of a culture).

答案： of—of[解析] 介词冗余。该句意思是“……并不是所有的这些语言在该文化中都是均等的”。all后...

填空题

Early anthropologists, following the theory that words
determine thought, believed that language and its strueture were
entirely dependent on the cultural context which they existed. This 11
was a logical extension of whatever is termed the Standard Social 12
Science Model, which views the human mind as an indefinite 13
malleable structure capable of absorbing any sort of culture without
constraints from genetic or neurological factors.
In this vein, anthropologist Verne Ray conducted a study in the
1950s, given color samples to different American Indian tribes and 14
asking them to give the names of the colors. He concluded that the
spectrum we see it as "green", "yellow", etc. was an entirely 15
arbitrary division, and each culture divided the spectrum
separately. According to that hypothesis, the divisions seen between 16
colors are a consequence of the language we learn, and do not
correspond with divisions in the natural world. A similar hypothesis 17
is upheld in the extremely popular meme of Eskimo words for
snow—common stories vary from fifty to downwards of two hundred. 18
Extreme cultural relativism of this type has now been clearly
refuted. Eskimos use at most twelve different words for snow, which
is not much more than English speakers and should be expected 19
since they exist in a cold climate. The color-relativity hypothesis
have now been completely debunked by more careful, thorough, and 20
systematic studies which show a remarkable similarity between the
ways in which different cultures divide the spectrum.

答案： that—this[解析] 代词误用。该句意为“根据这一假设……”。此处代词表近指，意思是“这”，故将that改为thi...

填空题

The question of whether languages shape the way we think
go back centuries; Charlemagne proclaimed that "to have a second 21
language is to have a second soul". But the idea went out of favor to 22
scientists when Noam Chomsky"s theories of language gained
popularity in the 1960s and 1970s. Dr. Chomsky proposed that
there was a universal grammar for all human languages—essentially, 23
that languages don"t really differ from one another in significant
ways. And because languages didn"t differ from one another, the
theory went, it made none sense to ask whether linguistic differences 24
led to differences in thinking.
The search for the linguistic universals yielded interesting 25
data on languages, and after decades of work, not a single 26
proposing universal has withstood scrutiny. Instead, as linguists 27
probed deeper into the world"s languages (7,000 or so, only a
fraction of them analyzed), innumerable predictable differences 28
emerged.
Of course, just because people talk differently doesn"t
necessarily mean they think differently. In the past decade,
cognitive scientists have begun to measure not just how people talk,
also how they think, asking whether our understanding of even such 29
fundamental domains of experience that space, time and causality 30
could be constructed by language.

答案： the—~~the~~[解析] 冠词冗余。此处意为“探究语言普遍性”。linguistic univers...

填空题

All social animals communicate with each other, from bees and
ants to whales and apes, but only humans have developed a
language which is more than a set of prearranged signals. Our
speech even differs in a physical way of the communication of other 1
animals. It comes from a cortical speech centre which does not
respond instinctively, and organises sound and meaning on a 2
rational basis. This section of the brain is unique to humans. When
and how the special talent of language developed are impossible to 3
say. But it is generally assumed that its evolution must have been a
long process. Our ancestors were probably saying a million years 4
ago, but with a slower delivery, a smaller vocabulary and above all
a simple grammar than we are accustomed to. 5
The origins of human language will perhaps remain forever
obscurely. By contrast the origin of individual languages has been 6
the subject of very precise study over the past two centuries.
There are about 5,000 languages spoken in the world today (a
third of them in Africa), but scholars group them together into
relatively a few families—probably less than twenty. Languages are 7
linked to each other by sharing words or sounds or grammatical 8
constructions. The theory is that the members of each linguistic
group have descended one language, a common ancestor. In many 9
cases that original language is judged by the experts to have been
spoken in surprisingly recent time—as little as a few thousand years 10
ago.

答案： sharing—shared[解析] 非谓语动词误用。该句意为“语言通过一些共有的词汇、声音或语法结构而相互关联。”sh...

填空题

Language and culture are not fundamentally inseparable. At
the most basic level, language is a method of expressing ideas. That
is, language is communication; while usually verbal, language can
also be visual (via signs and symbols), or semiotics (via hand or
body gestures). Culture, on the other hand, is a special set of 31
ideas, practices, customs and beliefs which make up a functioning
society as distinct.
A culture must have at most one language, which it uses as a 32
distinct media of communication to convey its defining ideas, 33
customs, beliefs, et al., from one member of the culture to any 34
member. Cultures can develop multiple languages, or "borrow"
languages from other cultures to use; not all of such languages are 35
co-equal in the culture. One of the major defining characteristics of
culture is which language is the primary means of communication in 36
that culture; sociologists and anthropologists draw lines among 37
similar cultures heavily based on the prevalent language usage.
Languages, on the other hand, can be developed (or evolve)
apart from its originated culture. Certain language has scope for 38
cross-cultural adaptations and communication, and may not actually
be part of some culture. Additionally, many languages are used by 39
different cultures (that is, the same language can be used in several
cultures).
Language is heavily influenced by culture—as cultures come
out with new ideas, they develop language components to express 40
those ideas. The reverse is also true: the limits of a language can
define what is expressible in a culture (that is, the limits of a
language can prevent certain concepts from being part of a culture).

答案： ∧culture—a[解析] 冠词缺失。该句意思是“一种文化的最主要的界定特点之一是……。”该句中文化是泛指，且为可数名...

填空题

Early anthropologists, following the theory that words
determine thought, believed that language and its strueture were
entirely dependent on the cultural context which they existed. This 11
was a logical extension of whatever is termed the Standard Social 12
Science Model, which views the human mind as an indefinite 13
malleable structure capable of absorbing any sort of culture without
constraints from genetic or neurological factors.
In this vein, anthropologist Verne Ray conducted a study in the
1950s, given color samples to different American Indian tribes and 14
asking them to give the names of the colors. He concluded that the
spectrum we see it as "green", "yellow", etc. was an entirely 15
arbitrary division, and each culture divided the spectrum
separately. According to that hypothesis, the divisions seen between 16
colors are a consequence of the language we learn, and do not
correspond with divisions in the natural world. A similar hypothesis 17
is upheld in the extremely popular meme of Eskimo words for
snow—common stories vary from fifty to downwards of two hundred. 18
Extreme cultural relativism of this type has now been clearly
refuted. Eskimos use at most twelve different words for snow, which
is not much more than English speakers and should be expected 19
since they exist in a cold climate. The color-relativity hypothesis
have now been completely debunked by more careful, thorough, and 20
systematic studies which show a remarkable similarity between the
ways in which different cultures divide the spectrum.

答案： with—to[解析] 介词误用。此处意为“……这与自然世界中的分类方式并不一致”。correspond和to搭配，意思...

填空题

The question of whether languages shape the way we think
go back centuries; Charlemagne proclaimed that "to have a second 21
language is to have a second soul". But the idea went out of favor to 22
scientists when Noam Chomsky"s theories of language gained
popularity in the 1960s and 1970s. Dr. Chomsky proposed that
there was a universal grammar for all human languages—essentially, 23
that languages don"t really differ from one another in significant
ways. And because languages didn"t differ from one another, the
theory went, it made none sense to ask whether linguistic differences 24
led to differences in thinking.
The search for the linguistic universals yielded interesting 25
data on languages, and after decades of work, not a single 26
proposing universal has withstood scrutiny. Instead, as linguists 27
probed deeper into the world"s languages (7,000 or so, only a
fraction of them analyzed), innumerable predictable differences 28
emerged.
Of course, just because people talk differently doesn"t
necessarily mean they think differently. In the past decade,
cognitive scientists have begun to measure not just how people talk,
also how they think, asking whether our understanding of even such 29
fundamental domains of experience that space, time and causality 30
could be constructed by language.

答案： and—but[解析] 连词误用。该句意思是“探究语言普遍性得出了有趣的数据，但是在经过几十年的研究之后，仍然没有一种普...

填空题

All social animals communicate with each other, from bees and
ants to whales and apes, but only humans have developed a
language which is more than a set of prearranged signals. Our
speech even differs in a physical way of the communication of other 1
animals. It comes from a cortical speech centre which does not
respond instinctively, and organises sound and meaning on a 2
rational basis. This section of the brain is unique to humans. When
and how the special talent of language developed are impossible to 3
say. But it is generally assumed that its evolution must have been a
long process. Our ancestors were probably saying a million years 4
ago, but with a slower delivery, a smaller vocabulary and above all
a simple grammar than we are accustomed to. 5
The origins of human language will perhaps remain forever
obscurely. By contrast the origin of individual languages has been 6
the subject of very precise study over the past two centuries.
There are about 5,000 languages spoken in the world today (a
third of them in Africa), but scholars group them together into
relatively a few families—probably less than twenty. Languages are 7
linked to each other by sharing words or sounds or grammatical 8
constructions. The theory is that the members of each linguistic
group have descended one language, a common ancestor. In many 9
cases that original language is judged by the experts to have been
spoken in surprisingly recent time—as little as a few thousand years 10
ago.

答案： descended∧—from[解析] 介词缺失。该句意为“有一种理论认为每一种语系中的不同语言均起源于同一种语言。”d...

填空题

The question of whether languages shape the way we think
go back centuries; Charlemagne proclaimed that "to have a second 21
language is to have a second soul". But the idea went out of favor to 22
scientists when Noam Chomsky"s theories of language gained
popularity in the 1960s and 1970s. Dr. Chomsky proposed that
there was a universal grammar for all human languages—essentially, 23
that languages don"t really differ from one another in significant
ways. And because languages didn"t differ from one another, the
theory went, it made none sense to ask whether linguistic differences 24
led to differences in thinking.
The search for the linguistic universals yielded interesting 25
data on languages, and after decades of work, not a single 26
proposing universal has withstood scrutiny. Instead, as linguists 27
probed deeper into the world"s languages (7,000 or so, only a
fraction of them analyzed), innumerable predictable differences 28
emerged.
Of course, just because people talk differently doesn"t
necessarily mean they think differently. In the past decade,
cognitive scientists have begun to measure not just how people talk,
also how they think, asking whether our understanding of even such 29
fundamental domains of experience that space, time and causality 30
could be constructed by language.

答案： proposing—proposed[解析] 非谓语动词误用。universal和propose之间是动宾关系，应该用过...

填空题

Language and culture are not fundamentally inseparable. At
the most basic level, language is a method of expressing ideas. That
is, language is communication; while usually verbal, language can
also be visual (via signs and symbols), or semiotics (via hand or
body gestures). Culture, on the other hand, is a special set of 31
ideas, practices, customs and beliefs which make up a functioning
society as distinct.
A culture must have at most one language, which it uses as a 32
distinct media of communication to convey its defining ideas, 33
customs, beliefs, et al., from one member of the culture to any 34
member. Cultures can develop multiple languages, or "borrow"
languages from other cultures to use; not all of such languages are 35
co-equal in the culture. One of the major defining characteristics of
culture is which language is the primary means of communication in 36
that culture; sociologists and anthropologists draw lines among 37
similar cultures heavily based on the prevalent language usage.
Languages, on the other hand, can be developed (or evolve)
apart from its originated culture. Certain language has scope for 38
cross-cultural adaptations and communication, and may not actually
be part of some culture. Additionally, many languages are used by 39
different cultures (that is, the same language can be used in several
cultures).
Language is heavily influenced by culture—as cultures come
out with new ideas, they develop language components to express 40
those ideas. The reverse is also true: the limits of a language can
define what is expressible in a culture (that is, the limits of a
language can prevent certain concepts from being part of a culture).

答案： among—between[解析] 介词误用。该句意思是“社会学家和人类学家会在相似的文化之间划出界限……。”只能在两者...

填空题

Early anthropologists, following the theory that words
determine thought, believed that language and its strueture were
entirely dependent on the cultural context which they existed. This 11
was a logical extension of whatever is termed the Standard Social 12
Science Model, which views the human mind as an indefinite 13
malleable structure capable of absorbing any sort of culture without
constraints from genetic or neurological factors.
In this vein, anthropologist Verne Ray conducted a study in the
1950s, given color samples to different American Indian tribes and 14
asking them to give the names of the colors. He concluded that the
spectrum we see it as "green", "yellow", etc. was an entirely 15
arbitrary division, and each culture divided the spectrum
separately. According to that hypothesis, the divisions seen between 16
colors are a consequence of the language we learn, and do not
correspond with divisions in the natural world. A similar hypothesis 17
is upheld in the extremely popular meme of Eskimo words for
snow—common stories vary from fifty to downwards of two hundred. 18
Extreme cultural relativism of this type has now been clearly
refuted. Eskimos use at most twelve different words for snow, which
is not much more than English speakers and should be expected 19
since they exist in a cold climate. The color-relativity hypothesis
have now been completely debunked by more careful, thorough, and 20
systematic studies which show a remarkable similarity between the
ways in which different cultures divide the spectrum.

答案： downwards—upwards[解析] 副词误用。此处意为“……从50到200”。downwards的意思是“向下，...

填空题

Early anthropologists, following the theory that words
determine thought, believed that language and its strueture were
entirely dependent on the cultural context which they existed. This 11
was a logical extension of whatever is termed the Standard Social 12
Science Model, which views the human mind as an indefinite 13
malleable structure capable of absorbing any sort of culture without
constraints from genetic or neurological factors.
In this vein, anthropologist Verne Ray conducted a study in the
1950s, given color samples to different American Indian tribes and 14
asking them to give the names of the colors. He concluded that the
spectrum we see it as "green", "yellow", etc. was an entirely 15
arbitrary division, and each culture divided the spectrum
separately. According to that hypothesis, the divisions seen between 16
colors are a consequence of the language we learn, and do not
correspond with divisions in the natural world. A similar hypothesis 17
is upheld in the extremely popular meme of Eskimo words for
snow—common stories vary from fifty to downwards of two hundred. 18
Extreme cultural relativism of this type has now been clearly
refuted. Eskimos use at most twelve different words for snow, which
is not much more than English speakers and should be expected 19
since they exist in a cold climate. The color-relativity hypothesis
have now been completely debunked by more careful, thorough, and 20
systematic studies which show a remarkable similarity between the
ways in which different cultures divide the spectrum.

答案： much—many[解析] 形容词误用。此处意为“……这并不比英语使用者多很多”。该句中指的是单词的数量，为可数名词，故...

填空题

The question of whether languages shape the way we think
go back centuries; Charlemagne proclaimed that "to have a second 21
language is to have a second soul". But the idea went out of favor to 22
scientists when Noam Chomsky"s theories of language gained
popularity in the 1960s and 1970s. Dr. Chomsky proposed that
there was a universal grammar for all human languages—essentially, 23
that languages don"t really differ from one another in significant
ways. And because languages didn"t differ from one another, the
theory went, it made none sense to ask whether linguistic differences 24
led to differences in thinking.
The search for the linguistic universals yielded interesting 25
data on languages, and after decades of work, not a single 26
proposing universal has withstood scrutiny. Instead, as linguists 27
probed deeper into the world"s languages (7,000 or so, only a
fraction of them analyzed), innumerable predictable differences 28
emerged.
Of course, just because people talk differently doesn"t
necessarily mean they think differently. In the past decade,
cognitive scientists have begun to measure not just how people talk,
also how they think, asking whether our understanding of even such 29
fundamental domains of experience that space, time and causality 30
could be constructed by language.

答案： predictable—unpredictable[解析] 语义错误。该句意为“相反，随着语言学家对世界语言的更深入研究...

填空题

All social animals communicate with each other, from bees and
ants to whales and apes, but only humans have developed a
language which is more than a set of prearranged signals. Our
speech even differs in a physical way of the communication of other 1
animals. It comes from a cortical speech centre which does not
respond instinctively, and organises sound and meaning on a 2
rational basis. This section of the brain is unique to humans. When
and how the special talent of language developed are impossible to 3
say. But it is generally assumed that its evolution must have been a
long process. Our ancestors were probably saying a million years 4
ago, but with a slower delivery, a smaller vocabulary and above all
a simple grammar than we are accustomed to. 5
The origins of human language will perhaps remain forever
obscurely. By contrast the origin of individual languages has been 6
the subject of very precise study over the past two centuries.
There are about 5,000 languages spoken in the world today (a
third of them in Africa), but scholars group them together into
relatively a few families—probably less than twenty. Languages are 7
linked to each other by sharing words or sounds or grammatical 8
constructions. The theory is that the members of each linguistic
group have descended one language, a common ancestor. In many 9
cases that original language is judged by the experts to have been
spoken in surprisingly recent time—as little as a few thousand years 10
ago.

答案： time—times[解析] 名词单复数错误。in recent times中times为“时期，时代”，因此为可数名词...

填空题

Language and culture are not fundamentally inseparable. At
the most basic level, language is a method of expressing ideas. That
is, language is communication; while usually verbal, language can
also be visual (via signs and symbols), or semiotics (via hand or
body gestures). Culture, on the other hand, is a special set of 31
ideas, practices, customs and beliefs which make up a functioning
society as distinct.
A culture must have at most one language, which it uses as a 32
distinct media of communication to convey its defining ideas, 33
customs, beliefs, et al., from one member of the culture to any 34
member. Cultures can develop multiple languages, or "borrow"
languages from other cultures to use; not all of such languages are 35
co-equal in the culture. One of the major defining characteristics of
culture is which language is the primary means of communication in 36
that culture; sociologists and anthropologists draw lines among 37
similar cultures heavily based on the prevalent language usage.
Languages, on the other hand, can be developed (or evolve)
apart from its originated culture. Certain language has scope for 38
cross-cultural adaptations and communication, and may not actually
be part of some culture. Additionally, many languages are used by 39
different cultures (that is, the same language can be used in several
cultures).
Language is heavily influenced by culture—as cultures come
out with new ideas, they develop language components to express 40
those ideas. The reverse is also true: the limits of a language can
define what is expressible in a culture (that is, the limits of a
language can prevent certain concepts from being part of a culture).

答案： originated—originating[解析] 非谓语动词误用。该句意思是“另一方面，语言可以在其最初的文化基础之...

填空题

The question of whether languages shape the way we think
go back centuries; Charlemagne proclaimed that "to have a second 21
language is to have a second soul". But the idea went out of favor to 22
scientists when Noam Chomsky"s theories of language gained
popularity in the 1960s and 1970s. Dr. Chomsky proposed that
there was a universal grammar for all human languages—essentially, 23
that languages don"t really differ from one another in significant
ways. And because languages didn"t differ from one another, the
theory went, it made none sense to ask whether linguistic differences 24
led to differences in thinking.
The search for the linguistic universals yielded interesting 25
data on languages, and after decades of work, not a single 26
proposing universal has withstood scrutiny. Instead, as linguists 27
probed deeper into the world"s languages (7,000 or so, only a
fraction of them analyzed), innumerable predictable differences 28
emerged.
Of course, just because people talk differently doesn"t
necessarily mean they think differently. In the past decade,
cognitive scientists have begun to measure not just how people talk,
also how they think, asking whether our understanding of even such 29
fundamental domains of experience that space, time and causality 30
could be constructed by language.

答案： ∧also—but[解析] 连词缺失。该句意为“……认知学家不仅开始研究人们是如何谈话的，而且也研究他们是如何思考的……...

填空题

Early anthropologists, following the theory that words
determine thought, believed that language and its strueture were
entirely dependent on the cultural context which they existed. This 11
was a logical extension of whatever is termed the Standard Social 12
Science Model, which views the human mind as an indefinite 13
malleable structure capable of absorbing any sort of culture without
constraints from genetic or neurological factors.
In this vein, anthropologist Verne Ray conducted a study in the
1950s, given color samples to different American Indian tribes and 14
asking them to give the names of the colors. He concluded that the
spectrum we see it as "green", "yellow", etc. was an entirely 15
arbitrary division, and each culture divided the spectrum
separately. According to that hypothesis, the divisions seen between 16
colors are a consequence of the language we learn, and do not
correspond with divisions in the natural world. A similar hypothesis 17
is upheld in the extremely popular meme of Eskimo words for
snow—common stories vary from fifty to downwards of two hundred. 18
Extreme cultural relativism of this type has now been clearly
refuted. Eskimos use at most twelve different words for snow, which
is not much more than English speakers and should be expected 19
since they exist in a cold climate. The color-relativity hypothesis
have now been completely debunked by more careful, thorough, and 20
systematic studies which show a remarkable similarity between the
ways in which different cultures divide the spectrum.

答案： have—has[解析] 主谓不一致。该句意为“这种与颜色相关的假设已经完全被更加严谨的、全面的、系统的研究推翻……。”...

填空题

Language and culture are not fundamentally inseparable. At
the most basic level, language is a method of expressing ideas. That
is, language is communication; while usually verbal, language can
also be visual (via signs and symbols), or semiotics (via hand or
body gestures). Culture, on the other hand, is a special set of 31
ideas, practices, customs and beliefs which make up a functioning
society as distinct.
A culture must have at most one language, which it uses as a 32
distinct media of communication to convey its defining ideas, 33
customs, beliefs, et al., from one member of the culture to any 34
member. Cultures can develop multiple languages, or "borrow"
languages from other cultures to use; not all of such languages are 35
co-equal in the culture. One of the major defining characteristics of
culture is which language is the primary means of communication in 36
that culture; sociologists and anthropologists draw lines among 37
similar cultures heavily based on the prevalent language usage.
Languages, on the other hand, can be developed (or evolve)
apart from its originated culture. Certain language has scope for 38
cross-cultural adaptations and communication, and may not actually
be part of some culture. Additionally, many languages are used by 39
different cultures (that is, the same language can be used in several
cultures).
Language is heavily influenced by culture—as cultures come
out with new ideas, they develop language components to express 40
those ideas. The reverse is also true: the limits of a language can
define what is expressible in a culture (that is, the limits of a
language can prevent certain concepts from being part of a culture).

答案： some—any[解析] 代词误用。该句意思是“……也许不会成为任何文化中的一部分。”该句为否定句，故将some改为an...

填空题

The question of whether languages shape the way we think
go back centuries; Charlemagne proclaimed that "to have a second 21
language is to have a second soul". But the idea went out of favor to 22
scientists when Noam Chomsky"s theories of language gained
popularity in the 1960s and 1970s. Dr. Chomsky proposed that
there was a universal grammar for all human languages—essentially, 23
that languages don"t really differ from one another in significant
ways. And because languages didn"t differ from one another, the
theory went, it made none sense to ask whether linguistic differences 24
led to differences in thinking.
The search for the linguistic universals yielded interesting 25
data on languages, and after decades of work, not a single 26
proposing universal has withstood scrutiny. Instead, as linguists 27
probed deeper into the world"s languages (7,000 or so, only a
fraction of them analyzed), innumerable predictable differences 28
emerged.
Of course, just because people talk differently doesn"t
necessarily mean they think differently. In the past decade,
cognitive scientists have begun to measure not just how people talk,
also how they think, asking whether our understanding of even such 29
fundamental domains of experience that space, time and causality 30
could be constructed by language.

答案： ∧at—as[解析] 连词误用。space，time and causality是对fundamental domain...

填空题

Language and culture are not fundamentally inseparable. At
the most basic level, language is a method of expressing ideas. That
is, language is communication; while usually verbal, language can
also be visual (via signs and symbols), or semiotics (via hand or
body gestures). Culture, on the other hand, is a special set of 31
ideas, practices, customs and beliefs which make up a functioning
society as distinct.
A culture must have at most one language, which it uses as a 32
distinct media of communication to convey its defining ideas, 33
customs, beliefs, et al., from one member of the culture to any 34
member. Cultures can develop multiple languages, or "borrow"
languages from other cultures to use; not all of such languages are 35
co-equal in the culture. One of the major defining characteristics of
culture is which language is the primary means of communication in 36
that culture; sociologists and anthropologists draw lines among 37
similar cultures heavily based on the prevalent language usage.
Languages, on the other hand, can be developed (or evolve)
apart from its originated culture. Certain language has scope for 38
cross-cultural adaptations and communication, and may not actually
be part of some culture. Additionally, many languages are used by 39
different cultures (that is, the same language can be used in several
cultures).
Language is heavily influenced by culture—as cultures come
out with new ideas, they develop language components to express 40
those ideas. The reverse is also true: the limits of a language can
define what is expressible in a culture (that is, the limits of a
language can prevent certain concepts from being part of a culture).

答案： out—up[解析] 固定搭配中的副词误用。该句意思是“……文化会带来一些新想法……。”come up with为固定搭...

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