IELTS(雅思)题库_留学英语题库

问答题

Stumped Rawalpindi He has a normal head, but nestling between his massive shoulders it seems small. He is Shoaib Akhtar, "the Rawalpindi Express", the fastest recorded bowler of a cricket ball in history. And right now, before a small but baying crowd at the Rawalpindi Cricket Ground, he is steaming towards this correspondent. From 22 yards, Mr. Akhtar launches into the weirdly beautiful contortion that fast bowlers perform to hurl a six-ounce lump of cork and leather at up to 100mph. Half a second later, the ball demolishes the stumps. For over two centuries, cricket has been played according to a largely unwritten code of honour for the practical reason that its laws are too complicated for officials to enforce to the reality. But technology has been rewriting the old etiquette. And according to some recent research, one of cricket’’s most basic laws is untenable, and now the game is in turmoil. According to law 24. 3, bowlers may not straighten their arm in the final act of delivering the ball. This leads to Mr. Akhtar’’s brutal run-up and elaborate action as alternative means of generating pace on the ball. The centrality of law 24.3 to cricket — and the virtual impossibility of policing it — is reflected in the game’’s etiquette. To accuse a bowler of throwing the ball is one of the gravest insults in the game; yet now such accusations are flying thick and fast. Mr. Akhtar, the first man to bowl a delivery timed at 100mph, is one of a number of modern stars recently reported with "suspect actions". These rulings followed research into biomechanics that match officials had hoped would vindicate their decision. The University of Western Australia’’s School of Human Movement has been investigating cricket biomechanics. In 2003, a study by Marc Portus, at the Australian Institute of Sport in Canberra, filmed a number of fast bowlers in action using a dozen cameras recording 250 frames per second. They showed that virtually all bowlers straighten their arm, or throw, to some extent. Mr. Akhtar flexes his arm more than most only because he is extremely double-jointed. And to confuse matters further, a brilliant Sri Lankan spin bowler, Muttiah Muralitharan bowls with a crooked arm only because a congenital condition prevents him straightening it fully. In an effort to restore sanity to matters, bowlers are now allowed a varying margin for error depending on the pace at which they bowl. Thus, fast bowlers are legally allowed to straighten their arm by 10°, medium pacers by 7.5° and slow bowlers by 5°. But even this innovation has been rapidly undone. Last month, for the third time in his illustrious career, and even though poised to break the all-time wicket-taking record, Mr. Muralitharan was reported with a suspect action. Though Mr. Muralitharan was previously cleared by biomechanics, an English match official questioned the legality of a wicked addition to his armoury of top-spinners, off-spinners and leg-spinners. It is nicknamed the "doosra", which in Hindi or Urdu means "second" or "other". Here the ball is delivered with a huge flick of Mr. Muralitharan’’s rubbery wrists and, according to many observers, a flexing of his elbow. Subsequent testing showed that Mr. Muralitharan flexes his arm by more than 10° when bowling the doosra, and the delivery could be banned. Sri Lanka, where Mr. Muralitharan is revered, is now seething while many Australians, who have long reviled him as a "chucker", are crowing. Should they pause for air, they would hear their own scientists cry foul. Last week, the scientists who tested Mr. Muralitharan admitted that they actually did not know much about the mechanics of spin bowling, and that he should receive no censure. When it comes to cricket, science may be stumped. From 22 yards, Mr. Akhtar (1)______ the weirdly beautiful contortion that fast bowlers perform to hurl a six-ounce lump of cork and leather at up to l00mph.

答案： launches into

问答题

H-Tech Services for Client A H-Tech can offer customers a host of managed services that can enhance their own existing IT support infrastructure or provide a reliable, cost-effective alternative to in-house resources. Because your communication system is equally as important as your IT infrastructure, H-Tech’’s managed services offering also encompasses your communication network, providing a full range of telecom services, supporting both voice and data environments. B H-Tech can provide both administrative call — desk and technical help — desk facilities for clients utilizing our in-house systems or by remote access to clients established systems. The provision of a centralized call desk facility allows the production of extensive management information and reporting to clients across a wide spectrum of data. C H-Tech provides comprehensive consultancy services to ensure that the right IT infrastructure is set in place to meet your requirements. H-Tech can work with organizations to identify key business goals and evaluate the need for scalability, availability, manageability and security and will provide you with the optimum solution for your computing needs, providing IT assessment, design and implementation on a variety of computing platforms. D All organizations need to keep their IT capabilities current to remain productive and competitive in today’’s marketplace, this often means you end up with idle assets in the form of desktops, laptops, printers etc that no longer meet business requirements but still represent a significant investment. H-Tech provides asset management and will refurbish, re-deploy, dispose or recycle these assets on your behalf, to ensure that you obtain the most value from this equipment and comply with European Environmental Legislation. E Recognizing the need for quick and cost-effective implementation that minimizes business disruption, H-Tech will oversee the careful planning and management of the entire project. F H-Tech will supply an engineering resource to provide the desktop installation/ Upgrade of PCs, laptops and peripherals directly to the user’’s desk. The new device is connected to the user’’s existing equipment (printer, zip drive, scanner etc) and the engineer would then fully test the equipment and deal with any legacy problems. Once a new desktop has been installed and peripheral items tested, the redundant equipment can be re-deployed (cascaded) to another user ensuring that the machine is re-configured accordingly. G H-Tech can provide a service to remove the packaging at the time of installation and will dispose of or recycle it in an environmentally friendly way. H For larger rollouts, H-Tech can store a large number of systems on behalf of the Client and manage the logistics of multiple deliveries. Because H-Tech can co-ordinate both delivery and implementation, continuity of services is assured. I H-Tech’’s maintenance services have evolved to provide repair and maintenance services to major sites through the deployment of site-based engineers delivering fast responses to users. The engineers on site are supported by our extensive repair centre, which offers component level repairs across a wide product portfolio. Locally held and managed back-up equipment, facilitates minimum down time for users and allows IT departments to concentrate on developing and maintaining the infrastructure and systems. H-Tech undertakes to comply with clients SLA requirements and monitors and reports Key Performance Indicators through its Call Management Systems, all of which are available to customers via the Web. Please click here for further information on the H-Tech Repair Centre. J H-Tech can offer the recycling of all redundant IT equipment and the certified disposal and destruction of materials and the safe disposal of hazardous and special waste. Please click here for further information on the H-Tech Recycle initiative. K The H-Tech Technical Support Division can provide on-going support to ensure that customers get the most from their IT system, ensuring that mission — critical applications are protected and the IT environment develops and grows with your company. H-Tech can provide tailored support agreements to meet individual customer requirements. Please click here for further information on the IT technical support services offered by H-Tech. Please click here for further information on the more specific telecom technical support services offered by H-Tech. L H-Tech recognises the need for customers to enhance their own technical knowledge and can offer tailored training courses to support IT departments and end users during major new deployments. Training can be provided at H-Tech’’s purpose — built training facility in Ipswich or can be held on customer site to ensure minimum disruption to the clients core business. Questions 1-9 Read a computer company’’s Services for Client above. Each paragraph A—L describes a different service provided by the H-Tech company. From the list below (i — xii) choose the most suitable items for paragraphs A —L. Write the appropriate numbers (i-xii) in boxes 1-9 on your answer sheet. i System and infrastructure management services ii Storage and delivery iii Recycle Services iv Training v Design and consultancy vi Desktop installation and peripheral configuration/upgrades vii Help-desk services viii H-Tech Managed Services ix Maintenance services x Asset management xi Packaging removal xii Technical Support Paragraph A

答案： viii

单项选择题

Rights to remember NEW HN, CONNECTICUT One element of this doctrine is what I call "Achilles and his heel". September 11th brought upon America, as once upon Achilles, a schizophrenic sense of both exceptional power and exceptional vulnerability. Never has a superpower seemed so powerful and so vulnerable at the same time. The Bush doctrine asked: "How can we use our superpower resources to protect our vulnerability" The administration has also radically shifted its emphasis on human rights. In 1941, Franklin Delano Roosevelt called the allies to arms by painting a vision of the world we were trying to make: a post-war world of four fundamental freedoms: freedom of speech, freedom of religion, freedom from want, freedom from fear. This framework foreshadowed the post-war human-rights construct-embedded in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and subsequent international covenants that emphasised comprehensive protection of civil and political rights (freedom of speech and religion), economic, social and cultural rights (freedom from want), and freedom from gross violations and persecution (the Refugee Convention, the Genocide Convention and the Torture Convention). But Bush administration officials have now reprioritised "freedom from fear" as the number-one freedom we need to preserve. Freedom from fear has become the obsessive watchword of America’’s human-rights policy. Witness five faces of a human-rights policy fixated on freedom from fear. (A) Two core tenets of a post-Watergate world had been that our government does not spy on its citizens, and that American citizens should see what our government is doing. But since September 11th, classification of government documents has risen to new heights. The Patriot Act, passed almost without dissent after September 11th, authorises the Defence Department to develop a project to promote something called "total information awareness". Under this programme, the government may gather huge amounts of information about citizens without proving they have done anything wrong. They can access a citizen’’s records-whether telephone, financial, rental, internet, medical, educational or library-without showing any involvement with terrorism. Internet service providers may be forced to produce records based solely on FBI declarations that the information is for an anti-terrorism investigation. Many absurdities follow: the Lawyers Committee for Human Rights, in a study published in September, reports that 20 American peace activists, including nuns and high-school students, were recently flagged as security threats and detained for saying that they were travelling to a rally to protest against military aid to Colombia. The entire high-school wrestling team of Juneau, Alaska, was held up at airports seven times just because one member was the son of a retired Coast Guard officer on the FBI watch-list. (B) After September 11th, 1,200 immigrants were detained, more than 750 on charges based solely on civil immigration violations. The Justice Department’’s own inspector — general called the attorney — general’’s enforcement of immigration laws "indiscriminate and haphazard". The Immigration and Naturalisation Service, which formerly had a mandate for humanitarian relief as well as for border protection, has been converted into an arm of the Department of Homeland Security. The impact on particular groups has been devastating. The number of refugees resettled in America declined from 90,000 a year before September 11th to less than a third that number, 27,000, this year. The Pakistani population of Atlantic County, New Jersey has fallen by half. (C) Some 660 prisoners from 42 countries are being held in Guantanamo Bay, some for nearly two years. Three children are apparently being detained, including a 13-year-old, several of the detainees are aged over 70, and one claims to be over 100. Courtrooms are being built to try six detainees, including two British subjects who have been declared eligible for trial by military commission. There have been 32 reported suicide attempts. Yet the administration is literally pouring concrete around its detention policy, spending another $ 25m on buildings in Guantdnamo that will increase the detention capacity to 1,100. (D) In two cases that are quickly working their way to the Supreme Court, Yasser Hamdi and Jose Padilla are two American citizens on American soil who have been designated as "enemy combatants", and who have been accorded no legal channels to assert their rights. The racial disparities in the use of the "enemy combatant" label are glaring. Contrast, for example, the treatment of Mr Hamdi, from Louisiana but of Saudi Arabian ancestry, with that of John Walker Lindh, the famous "American Taliban", who is a white American from a comfortable family in the San Francisco Bay area. Both are American citizens; both were captured in Afghanistan in late 2001 by the Northern Alliance; both were handed over to American forces, who eventually brought them to the United States. But federal prosecutors brought criminal charges against Mr Lindh, who got an expensive lawyer and eventually plea-bargained to a prison term. Meanwhile, Mr Hamdi has remained in incommunicado detention, without a lawyer, in a South Carolina military brig for the past 16 months. (E) America’’s anti-terrorist activities have given cover to many foreign governments who want to use "anti-terrorism" to justify their own crackdowns on human rights. Examples abound. In Indonesia, the army has cited America’’s use of Guantanamo to propose building an offshore prison camp on Nasi Island to hold suspected terrorists from Aceh. In Australia, Parliament passed laws mandating the forcible transfer of refugees seeking entry to detention facilities in Nauru, where children as young as three years old are being held, so that Australia does not (in the words of its defence minister) become a "pipeline for terrorists". In Egypt, the government extended for another three years its emergency law, which allows it to detain suspected national-security threats almost indefinitely without charge, to ban public demonstrations, and to try citizens before military tribunals. President Hosni Mubarak announced that America’’s parallel policies proved that "we were right from the beginning in using all means, including military tribunals, to combat terrorism". Around the globe, America’’s human-rights policy has visibly softened, subsumed under the all-encompassing banner of the "war against terrorism". And at home, the Patriot Act, military commissions, Guantdnamo and the indefinite detention of American citizens have placed America in the odd position of condoning deep intrusions by law, even while creating zones and persons outside the law. Many, if not most, Americans would have supported dealing with September 11th in a different way. Imagine, for example, the Bush administration dealing with the atrocity through the then prevailing multilateralist strategy of using global cooperation to solve global problems. On the day after the attack, George Bush could have flown to New York to stand in solidarity with the world’’s ambassadors in front of the United Nations. Questions 26-30 Below is a list of headings , choose the most suitable choices for paragraphs (A-E) and write the appropriate numbers (i-vi) on your answer sheet. i. Scapegoating immigrants ii. The creation of extra-legal zones iii. Closed government and invasions of privacy iv. The effect on the rest of the world v. Painting a vision of the world vi. The creation of extra-legal persons.

Paragraph A

问答题

H-Tech Services for Client A H-Tech can offer customers a host of managed services that can enhance their own existing IT support infrastructure or provide a reliable, cost-effective alternative to in-house resources. Because your communication system is equally as important as your IT infrastructure, H-Tech’’s managed services offering also encompasses your communication network, providing a full range of telecom services, supporting both voice and data environments. B H-Tech can provide both administrative call — desk and technical help — desk facilities for clients utilizing our in-house systems or by remote access to clients established systems. The provision of a centralized call desk facility allows the production of extensive management information and reporting to clients across a wide spectrum of data. C H-Tech provides comprehensive consultancy services to ensure that the right IT infrastructure is set in place to meet your requirements. H-Tech can work with organizations to identify key business goals and evaluate the need for scalability, availability, manageability and security and will provide you with the optimum solution for your computing needs, providing IT assessment, design and implementation on a variety of computing platforms. D All organizations need to keep their IT capabilities current to remain productive and competitive in today’’s marketplace, this often means you end up with idle assets in the form of desktops, laptops, printers etc that no longer meet business requirements but still represent a significant investment. H-Tech provides asset management and will refurbish, re-deploy, dispose or recycle these assets on your behalf, to ensure that you obtain the most value from this equipment and comply with European Environmental Legislation. E Recognizing the need for quick and cost-effective implementation that minimizes business disruption, H-Tech will oversee the careful planning and management of the entire project. F H-Tech will supply an engineering resource to provide the desktop installation/ Upgrade of PCs, laptops and peripherals directly to the user’’s desk. The new device is connected to the user’’s existing equipment (printer, zip drive, scanner etc) and the engineer would then fully test the equipment and deal with any legacy problems. Once a new desktop has been installed and peripheral items tested, the redundant equipment can be re-deployed (cascaded) to another user ensuring that the machine is re-configured accordingly. G H-Tech can provide a service to remove the packaging at the time of installation and will dispose of or recycle it in an environmentally friendly way. H For larger rollouts, H-Tech can store a large number of systems on behalf of the Client and manage the logistics of multiple deliveries. Because H-Tech can co-ordinate both delivery and implementation, continuity of services is assured. I H-Tech’’s maintenance services have evolved to provide repair and maintenance services to major sites through the deployment of site-based engineers delivering fast responses to users. The engineers on site are supported by our extensive repair centre, which offers component level repairs across a wide product portfolio. Locally held and managed back-up equipment, facilitates minimum down time for users and allows IT departments to concentrate on developing and maintaining the infrastructure and systems. H-Tech undertakes to comply with clients SLA requirements and monitors and reports Key Performance Indicators through its Call Management Systems, all of which are available to customers via the Web. Please click here for further information on the H-Tech Repair Centre. J H-Tech can offer the recycling of all redundant IT equipment and the certified disposal and destruction of materials and the safe disposal of hazardous and special waste. Please click here for further information on the H-Tech Recycle initiative. K The H-Tech Technical Support Division can provide on-going support to ensure that customers get the most from their IT system, ensuring that mission — critical applications are protected and the IT environment develops and grows with your company. H-Tech can provide tailored support agreements to meet individual customer requirements. Please click here for further information on the IT technical support services offered by H-Tech. Please click here for further information on the more specific telecom technical support services offered by H-Tech. L H-Tech recognises the need for customers to enhance their own technical knowledge and can offer tailored training courses to support IT departments and end users during major new deployments. Training can be provided at H-Tech’’s purpose — built training facility in Ipswich or can be held on customer site to ensure minimum disruption to the clients core business. Questions 1-9 Read a computer company’’s Services for Client above. Each paragraph A—L describes a different service provided by the H-Tech company. From the list below (i — xii) choose the most suitable items for paragraphs A —L. Write the appropriate numbers (i-xii) in boxes 1-9 on your answer sheet. i System and infrastructure management services ii Storage and delivery iii Recycle Services iv Training v Design and consultancy vi Desktop installation and peripheral configuration/upgrades vii Help-desk services viii H-Tech Managed Services ix Maintenance services x Asset management xi Packaging removal xii Technical Support Paragraph L

答案： iv

问答题

Stumped Rawalpindi He has a normal head, but nestling between his massive shoulders it seems small. He is Shoaib Akhtar, "the Rawalpindi Express", the fastest recorded bowler of a cricket ball in history. And right now, before a small but baying crowd at the Rawalpindi Cricket Ground, he is steaming towards this correspondent. From 22 yards, Mr. Akhtar launches into the weirdly beautiful contortion that fast bowlers perform to hurl a six-ounce lump of cork and leather at up to 100mph. Half a second later, the ball demolishes the stumps. For over two centuries, cricket has been played according to a largely unwritten code of honour for the practical reason that its laws are too complicated for officials to enforce to the reality. But technology has been rewriting the old etiquette. And according to some recent research, one of cricket’’s most basic laws is untenable, and now the game is in turmoil. According to law 24. 3, bowlers may not straighten their arm in the final act of delivering the ball. This leads to Mr. Akhtar’’s brutal run-up and elaborate action as alternative means of generating pace on the ball. The centrality of law 24.3 to cricket — and the virtual impossibility of policing it — is reflected in the game’’s etiquette. To accuse a bowler of throwing the ball is one of the gravest insults in the game; yet now such accusations are flying thick and fast. Mr. Akhtar, the first man to bowl a delivery timed at 100mph, is one of a number of modern stars recently reported with "suspect actions". These rulings followed research into biomechanics that match officials had hoped would vindicate their decision. The University of Western Australia’’s School of Human Movement has been investigating cricket biomechanics. In 2003, a study by Marc Portus, at the Australian Institute of Sport in Canberra, filmed a number of fast bowlers in action using a dozen cameras recording 250 frames per second. They showed that virtually all bowlers straighten their arm, or throw, to some extent. Mr. Akhtar flexes his arm more than most only because he is extremely double-jointed. And to confuse matters further, a brilliant Sri Lankan spin bowler, Muttiah Muralitharan bowls with a crooked arm only because a congenital condition prevents him straightening it fully. In an effort to restore sanity to matters, bowlers are now allowed a varying margin for error depending on the pace at which they bowl. Thus, fast bowlers are legally allowed to straighten their arm by 10°, medium pacers by 7.5° and slow bowlers by 5°. But even this innovation has been rapidly undone. Last month, for the third time in his illustrious career, and even though poised to break the all-time wicket-taking record, Mr. Muralitharan was reported with a suspect action. Though Mr. Muralitharan was previously cleared by biomechanics, an English match official questioned the legality of a wicked addition to his armoury of top-spinners, off-spinners and leg-spinners. It is nicknamed the "doosra", which in Hindi or Urdu means "second" or "other". Here the ball is delivered with a huge flick of Mr. Muralitharan’’s rubbery wrists and, according to many observers, a flexing of his elbow. Subsequent testing showed that Mr. Muralitharan flexes his arm by more than 10° when bowling the doosra, and the delivery could be banned. Sri Lanka, where Mr. Muralitharan is revered, is now seething while many Australians, who have long reviled him as a "chucker", are crowing. Should they pause for air, they would hear their own scientists cry foul. Last week, the scientists who tested Mr. Muralitharan admitted that they actually did not know much about the mechanics of spin bowling, and that he should receive no censure. When it comes to cricket, science may be stumped. According to some recent research, one of cricket’’s most basic laws is (2) ______.

答案： untenable

单项选择题

Rights to remember NEW HN, CONNECTICUT One element of this doctrine is what I call "Achilles and his heel". September 11th brought upon America, as once upon Achilles, a schizophrenic sense of both exceptional power and exceptional vulnerability. Never has a superpower seemed so powerful and so vulnerable at the same time. The Bush doctrine asked: "How can we use our superpower resources to protect our vulnerability" The administration has also radically shifted its emphasis on human rights. In 1941, Franklin Delano Roosevelt called the allies to arms by painting a vision of the world we were trying to make: a post-war world of four fundamental freedoms: freedom of speech, freedom of religion, freedom from want, freedom from fear. This framework foreshadowed the post-war human-rights construct-embedded in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and subsequent international covenants that emphasised comprehensive protection of civil and political rights (freedom of speech and religion), economic, social and cultural rights (freedom from want), and freedom from gross violations and persecution (the Refugee Convention, the Genocide Convention and the Torture Convention). But Bush administration officials have now reprioritised "freedom from fear" as the number-one freedom we need to preserve. Freedom from fear has become the obsessive watchword of America’’s human-rights policy. Witness five faces of a human-rights policy fixated on freedom from fear. (A) Two core tenets of a post-Watergate world had been that our government does not spy on its citizens, and that American citizens should see what our government is doing. But since September 11th, classification of government documents has risen to new heights. The Patriot Act, passed almost without dissent after September 11th, authorises the Defence Department to develop a project to promote something called "total information awareness". Under this programme, the government may gather huge amounts of information about citizens without proving they have done anything wrong. They can access a citizen’’s records-whether telephone, financial, rental, internet, medical, educational or library-without showing any involvement with terrorism. Internet service providers may be forced to produce records based solely on FBI declarations that the information is for an anti-terrorism investigation. Many absurdities follow: the Lawyers Committee for Human Rights, in a study published in September, reports that 20 American peace activists, including nuns and high-school students, were recently flagged as security threats and detained for saying that they were travelling to a rally to protest against military aid to Colombia. The entire high-school wrestling team of Juneau, Alaska, was held up at airports seven times just because one member was the son of a retired Coast Guard officer on the FBI watch-list. (B) After September 11th, 1,200 immigrants were detained, more than 750 on charges based solely on civil immigration violations. The Justice Department’’s own inspector — general called the attorney — general’’s enforcement of immigration laws "indiscriminate and haphazard". The Immigration and Naturalisation Service, which formerly had a mandate for humanitarian relief as well as for border protection, has been converted into an arm of the Department of Homeland Security. The impact on particular groups has been devastating. The number of refugees resettled in America declined from 90,000 a year before September 11th to less than a third that number, 27,000, this year. The Pakistani population of Atlantic County, New Jersey has fallen by half. (C) Some 660 prisoners from 42 countries are being held in Guantanamo Bay, some for nearly two years. Three children are apparently being detained, including a 13-year-old, several of the detainees are aged over 70, and one claims to be over 100. Courtrooms are being built to try six detainees, including two British subjects who have been declared eligible for trial by military commission. There have been 32 reported suicide attempts. Yet the administration is literally pouring concrete around its detention policy, spending another $ 25m on buildings in Guantdnamo that will increase the detention capacity to 1,100. (D) In two cases that are quickly working their way to the Supreme Court, Yasser Hamdi and Jose Padilla are two American citizens on American soil who have been designated as "enemy combatants", and who have been accorded no legal channels to assert their rights. The racial disparities in the use of the "enemy combatant" label are glaring. Contrast, for example, the treatment of Mr Hamdi, from Louisiana but of Saudi Arabian ancestry, with that of John Walker Lindh, the famous "American Taliban", who is a white American from a comfortable family in the San Francisco Bay area. Both are American citizens; both were captured in Afghanistan in late 2001 by the Northern Alliance; both were handed over to American forces, who eventually brought them to the United States. But federal prosecutors brought criminal charges against Mr Lindh, who got an expensive lawyer and eventually plea-bargained to a prison term. Meanwhile, Mr Hamdi has remained in incommunicado detention, without a lawyer, in a South Carolina military brig for the past 16 months. (E) America’’s anti-terrorist activities have given cover to many foreign governments who want to use "anti-terrorism" to justify their own crackdowns on human rights. Examples abound. In Indonesia, the army has cited America’’s use of Guantanamo to propose building an offshore prison camp on Nasi Island to hold suspected terrorists from Aceh. In Australia, Parliament passed laws mandating the forcible transfer of refugees seeking entry to detention facilities in Nauru, where children as young as three years old are being held, so that Australia does not (in the words of its defence minister) become a "pipeline for terrorists". In Egypt, the government extended for another three years its emergency law, which allows it to detain suspected national-security threats almost indefinitely without charge, to ban public demonstrations, and to try citizens before military tribunals. President Hosni Mubarak announced that America’’s parallel policies proved that "we were right from the beginning in using all means, including military tribunals, to combat terrorism". Around the globe, America’’s human-rights policy has visibly softened, subsumed under the all-encompassing banner of the "war against terrorism". And at home, the Patriot Act, military commissions, Guantdnamo and the indefinite detention of American citizens have placed America in the odd position of condoning deep intrusions by law, even while creating zones and persons outside the law. Many, if not most, Americans would have supported dealing with September 11th in a different way. Imagine, for example, the Bush administration dealing with the atrocity through the then prevailing multilateralist strategy of using global cooperation to solve global problems. On the day after the attack, George Bush could have flown to New York to stand in solidarity with the world’’s ambassadors in front of the United Nations. Questions 26-30 Below is a list of headings , choose the most suitable choices for paragraphs (A-E) and write the appropriate numbers (i-vi) on your answer sheet. i. Scapegoating immigrants ii. The creation of extra-legal zones iii. Closed government and invasions of privacy iv. The effect on the rest of the world v. Painting a vision of the world vi. The creation of extra-legal persons.

Paragraph B

问答题

Stumped Rawalpindi He has a normal head, but nestling between his massive shoulders it seems small. He is Shoaib Akhtar, "the Rawalpindi Express", the fastest recorded bowler of a cricket ball in history. And right now, before a small but baying crowd at the Rawalpindi Cricket Ground, he is steaming towards this correspondent. From 22 yards, Mr. Akhtar launches into the weirdly beautiful contortion that fast bowlers perform to hurl a six-ounce lump of cork and leather at up to 100mph. Half a second later, the ball demolishes the stumps. For over two centuries, cricket has been played according to a largely unwritten code of honour for the practical reason that its laws are too complicated for officials to enforce to the reality. But technology has been rewriting the old etiquette. And according to some recent research, one of cricket’’s most basic laws is untenable, and now the game is in turmoil. According to law 24. 3, bowlers may not straighten their arm in the final act of delivering the ball. This leads to Mr. Akhtar’’s brutal run-up and elaborate action as alternative means of generating pace on the ball. The centrality of law 24.3 to cricket — and the virtual impossibility of policing it — is reflected in the game’’s etiquette. To accuse a bowler of throwing the ball is one of the gravest insults in the game; yet now such accusations are flying thick and fast. Mr. Akhtar, the first man to bowl a delivery timed at 100mph, is one of a number of modern stars recently reported with "suspect actions". These rulings followed research into biomechanics that match officials had hoped would vindicate their decision. The University of Western Australia’’s School of Human Movement has been investigating cricket biomechanics. In 2003, a study by Marc Portus, at the Australian Institute of Sport in Canberra, filmed a number of fast bowlers in action using a dozen cameras recording 250 frames per second. They showed that virtually all bowlers straighten their arm, or throw, to some extent. Mr. Akhtar flexes his arm more than most only because he is extremely double-jointed. And to confuse matters further, a brilliant Sri Lankan spin bowler, Muttiah Muralitharan bowls with a crooked arm only because a congenital condition prevents him straightening it fully. In an effort to restore sanity to matters, bowlers are now allowed a varying margin for error depending on the pace at which they bowl. Thus, fast bowlers are legally allowed to straighten their arm by 10°, medium pacers by 7.5° and slow bowlers by 5°. But even this innovation has been rapidly undone. Last month, for the third time in his illustrious career, and even though poised to break the all-time wicket-taking record, Mr. Muralitharan was reported with a suspect action. Though Mr. Muralitharan was previously cleared by biomechanics, an English match official questioned the legality of a wicked addition to his armoury of top-spinners, off-spinners and leg-spinners. It is nicknamed the "doosra", which in Hindi or Urdu means "second" or "other". Here the ball is delivered with a huge flick of Mr. Muralitharan’’s rubbery wrists and, according to many observers, a flexing of his elbow. Subsequent testing showed that Mr. Muralitharan flexes his arm by more than 10° when bowling the doosra, and the delivery could be banned. Sri Lanka, where Mr. Muralitharan is revered, is now seething while many Australians, who have long reviled him as a "chucker", are crowing. Should they pause for air, they would hear their own scientists cry foul. Last week, the scientists who tested Mr. Muralitharan admitted that they actually did not know much about the mechanics of spin bowling, and that he should receive no censure. When it comes to cricket, science may be stumped. The centrality of law 24. 3 to cricket is (3) ______ in the game’’s etiquette.

答案： reflected

问答题

H-Tech Services for Client A H-Tech can offer customers a host of managed services that can enhance their own existing IT support infrastructure or provide a reliable, cost-effective alternative to in-house resources. Because your communication system is equally as important as your IT infrastructure, H-Tech’’s managed services offering also encompasses your communication network, providing a full range of telecom services, supporting both voice and data environments. B H-Tech can provide both administrative call — desk and technical help — desk facilities for clients utilizing our in-house systems or by remote access to clients established systems. The provision of a centralized call desk facility allows the production of extensive management information and reporting to clients across a wide spectrum of data. C H-Tech provides comprehensive consultancy services to ensure that the right IT infrastructure is set in place to meet your requirements. H-Tech can work with organizations to identify key business goals and evaluate the need for scalability, availability, manageability and security and will provide you with the optimum solution for your computing needs, providing IT assessment, design and implementation on a variety of computing platforms. D All organizations need to keep their IT capabilities current to remain productive and competitive in today’’s marketplace, this often means you end up with idle assets in the form of desktops, laptops, printers etc that no longer meet business requirements but still represent a significant investment. H-Tech provides asset management and will refurbish, re-deploy, dispose or recycle these assets on your behalf, to ensure that you obtain the most value from this equipment and comply with European Environmental Legislation. E Recognizing the need for quick and cost-effective implementation that minimizes business disruption, H-Tech will oversee the careful planning and management of the entire project. F H-Tech will supply an engineering resource to provide the desktop installation/ Upgrade of PCs, laptops and peripherals directly to the user’’s desk. The new device is connected to the user’’s existing equipment (printer, zip drive, scanner etc) and the engineer would then fully test the equipment and deal with any legacy problems. Once a new desktop has been installed and peripheral items tested, the redundant equipment can be re-deployed (cascaded) to another user ensuring that the machine is re-configured accordingly. G H-Tech can provide a service to remove the packaging at the time of installation and will dispose of or recycle it in an environmentally friendly way. H For larger rollouts, H-Tech can store a large number of systems on behalf of the Client and manage the logistics of multiple deliveries. Because H-Tech can co-ordinate both delivery and implementation, continuity of services is assured. I H-Tech’’s maintenance services have evolved to provide repair and maintenance services to major sites through the deployment of site-based engineers delivering fast responses to users. The engineers on site are supported by our extensive repair centre, which offers component level repairs across a wide product portfolio. Locally held and managed back-up equipment, facilitates minimum down time for users and allows IT departments to concentrate on developing and maintaining the infrastructure and systems. H-Tech undertakes to comply with clients SLA requirements and monitors and reports Key Performance Indicators through its Call Management Systems, all of which are available to customers via the Web. Please click here for further information on the H-Tech Repair Centre. J H-Tech can offer the recycling of all redundant IT equipment and the certified disposal and destruction of materials and the safe disposal of hazardous and special waste. Please click here for further information on the H-Tech Recycle initiative. K The H-Tech Technical Support Division can provide on-going support to ensure that customers get the most from their IT system, ensuring that mission — critical applications are protected and the IT environment develops and grows with your company. H-Tech can provide tailored support agreements to meet individual customer requirements. Please click here for further information on the IT technical support services offered by H-Tech. Please click here for further information on the more specific telecom technical support services offered by H-Tech. L H-Tech recognises the need for customers to enhance their own technical knowledge and can offer tailored training courses to support IT departments and end users during major new deployments. Training can be provided at H-Tech’’s purpose — built training facility in Ipswich or can be held on customer site to ensure minimum disruption to the clients core business. Questions 1-9 Read a computer company’’s Services for Client above. Each paragraph A—L describes a different service provided by the H-Tech company. From the list below (i — xii) choose the most suitable items for paragraphs A —L. Write the appropriate numbers (i-xii) in boxes 1-9 on your answer sheet. i System and infrastructure management services ii Storage and delivery iii Recycle Services iv Training v Design and consultancy vi Desktop installation and peripheral configuration/upgrades vii Help-desk services viii H-Tech Managed Services ix Maintenance services x Asset management xi Packaging removal xii Technical Support Paragraph C

答案： v

单项选择题

Rights to remember NEW HN, CONNECTICUT One element of this doctrine is what I call "Achilles and his heel". September 11th brought upon America, as once upon Achilles, a schizophrenic sense of both exceptional power and exceptional vulnerability. Never has a superpower seemed so powerful and so vulnerable at the same time. The Bush doctrine asked: "How can we use our superpower resources to protect our vulnerability" The administration has also radically shifted its emphasis on human rights. In 1941, Franklin Delano Roosevelt called the allies to arms by painting a vision of the world we were trying to make: a post-war world of four fundamental freedoms: freedom of speech, freedom of religion, freedom from want, freedom from fear. This framework foreshadowed the post-war human-rights construct-embedded in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and subsequent international covenants that emphasised comprehensive protection of civil and political rights (freedom of speech and religion), economic, social and cultural rights (freedom from want), and freedom from gross violations and persecution (the Refugee Convention, the Genocide Convention and the Torture Convention). But Bush administration officials have now reprioritised "freedom from fear" as the number-one freedom we need to preserve. Freedom from fear has become the obsessive watchword of America’’s human-rights policy. Witness five faces of a human-rights policy fixated on freedom from fear. (A) Two core tenets of a post-Watergate world had been that our government does not spy on its citizens, and that American citizens should see what our government is doing. But since September 11th, classification of government documents has risen to new heights. The Patriot Act, passed almost without dissent after September 11th, authorises the Defence Department to develop a project to promote something called "total information awareness". Under this programme, the government may gather huge amounts of information about citizens without proving they have done anything wrong. They can access a citizen’’s records-whether telephone, financial, rental, internet, medical, educational or library-without showing any involvement with terrorism. Internet service providers may be forced to produce records based solely on FBI declarations that the information is for an anti-terrorism investigation. Many absurdities follow: the Lawyers Committee for Human Rights, in a study published in September, reports that 20 American peace activists, including nuns and high-school students, were recently flagged as security threats and detained for saying that they were travelling to a rally to protest against military aid to Colombia. The entire high-school wrestling team of Juneau, Alaska, was held up at airports seven times just because one member was the son of a retired Coast Guard officer on the FBI watch-list. (B) After September 11th, 1,200 immigrants were detained, more than 750 on charges based solely on civil immigration violations. The Justice Department’’s own inspector — general called the attorney — general’’s enforcement of immigration laws "indiscriminate and haphazard". The Immigration and Naturalisation Service, which formerly had a mandate for humanitarian relief as well as for border protection, has been converted into an arm of the Department of Homeland Security. The impact on particular groups has been devastating. The number of refugees resettled in America declined from 90,000 a year before September 11th to less than a third that number, 27,000, this year. The Pakistani population of Atlantic County, New Jersey has fallen by half. (C) Some 660 prisoners from 42 countries are being held in Guantanamo Bay, some for nearly two years. Three children are apparently being detained, including a 13-year-old, several of the detainees are aged over 70, and one claims to be over 100. Courtrooms are being built to try six detainees, including two British subjects who have been declared eligible for trial by military commission. There have been 32 reported suicide attempts. Yet the administration is literally pouring concrete around its detention policy, spending another $ 25m on buildings in Guantdnamo that will increase the detention capacity to 1,100. (D) In two cases that are quickly working their way to the Supreme Court, Yasser Hamdi and Jose Padilla are two American citizens on American soil who have been designated as "enemy combatants", and who have been accorded no legal channels to assert their rights. The racial disparities in the use of the "enemy combatant" label are glaring. Contrast, for example, the treatment of Mr Hamdi, from Louisiana but of Saudi Arabian ancestry, with that of John Walker Lindh, the famous "American Taliban", who is a white American from a comfortable family in the San Francisco Bay area. Both are American citizens; both were captured in Afghanistan in late 2001 by the Northern Alliance; both were handed over to American forces, who eventually brought them to the United States. But federal prosecutors brought criminal charges against Mr Lindh, who got an expensive lawyer and eventually plea-bargained to a prison term. Meanwhile, Mr Hamdi has remained in incommunicado detention, without a lawyer, in a South Carolina military brig for the past 16 months. (E) America’’s anti-terrorist activities have given cover to many foreign governments who want to use "anti-terrorism" to justify their own crackdowns on human rights. Examples abound. In Indonesia, the army has cited America’’s use of Guantanamo to propose building an offshore prison camp on Nasi Island to hold suspected terrorists from Aceh. In Australia, Parliament passed laws mandating the forcible transfer of refugees seeking entry to detention facilities in Nauru, where children as young as three years old are being held, so that Australia does not (in the words of its defence minister) become a "pipeline for terrorists". In Egypt, the government extended for another three years its emergency law, which allows it to detain suspected national-security threats almost indefinitely without charge, to ban public demonstrations, and to try citizens before military tribunals. President Hosni Mubarak announced that America’’s parallel policies proved that "we were right from the beginning in using all means, including military tribunals, to combat terrorism". Around the globe, America’’s human-rights policy has visibly softened, subsumed under the all-encompassing banner of the "war against terrorism". And at home, the Patriot Act, military commissions, Guantdnamo and the indefinite detention of American citizens have placed America in the odd position of condoning deep intrusions by law, even while creating zones and persons outside the law. Many, if not most, Americans would have supported dealing with September 11th in a different way. Imagine, for example, the Bush administration dealing with the atrocity through the then prevailing multilateralist strategy of using global cooperation to solve global problems. On the day after the attack, George Bush could have flown to New York to stand in solidarity with the world’’s ambassadors in front of the United Nations. Questions 26-30 Below is a list of headings , choose the most suitable choices for paragraphs (A-E) and write the appropriate numbers (i-vi) on your answer sheet. i. Scapegoating immigrants ii. The creation of extra-legal zones iii. Closed government and invasions of privacy iv. The effect on the rest of the world v. Painting a vision of the world vi. The creation of extra-legal persons.

Paragraph C

问答题

Stumped Rawalpindi He has a normal head, but nestling between his massive shoulders it seems small. He is Shoaib Akhtar, "the Rawalpindi Express", the fastest recorded bowler of a cricket ball in history. And right now, before a small but baying crowd at the Rawalpindi Cricket Ground, he is steaming towards this correspondent. From 22 yards, Mr. Akhtar launches into the weirdly beautiful contortion that fast bowlers perform to hurl a six-ounce lump of cork and leather at up to 100mph. Half a second later, the ball demolishes the stumps. For over two centuries, cricket has been played according to a largely unwritten code of honour for the practical reason that its laws are too complicated for officials to enforce to the reality. But technology has been rewriting the old etiquette. And according to some recent research, one of cricket’’s most basic laws is untenable, and now the game is in turmoil. According to law 24. 3, bowlers may not straighten their arm in the final act of delivering the ball. This leads to Mr. Akhtar’’s brutal run-up and elaborate action as alternative means of generating pace on the ball. The centrality of law 24.3 to cricket — and the virtual impossibility of policing it — is reflected in the game’’s etiquette. To accuse a bowler of throwing the ball is one of the gravest insults in the game; yet now such accusations are flying thick and fast. Mr. Akhtar, the first man to bowl a delivery timed at 100mph, is one of a number of modern stars recently reported with "suspect actions". These rulings followed research into biomechanics that match officials had hoped would vindicate their decision. The University of Western Australia’’s School of Human Movement has been investigating cricket biomechanics. In 2003, a study by Marc Portus, at the Australian Institute of Sport in Canberra, filmed a number of fast bowlers in action using a dozen cameras recording 250 frames per second. They showed that virtually all bowlers straighten their arm, or throw, to some extent. Mr. Akhtar flexes his arm more than most only because he is extremely double-jointed. And to confuse matters further, a brilliant Sri Lankan spin bowler, Muttiah Muralitharan bowls with a crooked arm only because a congenital condition prevents him straightening it fully. In an effort to restore sanity to matters, bowlers are now allowed a varying margin for error depending on the pace at which they bowl. Thus, fast bowlers are legally allowed to straighten their arm by 10°, medium pacers by 7.5° and slow bowlers by 5°. But even this innovation has been rapidly undone. Last month, for the third time in his illustrious career, and even though poised to break the all-time wicket-taking record, Mr. Muralitharan was reported with a suspect action. Though Mr. Muralitharan was previously cleared by biomechanics, an English match official questioned the legality of a wicked addition to his armoury of top-spinners, off-spinners and leg-spinners. It is nicknamed the "doosra", which in Hindi or Urdu means "second" or "other". Here the ball is delivered with a huge flick of Mr. Muralitharan’’s rubbery wrists and, according to many observers, a flexing of his elbow. Subsequent testing showed that Mr. Muralitharan flexes his arm by more than 10° when bowling the doosra, and the delivery could be banned. Sri Lanka, where Mr. Muralitharan is revered, is now seething while many Australians, who have long reviled him as a "chucker", are crowing. Should they pause for air, they would hear their own scientists cry foul. Last week, the scientists who tested Mr. Muralitharan admitted that they actually did not know much about the mechanics of spin bowling, and that he should receive no censure. When it comes to cricket, science may be stumped. In an effort to restore sanity to matters, bowlers are now allowed a (4) ______ margin for error depending on the pace at which they bowl.

答案： varying

问答题

H-Tech Services for Client A H-Tech can offer customers a host of managed services that can enhance their own existing IT support infrastructure or provide a reliable, cost-effective alternative to in-house resources. Because your communication system is equally as important as your IT infrastructure, H-Tech’’s managed services offering also encompasses your communication network, providing a full range of telecom services, supporting both voice and data environments. B H-Tech can provide both administrative call — desk and technical help — desk facilities for clients utilizing our in-house systems or by remote access to clients established systems. The provision of a centralized call desk facility allows the production of extensive management information and reporting to clients across a wide spectrum of data. C H-Tech provides comprehensive consultancy services to ensure that the right IT infrastructure is set in place to meet your requirements. H-Tech can work with organizations to identify key business goals and evaluate the need for scalability, availability, manageability and security and will provide you with the optimum solution for your computing needs, providing IT assessment, design and implementation on a variety of computing platforms. D All organizations need to keep their IT capabilities current to remain productive and competitive in today’’s marketplace, this often means you end up with idle assets in the form of desktops, laptops, printers etc that no longer meet business requirements but still represent a significant investment. H-Tech provides asset management and will refurbish, re-deploy, dispose or recycle these assets on your behalf, to ensure that you obtain the most value from this equipment and comply with European Environmental Legislation. E Recognizing the need for quick and cost-effective implementation that minimizes business disruption, H-Tech will oversee the careful planning and management of the entire project. F H-Tech will supply an engineering resource to provide the desktop installation/ Upgrade of PCs, laptops and peripherals directly to the user’’s desk. The new device is connected to the user’’s existing equipment (printer, zip drive, scanner etc) and the engineer would then fully test the equipment and deal with any legacy problems. Once a new desktop has been installed and peripheral items tested, the redundant equipment can be re-deployed (cascaded) to another user ensuring that the machine is re-configured accordingly. G H-Tech can provide a service to remove the packaging at the time of installation and will dispose of or recycle it in an environmentally friendly way. H For larger rollouts, H-Tech can store a large number of systems on behalf of the Client and manage the logistics of multiple deliveries. Because H-Tech can co-ordinate both delivery and implementation, continuity of services is assured. I H-Tech’’s maintenance services have evolved to provide repair and maintenance services to major sites through the deployment of site-based engineers delivering fast responses to users. The engineers on site are supported by our extensive repair centre, which offers component level repairs across a wide product portfolio. Locally held and managed back-up equipment, facilitates minimum down time for users and allows IT departments to concentrate on developing and maintaining the infrastructure and systems. H-Tech undertakes to comply with clients SLA requirements and monitors and reports Key Performance Indicators through its Call Management Systems, all of which are available to customers via the Web. Please click here for further information on the H-Tech Repair Centre. J H-Tech can offer the recycling of all redundant IT equipment and the certified disposal and destruction of materials and the safe disposal of hazardous and special waste. Please click here for further information on the H-Tech Recycle initiative. K The H-Tech Technical Support Division can provide on-going support to ensure that customers get the most from their IT system, ensuring that mission — critical applications are protected and the IT environment develops and grows with your company. H-Tech can provide tailored support agreements to meet individual customer requirements. Please click here for further information on the IT technical support services offered by H-Tech. Please click here for further information on the more specific telecom technical support services offered by H-Tech. L H-Tech recognises the need for customers to enhance their own technical knowledge and can offer tailored training courses to support IT departments and end users during major new deployments. Training can be provided at H-Tech’’s purpose — built training facility in Ipswich or can be held on customer site to ensure minimum disruption to the clients core business. Questions 1-9 Read a computer company’’s Services for Client above. Each paragraph A—L describes a different service provided by the H-Tech company. From the list below (i — xii) choose the most suitable items for paragraphs A —L. Write the appropriate numbers (i-xii) in boxes 1-9 on your answer sheet. i System and infrastructure management services ii Storage and delivery iii Recycle Services iv Training v Design and consultancy vi Desktop installation and peripheral configuration/upgrades vii Help-desk services viii H-Tech Managed Services ix Maintenance services x Asset management xi Packaging removal xii Technical Support Paragraph E

答案： i

单项选择题

Rights to remember NEW HN, CONNECTICUT One element of this doctrine is what I call "Achilles and his heel". September 11th brought upon America, as once upon Achilles, a schizophrenic sense of both exceptional power and exceptional vulnerability. Never has a superpower seemed so powerful and so vulnerable at the same time. The Bush doctrine asked: "How can we use our superpower resources to protect our vulnerability" The administration has also radically shifted its emphasis on human rights. In 1941, Franklin Delano Roosevelt called the allies to arms by painting a vision of the world we were trying to make: a post-war world of four fundamental freedoms: freedom of speech, freedom of religion, freedom from want, freedom from fear. This framework foreshadowed the post-war human-rights construct-embedded in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and subsequent international covenants that emphasised comprehensive protection of civil and political rights (freedom of speech and religion), economic, social and cultural rights (freedom from want), and freedom from gross violations and persecution (the Refugee Convention, the Genocide Convention and the Torture Convention). But Bush administration officials have now reprioritised "freedom from fear" as the number-one freedom we need to preserve. Freedom from fear has become the obsessive watchword of America’’s human-rights policy. Witness five faces of a human-rights policy fixated on freedom from fear. (A) Two core tenets of a post-Watergate world had been that our government does not spy on its citizens, and that American citizens should see what our government is doing. But since September 11th, classification of government documents has risen to new heights. The Patriot Act, passed almost without dissent after September 11th, authorises the Defence Department to develop a project to promote something called "total information awareness". Under this programme, the government may gather huge amounts of information about citizens without proving they have done anything wrong. They can access a citizen’’s records-whether telephone, financial, rental, internet, medical, educational or library-without showing any involvement with terrorism. Internet service providers may be forced to produce records based solely on FBI declarations that the information is for an anti-terrorism investigation. Many absurdities follow: the Lawyers Committee for Human Rights, in a study published in September, reports that 20 American peace activists, including nuns and high-school students, were recently flagged as security threats and detained for saying that they were travelling to a rally to protest against military aid to Colombia. The entire high-school wrestling team of Juneau, Alaska, was held up at airports seven times just because one member was the son of a retired Coast Guard officer on the FBI watch-list. (B) After September 11th, 1,200 immigrants were detained, more than 750 on charges based solely on civil immigration violations. The Justice Department’’s own inspector — general called the attorney — general’’s enforcement of immigration laws "indiscriminate and haphazard". The Immigration and Naturalisation Service, which formerly had a mandate for humanitarian relief as well as for border protection, has been converted into an arm of the Department of Homeland Security. The impact on particular groups has been devastating. The number of refugees resettled in America declined from 90,000 a year before September 11th to less than a third that number, 27,000, this year. The Pakistani population of Atlantic County, New Jersey has fallen by half. (C) Some 660 prisoners from 42 countries are being held in Guantanamo Bay, some for nearly two years. Three children are apparently being detained, including a 13-year-old, several of the detainees are aged over 70, and one claims to be over 100. Courtrooms are being built to try six detainees, including two British subjects who have been declared eligible for trial by military commission. There have been 32 reported suicide attempts. Yet the administration is literally pouring concrete around its detention policy, spending another $ 25m on buildings in Guantdnamo that will increase the detention capacity to 1,100. (D) In two cases that are quickly working their way to the Supreme Court, Yasser Hamdi and Jose Padilla are two American citizens on American soil who have been designated as "enemy combatants", and who have been accorded no legal channels to assert their rights. The racial disparities in the use of the "enemy combatant" label are glaring. Contrast, for example, the treatment of Mr Hamdi, from Louisiana but of Saudi Arabian ancestry, with that of John Walker Lindh, the famous "American Taliban", who is a white American from a comfortable family in the San Francisco Bay area. Both are American citizens; both were captured in Afghanistan in late 2001 by the Northern Alliance; both were handed over to American forces, who eventually brought them to the United States. But federal prosecutors brought criminal charges against Mr Lindh, who got an expensive lawyer and eventually plea-bargained to a prison term. Meanwhile, Mr Hamdi has remained in incommunicado detention, without a lawyer, in a South Carolina military brig for the past 16 months. (E) America’’s anti-terrorist activities have given cover to many foreign governments who want to use "anti-terrorism" to justify their own crackdowns on human rights. Examples abound. In Indonesia, the army has cited America’’s use of Guantanamo to propose building an offshore prison camp on Nasi Island to hold suspected terrorists from Aceh. In Australia, Parliament passed laws mandating the forcible transfer of refugees seeking entry to detention facilities in Nauru, where children as young as three years old are being held, so that Australia does not (in the words of its defence minister) become a "pipeline for terrorists". In Egypt, the government extended for another three years its emergency law, which allows it to detain suspected national-security threats almost indefinitely without charge, to ban public demonstrations, and to try citizens before military tribunals. President Hosni Mubarak announced that America’’s parallel policies proved that "we were right from the beginning in using all means, including military tribunals, to combat terrorism". Around the globe, America’’s human-rights policy has visibly softened, subsumed under the all-encompassing banner of the "war against terrorism". And at home, the Patriot Act, military commissions, Guantdnamo and the indefinite detention of American citizens have placed America in the odd position of condoning deep intrusions by law, even while creating zones and persons outside the law. Many, if not most, Americans would have supported dealing with September 11th in a different way. Imagine, for example, the Bush administration dealing with the atrocity through the then prevailing multilateralist strategy of using global cooperation to solve global problems. On the day after the attack, George Bush could have flown to New York to stand in solidarity with the world’’s ambassadors in front of the United Nations. Questions 26-30 Below is a list of headings , choose the most suitable choices for paragraphs (A-E) and write the appropriate numbers (i-vi) on your answer sheet. i. Scapegoating immigrants ii. The creation of extra-legal zones iii. Closed government and invasions of privacy iv. The effect on the rest of the world v. Painting a vision of the world vi. The creation of extra-legal persons.

Paragraph D

问答题

H-Tech Services for Client A H-Tech can offer customers a host of managed services that can enhance their own existing IT support infrastructure or provide a reliable, cost-effective alternative to in-house resources. Because your communication system is equally as important as your IT infrastructure, H-Tech’’s managed services offering also encompasses your communication network, providing a full range of telecom services, supporting both voice and data environments. B H-Tech can provide both administrative call — desk and technical help — desk facilities for clients utilizing our in-house systems or by remote access to clients established systems. The provision of a centralized call desk facility allows the production of extensive management information and reporting to clients across a wide spectrum of data. C H-Tech provides comprehensive consultancy services to ensure that the right IT infrastructure is set in place to meet your requirements. H-Tech can work with organizations to identify key business goals and evaluate the need for scalability, availability, manageability and security and will provide you with the optimum solution for your computing needs, providing IT assessment, design and implementation on a variety of computing platforms. D All organizations need to keep their IT capabilities current to remain productive and competitive in today’’s marketplace, this often means you end up with idle assets in the form of desktops, laptops, printers etc that no longer meet business requirements but still represent a significant investment. H-Tech provides asset management and will refurbish, re-deploy, dispose or recycle these assets on your behalf, to ensure that you obtain the most value from this equipment and comply with European Environmental Legislation. E Recognizing the need for quick and cost-effective implementation that minimizes business disruption, H-Tech will oversee the careful planning and management of the entire project. F H-Tech will supply an engineering resource to provide the desktop installation/ Upgrade of PCs, laptops and peripherals directly to the user’’s desk. The new device is connected to the user’’s existing equipment (printer, zip drive, scanner etc) and the engineer would then fully test the equipment and deal with any legacy problems. Once a new desktop has been installed and peripheral items tested, the redundant equipment can be re-deployed (cascaded) to another user ensuring that the machine is re-configured accordingly. G H-Tech can provide a service to remove the packaging at the time of installation and will dispose of or recycle it in an environmentally friendly way. H For larger rollouts, H-Tech can store a large number of systems on behalf of the Client and manage the logistics of multiple deliveries. Because H-Tech can co-ordinate both delivery and implementation, continuity of services is assured. I H-Tech’’s maintenance services have evolved to provide repair and maintenance services to major sites through the deployment of site-based engineers delivering fast responses to users. The engineers on site are supported by our extensive repair centre, which offers component level repairs across a wide product portfolio. Locally held and managed back-up equipment, facilitates minimum down time for users and allows IT departments to concentrate on developing and maintaining the infrastructure and systems. H-Tech undertakes to comply with clients SLA requirements and monitors and reports Key Performance Indicators through its Call Management Systems, all of which are available to customers via the Web. Please click here for further information on the H-Tech Repair Centre. J H-Tech can offer the recycling of all redundant IT equipment and the certified disposal and destruction of materials and the safe disposal of hazardous and special waste. Please click here for further information on the H-Tech Recycle initiative. K The H-Tech Technical Support Division can provide on-going support to ensure that customers get the most from their IT system, ensuring that mission — critical applications are protected and the IT environment develops and grows with your company. H-Tech can provide tailored support agreements to meet individual customer requirements. Please click here for further information on the IT technical support services offered by H-Tech. Please click here for further information on the more specific telecom technical support services offered by H-Tech. L H-Tech recognises the need for customers to enhance their own technical knowledge and can offer tailored training courses to support IT departments and end users during major new deployments. Training can be provided at H-Tech’’s purpose — built training facility in Ipswich or can be held on customer site to ensure minimum disruption to the clients core business. Questions 1-9 Read a computer company’’s Services for Client above. Each paragraph A—L describes a different service provided by the H-Tech company. From the list below (i — xii) choose the most suitable items for paragraphs A —L. Write the appropriate numbers (i-xii) in boxes 1-9 on your answer sheet. i System and infrastructure management services ii Storage and delivery iii Recycle Services iv Training v Design and consultancy vi Desktop installation and peripheral configuration/upgrades vii Help-desk services viii H-Tech Managed Services ix Maintenance services x Asset management xi Packaging removal xii Technical Support Paragraph F

答案： vi

问答题

Stumped Rawalpindi He has a normal head, but nestling between his massive shoulders it seems small. He is Shoaib Akhtar, "the Rawalpindi Express", the fastest recorded bowler of a cricket ball in history. And right now, before a small but baying crowd at the Rawalpindi Cricket Ground, he is steaming towards this correspondent. From 22 yards, Mr. Akhtar launches into the weirdly beautiful contortion that fast bowlers perform to hurl a six-ounce lump of cork and leather at up to 100mph. Half a second later, the ball demolishes the stumps. For over two centuries, cricket has been played according to a largely unwritten code of honour for the practical reason that its laws are too complicated for officials to enforce to the reality. But technology has been rewriting the old etiquette. And according to some recent research, one of cricket’’s most basic laws is untenable, and now the game is in turmoil. According to law 24. 3, bowlers may not straighten their arm in the final act of delivering the ball. This leads to Mr. Akhtar’’s brutal run-up and elaborate action as alternative means of generating pace on the ball. The centrality of law 24.3 to cricket — and the virtual impossibility of policing it — is reflected in the game’’s etiquette. To accuse a bowler of throwing the ball is one of the gravest insults in the game; yet now such accusations are flying thick and fast. Mr. Akhtar, the first man to bowl a delivery timed at 100mph, is one of a number of modern stars recently reported with "suspect actions". These rulings followed research into biomechanics that match officials had hoped would vindicate their decision. The University of Western Australia’’s School of Human Movement has been investigating cricket biomechanics. In 2003, a study by Marc Portus, at the Australian Institute of Sport in Canberra, filmed a number of fast bowlers in action using a dozen cameras recording 250 frames per second. They showed that virtually all bowlers straighten their arm, or throw, to some extent. Mr. Akhtar flexes his arm more than most only because he is extremely double-jointed. And to confuse matters further, a brilliant Sri Lankan spin bowler, Muttiah Muralitharan bowls with a crooked arm only because a congenital condition prevents him straightening it fully. In an effort to restore sanity to matters, bowlers are now allowed a varying margin for error depending on the pace at which they bowl. Thus, fast bowlers are legally allowed to straighten their arm by 10°, medium pacers by 7.5° and slow bowlers by 5°. But even this innovation has been rapidly undone. Last month, for the third time in his illustrious career, and even though poised to break the all-time wicket-taking record, Mr. Muralitharan was reported with a suspect action. Though Mr. Muralitharan was previously cleared by biomechanics, an English match official questioned the legality of a wicked addition to his armoury of top-spinners, off-spinners and leg-spinners. It is nicknamed the "doosra", which in Hindi or Urdu means "second" or "other". Here the ball is delivered with a huge flick of Mr. Muralitharan’’s rubbery wrists and, according to many observers, a flexing of his elbow. Subsequent testing showed that Mr. Muralitharan flexes his arm by more than 10° when bowling the doosra, and the delivery could be banned. Sri Lanka, where Mr. Muralitharan is revered, is now seething while many Australians, who have long reviled him as a "chucker", are crowing. Should they pause for air, they would hear their own scientists cry foul. Last week, the scientists who tested Mr. Muralitharan admitted that they actually did not know much about the mechanics of spin bowling, and that he should receive no censure. When it comes to cricket, science may be stumped. Many Australians, who have long (5) ______ Mr. Muralitharan as a "chucker", are crowing.

答案： reviled

单项选择题

Rights to remember NEW HN, CONNECTICUT One element of this doctrine is what I call "Achilles and his heel". September 11th brought upon America, as once upon Achilles, a schizophrenic sense of both exceptional power and exceptional vulnerability. Never has a superpower seemed so powerful and so vulnerable at the same time. The Bush doctrine asked: "How can we use our superpower resources to protect our vulnerability" The administration has also radically shifted its emphasis on human rights. In 1941, Franklin Delano Roosevelt called the allies to arms by painting a vision of the world we were trying to make: a post-war world of four fundamental freedoms: freedom of speech, freedom of religion, freedom from want, freedom from fear. This framework foreshadowed the post-war human-rights construct-embedded in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and subsequent international covenants that emphasised comprehensive protection of civil and political rights (freedom of speech and religion), economic, social and cultural rights (freedom from want), and freedom from gross violations and persecution (the Refugee Convention, the Genocide Convention and the Torture Convention). But Bush administration officials have now reprioritised "freedom from fear" as the number-one freedom we need to preserve. Freedom from fear has become the obsessive watchword of America’’s human-rights policy. Witness five faces of a human-rights policy fixated on freedom from fear. (A) Two core tenets of a post-Watergate world had been that our government does not spy on its citizens, and that American citizens should see what our government is doing. But since September 11th, classification of government documents has risen to new heights. The Patriot Act, passed almost without dissent after September 11th, authorises the Defence Department to develop a project to promote something called "total information awareness". Under this programme, the government may gather huge amounts of information about citizens without proving they have done anything wrong. They can access a citizen’’s records-whether telephone, financial, rental, internet, medical, educational or library-without showing any involvement with terrorism. Internet service providers may be forced to produce records based solely on FBI declarations that the information is for an anti-terrorism investigation. Many absurdities follow: the Lawyers Committee for Human Rights, in a study published in September, reports that 20 American peace activists, including nuns and high-school students, were recently flagged as security threats and detained for saying that they were travelling to a rally to protest against military aid to Colombia. The entire high-school wrestling team of Juneau, Alaska, was held up at airports seven times just because one member was the son of a retired Coast Guard officer on the FBI watch-list. (B) After September 11th, 1,200 immigrants were detained, more than 750 on charges based solely on civil immigration violations. The Justice Department’’s own inspector — general called the attorney — general’’s enforcement of immigration laws "indiscriminate and haphazard". The Immigration and Naturalisation Service, which formerly had a mandate for humanitarian relief as well as for border protection, has been converted into an arm of the Department of Homeland Security. The impact on particular groups has been devastating. The number of refugees resettled in America declined from 90,000 a year before September 11th to less than a third that number, 27,000, this year. The Pakistani population of Atlantic County, New Jersey has fallen by half. (C) Some 660 prisoners from 42 countries are being held in Guantanamo Bay, some for nearly two years. Three children are apparently being detained, including a 13-year-old, several of the detainees are aged over 70, and one claims to be over 100. Courtrooms are being built to try six detainees, including two British subjects who have been declared eligible for trial by military commission. There have been 32 reported suicide attempts. Yet the administration is literally pouring concrete around its detention policy, spending another $ 25m on buildings in Guantdnamo that will increase the detention capacity to 1,100. (D) In two cases that are quickly working their way to the Supreme Court, Yasser Hamdi and Jose Padilla are two American citizens on American soil who have been designated as "enemy combatants", and who have been accorded no legal channels to assert their rights. The racial disparities in the use of the "enemy combatant" label are glaring. Contrast, for example, the treatment of Mr Hamdi, from Louisiana but of Saudi Arabian ancestry, with that of John Walker Lindh, the famous "American Taliban", who is a white American from a comfortable family in the San Francisco Bay area. Both are American citizens; both were captured in Afghanistan in late 2001 by the Northern Alliance; both were handed over to American forces, who eventually brought them to the United States. But federal prosecutors brought criminal charges against Mr Lindh, who got an expensive lawyer and eventually plea-bargained to a prison term. Meanwhile, Mr Hamdi has remained in incommunicado detention, without a lawyer, in a South Carolina military brig for the past 16 months. (E) America’’s anti-terrorist activities have given cover to many foreign governments who want to use "anti-terrorism" to justify their own crackdowns on human rights. Examples abound. In Indonesia, the army has cited America’’s use of Guantanamo to propose building an offshore prison camp on Nasi Island to hold suspected terrorists from Aceh. In Australia, Parliament passed laws mandating the forcible transfer of refugees seeking entry to detention facilities in Nauru, where children as young as three years old are being held, so that Australia does not (in the words of its defence minister) become a "pipeline for terrorists". In Egypt, the government extended for another three years its emergency law, which allows it to detain suspected national-security threats almost indefinitely without charge, to ban public demonstrations, and to try citizens before military tribunals. President Hosni Mubarak announced that America’’s parallel policies proved that "we were right from the beginning in using all means, including military tribunals, to combat terrorism". Around the globe, America’’s human-rights policy has visibly softened, subsumed under the all-encompassing banner of the "war against terrorism". And at home, the Patriot Act, military commissions, Guantdnamo and the indefinite detention of American citizens have placed America in the odd position of condoning deep intrusions by law, even while creating zones and persons outside the law. Many, if not most, Americans would have supported dealing with September 11th in a different way. Imagine, for example, the Bush administration dealing with the atrocity through the then prevailing multilateralist strategy of using global cooperation to solve global problems. On the day after the attack, George Bush could have flown to New York to stand in solidarity with the world’’s ambassadors in front of the United Nations. Questions 26-30 Below is a list of headings , choose the most suitable choices for paragraphs (A-E) and write the appropriate numbers (i-vi) on your answer sheet. i. Scapegoating immigrants ii. The creation of extra-legal zones iii. Closed government and invasions of privacy iv. The effect on the rest of the world v. Painting a vision of the world vi. The creation of extra-legal persons.

Paragraph E

问答题

H-Tech Services for Client A H-Tech can offer customers a host of managed services that can enhance their own existing IT support infrastructure or provide a reliable, cost-effective alternative to in-house resources. Because your communication system is equally as important as your IT infrastructure, H-Tech’’s managed services offering also encompasses your communication network, providing a full range of telecom services, supporting both voice and data environments. B H-Tech can provide both administrative call — desk and technical help — desk facilities for clients utilizing our in-house systems or by remote access to clients established systems. The provision of a centralized call desk facility allows the production of extensive management information and reporting to clients across a wide spectrum of data. C H-Tech provides comprehensive consultancy services to ensure that the right IT infrastructure is set in place to meet your requirements. H-Tech can work with organizations to identify key business goals and evaluate the need for scalability, availability, manageability and security and will provide you with the optimum solution for your computing needs, providing IT assessment, design and implementation on a variety of computing platforms. D All organizations need to keep their IT capabilities current to remain productive and competitive in today’’s marketplace, this often means you end up with idle assets in the form of desktops, laptops, printers etc that no longer meet business requirements but still represent a significant investment. H-Tech provides asset management and will refurbish, re-deploy, dispose or recycle these assets on your behalf, to ensure that you obtain the most value from this equipment and comply with European Environmental Legislation. E Recognizing the need for quick and cost-effective implementation that minimizes business disruption, H-Tech will oversee the careful planning and management of the entire project. F H-Tech will supply an engineering resource to provide the desktop installation/ Upgrade of PCs, laptops and peripherals directly to the user’’s desk. The new device is connected to the user’’s existing equipment (printer, zip drive, scanner etc) and the engineer would then fully test the equipment and deal with any legacy problems. Once a new desktop has been installed and peripheral items tested, the redundant equipment can be re-deployed (cascaded) to another user ensuring that the machine is re-configured accordingly. G H-Tech can provide a service to remove the packaging at the time of installation and will dispose of or recycle it in an environmentally friendly way. H For larger rollouts, H-Tech can store a large number of systems on behalf of the Client and manage the logistics of multiple deliveries. Because H-Tech can co-ordinate both delivery and implementation, continuity of services is assured. I H-Tech’’s maintenance services have evolved to provide repair and maintenance services to major sites through the deployment of site-based engineers delivering fast responses to users. The engineers on site are supported by our extensive repair centre, which offers component level repairs across a wide product portfolio. Locally held and managed back-up equipment, facilitates minimum down time for users and allows IT departments to concentrate on developing and maintaining the infrastructure and systems. H-Tech undertakes to comply with clients SLA requirements and monitors and reports Key Performance Indicators through its Call Management Systems, all of which are available to customers via the Web. Please click here for further information on the H-Tech Repair Centre. J H-Tech can offer the recycling of all redundant IT equipment and the certified disposal and destruction of materials and the safe disposal of hazardous and special waste. Please click here for further information on the H-Tech Recycle initiative. K The H-Tech Technical Support Division can provide on-going support to ensure that customers get the most from their IT system, ensuring that mission — critical applications are protected and the IT environment develops and grows with your company. H-Tech can provide tailored support agreements to meet individual customer requirements. Please click here for further information on the IT technical support services offered by H-Tech. Please click here for further information on the more specific telecom technical support services offered by H-Tech. L H-Tech recognises the need for customers to enhance their own technical knowledge and can offer tailored training courses to support IT departments and end users during major new deployments. Training can be provided at H-Tech’’s purpose — built training facility in Ipswich or can be held on customer site to ensure minimum disruption to the clients core business. Questions 1-9 Read a computer company’’s Services for Client above. Each paragraph A—L describes a different service provided by the H-Tech company. From the list below (i — xii) choose the most suitable items for paragraphs A —L. Write the appropriate numbers (i-xii) in boxes 1-9 on your answer sheet. i System and infrastructure management services ii Storage and delivery iii Recycle Services iv Training v Design and consultancy vi Desktop installation and peripheral configuration/upgrades vii Help-desk services viii H-Tech Managed Services ix Maintenance services x Asset management xi Packaging removal xii Technical Support Paragraph G

答案： xi

单项选择题

Rights to remember NEW HN, CONNECTICUT One element of this doctrine is what I call "Achilles and his heel". September 11th brought upon America, as once upon Achilles, a schizophrenic sense of both exceptional power and exceptional vulnerability. Never has a superpower seemed so powerful and so vulnerable at the same time. The Bush doctrine asked: "How can we use our superpower resources to protect our vulnerability" The administration has also radically shifted its emphasis on human rights. In 1941, Franklin Delano Roosevelt called the allies to arms by painting a vision of the world we were trying to make: a post-war world of four fundamental freedoms: freedom of speech, freedom of religion, freedom from want, freedom from fear. This framework foreshadowed the post-war human-rights construct-embedded in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and subsequent international covenants that emphasised comprehensive protection of civil and political rights (freedom of speech and religion), economic, social and cultural rights (freedom from want), and freedom from gross violations and persecution (the Refugee Convention, the Genocide Convention and the Torture Convention). But Bush administration officials have now reprioritised "freedom from fear" as the number-one freedom we need to preserve. Freedom from fear has become the obsessive watchword of America’’s human-rights policy. Witness five faces of a human-rights policy fixated on freedom from fear. (A) Two core tenets of a post-Watergate world had been that our government does not spy on its citizens, and that American citizens should see what our government is doing. But since September 11th, classification of government documents has risen to new heights. The Patriot Act, passed almost without dissent after September 11th, authorises the Defence Department to develop a project to promote something called "total information awareness". Under this programme, the government may gather huge amounts of information about citizens without proving they have done anything wrong. They can access a citizen’’s records-whether telephone, financial, rental, internet, medical, educational or library-without showing any involvement with terrorism. Internet service providers may be forced to produce records based solely on FBI declarations that the information is for an anti-terrorism investigation. Many absurdities follow: the Lawyers Committee for Human Rights, in a study published in September, reports that 20 American peace activists, including nuns and high-school students, were recently flagged as security threats and detained for saying that they were travelling to a rally to protest against military aid to Colombia. The entire high-school wrestling team of Juneau, Alaska, was held up at airports seven times just because one member was the son of a retired Coast Guard officer on the FBI watch-list. (B) After September 11th, 1,200 immigrants were detained, more than 750 on charges based solely on civil immigration violations. The Justice Department’’s own inspector — general called the attorney — general’’s enforcement of immigration laws "indiscriminate and haphazard". The Immigration and Naturalisation Service, which formerly had a mandate for humanitarian relief as well as for border protection, has been converted into an arm of the Department of Homeland Security. The impact on particular groups has been devastating. The number of refugees resettled in America declined from 90,000 a year before September 11th to less than a third that number, 27,000, this year. The Pakistani population of Atlantic County, New Jersey has fallen by half. (C) Some 660 prisoners from 42 countries are being held in Guantanamo Bay, some for nearly two years. Three children are apparently being detained, including a 13-year-old, several of the detainees are aged over 70, and one claims to be over 100. Courtrooms are being built to try six detainees, including two British subjects who have been declared eligible for trial by military commission. There have been 32 reported suicide attempts. Yet the administration is literally pouring concrete around its detention policy, spending another $ 25m on buildings in Guantdnamo that will increase the detention capacity to 1,100. (D) In two cases that are quickly working their way to the Supreme Court, Yasser Hamdi and Jose Padilla are two American citizens on American soil who have been designated as "enemy combatants", and who have been accorded no legal channels to assert their rights. The racial disparities in the use of the "enemy combatant" label are glaring. Contrast, for example, the treatment of Mr Hamdi, from Louisiana but of Saudi Arabian ancestry, with that of John Walker Lindh, the famous "American Taliban", who is a white American from a comfortable family in the San Francisco Bay area. Both are American citizens; both were captured in Afghanistan in late 2001 by the Northern Alliance; both were handed over to American forces, who eventually brought them to the United States. But federal prosecutors brought criminal charges against Mr Lindh, who got an expensive lawyer and eventually plea-bargained to a prison term. Meanwhile, Mr Hamdi has remained in incommunicado detention, without a lawyer, in a South Carolina military brig for the past 16 months. (E) America’’s anti-terrorist activities have given cover to many foreign governments who want to use "anti-terrorism" to justify their own crackdowns on human rights. Examples abound. In Indonesia, the army has cited America’’s use of Guantanamo to propose building an offshore prison camp on Nasi Island to hold suspected terrorists from Aceh. In Australia, Parliament passed laws mandating the forcible transfer of refugees seeking entry to detention facilities in Nauru, where children as young as three years old are being held, so that Australia does not (in the words of its defence minister) become a "pipeline for terrorists". In Egypt, the government extended for another three years its emergency law, which allows it to detain suspected national-security threats almost indefinitely without charge, to ban public demonstrations, and to try citizens before military tribunals. President Hosni Mubarak announced that America’’s parallel policies proved that "we were right from the beginning in using all means, including military tribunals, to combat terrorism". Around the globe, America’’s human-rights policy has visibly softened, subsumed under the all-encompassing banner of the "war against terrorism". And at home, the Patriot Act, military commissions, Guantdnamo and the indefinite detention of American citizens have placed America in the odd position of condoning deep intrusions by law, even while creating zones and persons outside the law. Many, if not most, Americans would have supported dealing with September 11th in a different way. Imagine, for example, the Bush administration dealing with the atrocity through the then prevailing multilateralist strategy of using global cooperation to solve global problems. On the day after the attack, George Bush could have flown to New York to stand in solidarity with the world’’s ambassadors in front of the United Nations. Questions 26-30 Below is a list of headings , choose the most suitable choices for paragraphs (A-E) and write the appropriate numbers (i-vi) on your answer sheet. i. Scapegoating immigrants ii. The creation of extra-legal zones iii. Closed government and invasions of privacy iv. The effect on the rest of the world v. Painting a vision of the world vi. The creation of extra-legal persons.

A．True
B．False
C．NOT GIVEN

问答题

Stumped Rawalpindi He has a normal head, but nestling between his massive shoulders it seems small. He is Shoaib Akhtar, "the Rawalpindi Express", the fastest recorded bowler of a cricket ball in history. And right now, before a small but baying crowd at the Rawalpindi Cricket Ground, he is steaming towards this correspondent. From 22 yards, Mr. Akhtar launches into the weirdly beautiful contortion that fast bowlers perform to hurl a six-ounce lump of cork and leather at up to 100mph. Half a second later, the ball demolishes the stumps. For over two centuries, cricket has been played according to a largely unwritten code of honour for the practical reason that its laws are too complicated for officials to enforce to the reality. But technology has been rewriting the old etiquette. And according to some recent research, one of cricket’’s most basic laws is untenable, and now the game is in turmoil. According to law 24. 3, bowlers may not straighten their arm in the final act of delivering the ball. This leads to Mr. Akhtar’’s brutal run-up and elaborate action as alternative means of generating pace on the ball. The centrality of law 24.3 to cricket — and the virtual impossibility of policing it — is reflected in the game’’s etiquette. To accuse a bowler of throwing the ball is one of the gravest insults in the game; yet now such accusations are flying thick and fast. Mr. Akhtar, the first man to bowl a delivery timed at 100mph, is one of a number of modern stars recently reported with "suspect actions". These rulings followed research into biomechanics that match officials had hoped would vindicate their decision. The University of Western Australia’’s School of Human Movement has been investigating cricket biomechanics. In 2003, a study by Marc Portus, at the Australian Institute of Sport in Canberra, filmed a number of fast bowlers in action using a dozen cameras recording 250 frames per second. They showed that virtually all bowlers straighten their arm, or throw, to some extent. Mr. Akhtar flexes his arm more than most only because he is extremely double-jointed. And to confuse matters further, a brilliant Sri Lankan spin bowler, Muttiah Muralitharan bowls with a crooked arm only because a congenital condition prevents him straightening it fully. In an effort to restore sanity to matters, bowlers are now allowed a varying margin for error depending on the pace at which they bowl. Thus, fast bowlers are legally allowed to straighten their arm by 10°, medium pacers by 7.5° and slow bowlers by 5°. But even this innovation has been rapidly undone. Last month, for the third time in his illustrious career, and even though poised to break the all-time wicket-taking record, Mr. Muralitharan was reported with a suspect action. Though Mr. Muralitharan was previously cleared by biomechanics, an English match official questioned the legality of a wicked addition to his armoury of top-spinners, off-spinners and leg-spinners. It is nicknamed the "doosra", which in Hindi or Urdu means "second" or "other". Here the ball is delivered with a huge flick of Mr. Muralitharan’’s rubbery wrists and, according to many observers, a flexing of his elbow. Subsequent testing showed that Mr. Muralitharan flexes his arm by more than 10° when bowling the doosra, and the delivery could be banned. Sri Lanka, where Mr. Muralitharan is revered, is now seething while many Australians, who have long reviled him as a "chucker", are crowing. Should they pause for air, they would hear their own scientists cry foul. Last week, the scientists who tested Mr. Muralitharan admitted that they actually did not know much about the mechanics of spin bowling, and that he should receive no censure. When it comes to cricket, science may be stumped. "the Rawalpindi Express"

答案： AK

问答题

H-Tech Services for Client A H-Tech can offer customers a host of managed services that can enhance their own existing IT support infrastructure or provide a reliable, cost-effective alternative to in-house resources. Because your communication system is equally as important as your IT infrastructure, H-Tech’’s managed services offering also encompasses your communication network, providing a full range of telecom services, supporting both voice and data environments. B H-Tech can provide both administrative call — desk and technical help — desk facilities for clients utilizing our in-house systems or by remote access to clients established systems. The provision of a centralized call desk facility allows the production of extensive management information and reporting to clients across a wide spectrum of data. C H-Tech provides comprehensive consultancy services to ensure that the right IT infrastructure is set in place to meet your requirements. H-Tech can work with organizations to identify key business goals and evaluate the need for scalability, availability, manageability and security and will provide you with the optimum solution for your computing needs, providing IT assessment, design and implementation on a variety of computing platforms. D All organizations need to keep their IT capabilities current to remain productive and competitive in today’’s marketplace, this often means you end up with idle assets in the form of desktops, laptops, printers etc that no longer meet business requirements but still represent a significant investment. H-Tech provides asset management and will refurbish, re-deploy, dispose or recycle these assets on your behalf, to ensure that you obtain the most value from this equipment and comply with European Environmental Legislation. E Recognizing the need for quick and cost-effective implementation that minimizes business disruption, H-Tech will oversee the careful planning and management of the entire project. F H-Tech will supply an engineering resource to provide the desktop installation/ Upgrade of PCs, laptops and peripherals directly to the user’’s desk. The new device is connected to the user’’s existing equipment (printer, zip drive, scanner etc) and the engineer would then fully test the equipment and deal with any legacy problems. Once a new desktop has been installed and peripheral items tested, the redundant equipment can be re-deployed (cascaded) to another user ensuring that the machine is re-configured accordingly. G H-Tech can provide a service to remove the packaging at the time of installation and will dispose of or recycle it in an environmentally friendly way. H For larger rollouts, H-Tech can store a large number of systems on behalf of the Client and manage the logistics of multiple deliveries. Because H-Tech can co-ordinate both delivery and implementation, continuity of services is assured. I H-Tech’’s maintenance services have evolved to provide repair and maintenance services to major sites through the deployment of site-based engineers delivering fast responses to users. The engineers on site are supported by our extensive repair centre, which offers component level repairs across a wide product portfolio. Locally held and managed back-up equipment, facilitates minimum down time for users and allows IT departments to concentrate on developing and maintaining the infrastructure and systems. H-Tech undertakes to comply with clients SLA requirements and monitors and reports Key Performance Indicators through its Call Management Systems, all of which are available to customers via the Web. Please click here for further information on the H-Tech Repair Centre. J H-Tech can offer the recycling of all redundant IT equipment and the certified disposal and destruction of materials and the safe disposal of hazardous and special waste. Please click here for further information on the H-Tech Recycle initiative. K The H-Tech Technical Support Division can provide on-going support to ensure that customers get the most from their IT system, ensuring that mission — critical applications are protected and the IT environment develops and grows with your company. H-Tech can provide tailored support agreements to meet individual customer requirements. Please click here for further information on the IT technical support services offered by H-Tech. Please click here for further information on the more specific telecom technical support services offered by H-Tech. L H-Tech recognises the need for customers to enhance their own technical knowledge and can offer tailored training courses to support IT departments and end users during major new deployments. Training can be provided at H-Tech’’s purpose — built training facility in Ipswich or can be held on customer site to ensure minimum disruption to the clients core business. Questions 1-9 Read a computer company’’s Services for Client above. Each paragraph A—L describes a different service provided by the H-Tech company. From the list below (i — xii) choose the most suitable items for paragraphs A —L. Write the appropriate numbers (i-xii) in boxes 1-9 on your answer sheet. i System and infrastructure management services ii Storage and delivery iii Recycle Services iv Training v Design and consultancy vi Desktop installation and peripheral configuration/upgrades vii Help-desk services viii H-Tech Managed Services ix Maintenance services x Asset management xi Packaging removal xii Technical Support Paragraph H

答案： ii

问答题

Stumped Rawalpindi He has a normal head, but nestling between his massive shoulders it seems small. He is Shoaib Akhtar, "the Rawalpindi Express", the fastest recorded bowler of a cricket ball in history. And right now, before a small but baying crowd at the Rawalpindi Cricket Ground, he is steaming towards this correspondent. From 22 yards, Mr. Akhtar launches into the weirdly beautiful contortion that fast bowlers perform to hurl a six-ounce lump of cork and leather at up to 100mph. Half a second later, the ball demolishes the stumps. For over two centuries, cricket has been played according to a largely unwritten code of honour for the practical reason that its laws are too complicated for officials to enforce to the reality. But technology has been rewriting the old etiquette. And according to some recent research, one of cricket’’s most basic laws is untenable, and now the game is in turmoil. According to law 24. 3, bowlers may not straighten their arm in the final act of delivering the ball. This leads to Mr. Akhtar’’s brutal run-up and elaborate action as alternative means of generating pace on the ball. The centrality of law 24.3 to cricket — and the virtual impossibility of policing it — is reflected in the game’’s etiquette. To accuse a bowler of throwing the ball is one of the gravest insults in the game; yet now such accusations are flying thick and fast. Mr. Akhtar, the first man to bowl a delivery timed at 100mph, is one of a number of modern stars recently reported with "suspect actions". These rulings followed research into biomechanics that match officials had hoped would vindicate their decision. The University of Western Australia’’s School of Human Movement has been investigating cricket biomechanics. In 2003, a study by Marc Portus, at the Australian Institute of Sport in Canberra, filmed a number of fast bowlers in action using a dozen cameras recording 250 frames per second. They showed that virtually all bowlers straighten their arm, or throw, to some extent. Mr. Akhtar flexes his arm more than most only because he is extremely double-jointed. And to confuse matters further, a brilliant Sri Lankan spin bowler, Muttiah Muralitharan bowls with a crooked arm only because a congenital condition prevents him straightening it fully. In an effort to restore sanity to matters, bowlers are now allowed a varying margin for error depending on the pace at which they bowl. Thus, fast bowlers are legally allowed to straighten their arm by 10°, medium pacers by 7.5° and slow bowlers by 5°. But even this innovation has been rapidly undone. Last month, for the third time in his illustrious career, and even though poised to break the all-time wicket-taking record, Mr. Muralitharan was reported with a suspect action. Though Mr. Muralitharan was previously cleared by biomechanics, an English match official questioned the legality of a wicked addition to his armoury of top-spinners, off-spinners and leg-spinners. It is nicknamed the "doosra", which in Hindi or Urdu means "second" or "other". Here the ball is delivered with a huge flick of Mr. Muralitharan’’s rubbery wrists and, according to many observers, a flexing of his elbow. Subsequent testing showed that Mr. Muralitharan flexes his arm by more than 10° when bowling the doosra, and the delivery could be banned. Sri Lanka, where Mr. Muralitharan is revered, is now seething while many Australians, who have long reviled him as a "chucker", are crowing. Should they pause for air, they would hear their own scientists cry foul. Last week, the scientists who tested Mr. Muralitharan admitted that they actually did not know much about the mechanics of spin bowling, and that he should receive no censure. When it comes to cricket, science may be stumped. he flexes his arm by more than 10° when bowling the doosra

答案： MU

单项选择题

Rights to remember NEW HN, CONNECTICUT One element of this doctrine is what I call "Achilles and his heel". September 11th brought upon America, as once upon Achilles, a schizophrenic sense of both exceptional power and exceptional vulnerability. Never has a superpower seemed so powerful and so vulnerable at the same time. The Bush doctrine asked: "How can we use our superpower resources to protect our vulnerability" The administration has also radically shifted its emphasis on human rights. In 1941, Franklin Delano Roosevelt called the allies to arms by painting a vision of the world we were trying to make: a post-war world of four fundamental freedoms: freedom of speech, freedom of religion, freedom from want, freedom from fear. This framework foreshadowed the post-war human-rights construct-embedded in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and subsequent international covenants that emphasised comprehensive protection of civil and political rights (freedom of speech and religion), economic, social and cultural rights (freedom from want), and freedom from gross violations and persecution (the Refugee Convention, the Genocide Convention and the Torture Convention). But Bush administration officials have now reprioritised "freedom from fear" as the number-one freedom we need to preserve. Freedom from fear has become the obsessive watchword of America’’s human-rights policy. Witness five faces of a human-rights policy fixated on freedom from fear. (A) Two core tenets of a post-Watergate world had been that our government does not spy on its citizens, and that American citizens should see what our government is doing. But since September 11th, classification of government documents has risen to new heights. The Patriot Act, passed almost without dissent after September 11th, authorises the Defence Department to develop a project to promote something called "total information awareness". Under this programme, the government may gather huge amounts of information about citizens without proving they have done anything wrong. They can access a citizen’’s records-whether telephone, financial, rental, internet, medical, educational or library-without showing any involvement with terrorism. Internet service providers may be forced to produce records based solely on FBI declarations that the information is for an anti-terrorism investigation. Many absurdities follow: the Lawyers Committee for Human Rights, in a study published in September, reports that 20 American peace activists, including nuns and high-school students, were recently flagged as security threats and detained for saying that they were travelling to a rally to protest against military aid to Colombia. The entire high-school wrestling team of Juneau, Alaska, was held up at airports seven times just because one member was the son of a retired Coast Guard officer on the FBI watch-list. (B) After September 11th, 1,200 immigrants were detained, more than 750 on charges based solely on civil immigration violations. The Justice Department’’s own inspector — general called the attorney — general’’s enforcement of immigration laws "indiscriminate and haphazard". The Immigration and Naturalisation Service, which formerly had a mandate for humanitarian relief as well as for border protection, has been converted into an arm of the Department of Homeland Security. The impact on particular groups has been devastating. The number of refugees resettled in America declined from 90,000 a year before September 11th to less than a third that number, 27,000, this year. The Pakistani population of Atlantic County, New Jersey has fallen by half. (C) Some 660 prisoners from 42 countries are being held in Guantanamo Bay, some for nearly two years. Three children are apparently being detained, including a 13-year-old, several of the detainees are aged over 70, and one claims to be over 100. Courtrooms are being built to try six detainees, including two British subjects who have been declared eligible for trial by military commission. There have been 32 reported suicide attempts. Yet the administration is literally pouring concrete around its detention policy, spending another $ 25m on buildings in Guantdnamo that will increase the detention capacity to 1,100. (D) In two cases that are quickly working their way to the Supreme Court, Yasser Hamdi and Jose Padilla are two American citizens on American soil who have been designated as "enemy combatants", and who have been accorded no legal channels to assert their rights. The racial disparities in the use of the "enemy combatant" label are glaring. Contrast, for example, the treatment of Mr Hamdi, from Louisiana but of Saudi Arabian ancestry, with that of John Walker Lindh, the famous "American Taliban", who is a white American from a comfortable family in the San Francisco Bay area. Both are American citizens; both were captured in Afghanistan in late 2001 by the Northern Alliance; both were handed over to American forces, who eventually brought them to the United States. But federal prosecutors brought criminal charges against Mr Lindh, who got an expensive lawyer and eventually plea-bargained to a prison term. Meanwhile, Mr Hamdi has remained in incommunicado detention, without a lawyer, in a South Carolina military brig for the past 16 months. (E) America’’s anti-terrorist activities have given cover to many foreign governments who want to use "anti-terrorism" to justify their own crackdowns on human rights. Examples abound. In Indonesia, the army has cited America’’s use of Guantanamo to propose building an offshore prison camp on Nasi Island to hold suspected terrorists from Aceh. In Australia, Parliament passed laws mandating the forcible transfer of refugees seeking entry to detention facilities in Nauru, where children as young as three years old are being held, so that Australia does not (in the words of its defence minister) become a "pipeline for terrorists". In Egypt, the government extended for another three years its emergency law, which allows it to detain suspected national-security threats almost indefinitely without charge, to ban public demonstrations, and to try citizens before military tribunals. President Hosni Mubarak announced that America’’s parallel policies proved that "we were right from the beginning in using all means, including military tribunals, to combat terrorism". Around the globe, America’’s human-rights policy has visibly softened, subsumed under the all-encompassing banner of the "war against terrorism". And at home, the Patriot Act, military commissions, Guantdnamo and the indefinite detention of American citizens have placed America in the odd position of condoning deep intrusions by law, even while creating zones and persons outside the law. Many, if not most, Americans would have supported dealing with September 11th in a different way. Imagine, for example, the Bush administration dealing with the atrocity through the then prevailing multilateralist strategy of using global cooperation to solve global problems. On the day after the attack, George Bush could have flown to New York to stand in solidarity with the world’’s ambassadors in front of the United Nations. Questions 26-30 Below is a list of headings , choose the most suitable choices for paragraphs (A-E) and write the appropriate numbers (i-vi) on your answer sheet. i. Scapegoating immigrants ii. The creation of extra-legal zones iii. Closed government and invasions of privacy iv. The effect on the rest of the world v. Painting a vision of the world vi. The creation of extra-legal persons.

A．True
B．False
C．NOT GIVEN

问答题

H-Tech Services for Client A H-Tech can offer customers a host of managed services that can enhance their own existing IT support infrastructure or provide a reliable, cost-effective alternative to in-house resources. Because your communication system is equally as important as your IT infrastructure, H-Tech’’s managed services offering also encompasses your communication network, providing a full range of telecom services, supporting both voice and data environments. B H-Tech can provide both administrative call — desk and technical help — desk facilities for clients utilizing our in-house systems or by remote access to clients established systems. The provision of a centralized call desk facility allows the production of extensive management information and reporting to clients across a wide spectrum of data. C H-Tech provides comprehensive consultancy services to ensure that the right IT infrastructure is set in place to meet your requirements. H-Tech can work with organizations to identify key business goals and evaluate the need for scalability, availability, manageability and security and will provide you with the optimum solution for your computing needs, providing IT assessment, design and implementation on a variety of computing platforms. D All organizations need to keep their IT capabilities current to remain productive and competitive in today’’s marketplace, this often means you end up with idle assets in the form of desktops, laptops, printers etc that no longer meet business requirements but still represent a significant investment. H-Tech provides asset management and will refurbish, re-deploy, dispose or recycle these assets on your behalf, to ensure that you obtain the most value from this equipment and comply with European Environmental Legislation. E Recognizing the need for quick and cost-effective implementation that minimizes business disruption, H-Tech will oversee the careful planning and management of the entire project. F H-Tech will supply an engineering resource to provide the desktop installation/ Upgrade of PCs, laptops and peripherals directly to the user’’s desk. The new device is connected to the user’’s existing equipment (printer, zip drive, scanner etc) and the engineer would then fully test the equipment and deal with any legacy problems. Once a new desktop has been installed and peripheral items tested, the redundant equipment can be re-deployed (cascaded) to another user ensuring that the machine is re-configured accordingly. G H-Tech can provide a service to remove the packaging at the time of installation and will dispose of or recycle it in an environmentally friendly way. H For larger rollouts, H-Tech can store a large number of systems on behalf of the Client and manage the logistics of multiple deliveries. Because H-Tech can co-ordinate both delivery and implementation, continuity of services is assured. I H-Tech’’s maintenance services have evolved to provide repair and maintenance services to major sites through the deployment of site-based engineers delivering fast responses to users. The engineers on site are supported by our extensive repair centre, which offers component level repairs across a wide product portfolio. Locally held and managed back-up equipment, facilitates minimum down time for users and allows IT departments to concentrate on developing and maintaining the infrastructure and systems. H-Tech undertakes to comply with clients SLA requirements and monitors and reports Key Performance Indicators through its Call Management Systems, all of which are available to customers via the Web. Please click here for further information on the H-Tech Repair Centre. J H-Tech can offer the recycling of all redundant IT equipment and the certified disposal and destruction of materials and the safe disposal of hazardous and special waste. Please click here for further information on the H-Tech Recycle initiative. K The H-Tech Technical Support Division can provide on-going support to ensure that customers get the most from their IT system, ensuring that mission — critical applications are protected and the IT environment develops and grows with your company. H-Tech can provide tailored support agreements to meet individual customer requirements. Please click here for further information on the IT technical support services offered by H-Tech. Please click here for further information on the more specific telecom technical support services offered by H-Tech. L H-Tech recognises the need for customers to enhance their own technical knowledge and can offer tailored training courses to support IT departments and end users during major new deployments. Training can be provided at H-Tech’’s purpose — built training facility in Ipswich or can be held on customer site to ensure minimum disruption to the clients core business. Questions 1-9 Read a computer company’’s Services for Client above. Each paragraph A—L describes a different service provided by the H-Tech company. From the list below (i — xii) choose the most suitable items for paragraphs A —L. Write the appropriate numbers (i-xii) in boxes 1-9 on your answer sheet. i System and infrastructure management services ii Storage and delivery iii Recycle Services iv Training v Design and consultancy vi Desktop installation and peripheral configuration/upgrades vii Help-desk services viii H-Tech Managed Services ix Maintenance services x Asset management xi Packaging removal xii Technical Support Paragraph I

答案： ix

单项选择题

Rights to remember NEW HN, CONNECTICUT One element of this doctrine is what I call "Achilles and his heel". September 11th brought upon America, as once upon Achilles, a schizophrenic sense of both exceptional power and exceptional vulnerability. Never has a superpower seemed so powerful and so vulnerable at the same time. The Bush doctrine asked: "How can we use our superpower resources to protect our vulnerability" The administration has also radically shifted its emphasis on human rights. In 1941, Franklin Delano Roosevelt called the allies to arms by painting a vision of the world we were trying to make: a post-war world of four fundamental freedoms: freedom of speech, freedom of religion, freedom from want, freedom from fear. This framework foreshadowed the post-war human-rights construct-embedded in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and subsequent international covenants that emphasised comprehensive protection of civil and political rights (freedom of speech and religion), economic, social and cultural rights (freedom from want), and freedom from gross violations and persecution (the Refugee Convention, the Genocide Convention and the Torture Convention). But Bush administration officials have now reprioritised "freedom from fear" as the number-one freedom we need to preserve. Freedom from fear has become the obsessive watchword of America’’s human-rights policy. Witness five faces of a human-rights policy fixated on freedom from fear. (A) Two core tenets of a post-Watergate world had been that our government does not spy on its citizens, and that American citizens should see what our government is doing. But since September 11th, classification of government documents has risen to new heights. The Patriot Act, passed almost without dissent after September 11th, authorises the Defence Department to develop a project to promote something called "total information awareness". Under this programme, the government may gather huge amounts of information about citizens without proving they have done anything wrong. They can access a citizen’’s records-whether telephone, financial, rental, internet, medical, educational or library-without showing any involvement with terrorism. Internet service providers may be forced to produce records based solely on FBI declarations that the information is for an anti-terrorism investigation. Many absurdities follow: the Lawyers Committee for Human Rights, in a study published in September, reports that 20 American peace activists, including nuns and high-school students, were recently flagged as security threats and detained for saying that they were travelling to a rally to protest against military aid to Colombia. The entire high-school wrestling team of Juneau, Alaska, was held up at airports seven times just because one member was the son of a retired Coast Guard officer on the FBI watch-list. (B) After September 11th, 1,200 immigrants were detained, more than 750 on charges based solely on civil immigration violations. The Justice Department’’s own inspector — general called the attorney — general’’s enforcement of immigration laws "indiscriminate and haphazard". The Immigration and Naturalisation Service, which formerly had a mandate for humanitarian relief as well as for border protection, has been converted into an arm of the Department of Homeland Security. The impact on particular groups has been devastating. The number of refugees resettled in America declined from 90,000 a year before September 11th to less than a third that number, 27,000, this year. The Pakistani population of Atlantic County, New Jersey has fallen by half. (C) Some 660 prisoners from 42 countries are being held in Guantanamo Bay, some for nearly two years. Three children are apparently being detained, including a 13-year-old, several of the detainees are aged over 70, and one claims to be over 100. Courtrooms are being built to try six detainees, including two British subjects who have been declared eligible for trial by military commission. There have been 32 reported suicide attempts. Yet the administration is literally pouring concrete around its detention policy, spending another $ 25m on buildings in Guantdnamo that will increase the detention capacity to 1,100. (D) In two cases that are quickly working their way to the Supreme Court, Yasser Hamdi and Jose Padilla are two American citizens on American soil who have been designated as "enemy combatants", and who have been accorded no legal channels to assert their rights. The racial disparities in the use of the "enemy combatant" label are glaring. Contrast, for example, the treatment of Mr Hamdi, from Louisiana but of Saudi Arabian ancestry, with that of John Walker Lindh, the famous "American Taliban", who is a white American from a comfortable family in the San Francisco Bay area. Both are American citizens; both were captured in Afghanistan in late 2001 by the Northern Alliance; both were handed over to American forces, who eventually brought them to the United States. But federal prosecutors brought criminal charges against Mr Lindh, who got an expensive lawyer and eventually plea-bargained to a prison term. Meanwhile, Mr Hamdi has remained in incommunicado detention, without a lawyer, in a South Carolina military brig for the past 16 months. (E) America’’s anti-terrorist activities have given cover to many foreign governments who want to use "anti-terrorism" to justify their own crackdowns on human rights. Examples abound. In Indonesia, the army has cited America’’s use of Guantanamo to propose building an offshore prison camp on Nasi Island to hold suspected terrorists from Aceh. In Australia, Parliament passed laws mandating the forcible transfer of refugees seeking entry to detention facilities in Nauru, where children as young as three years old are being held, so that Australia does not (in the words of its defence minister) become a "pipeline for terrorists". In Egypt, the government extended for another three years its emergency law, which allows it to detain suspected national-security threats almost indefinitely without charge, to ban public demonstrations, and to try citizens before military tribunals. President Hosni Mubarak announced that America’’s parallel policies proved that "we were right from the beginning in using all means, including military tribunals, to combat terrorism". Around the globe, America’’s human-rights policy has visibly softened, subsumed under the all-encompassing banner of the "war against terrorism". And at home, the Patriot Act, military commissions, Guantdnamo and the indefinite detention of American citizens have placed America in the odd position of condoning deep intrusions by law, even while creating zones and persons outside the law. Many, if not most, Americans would have supported dealing with September 11th in a different way. Imagine, for example, the Bush administration dealing with the atrocity through the then prevailing multilateralist strategy of using global cooperation to solve global problems. On the day after the attack, George Bush could have flown to New York to stand in solidarity with the world’’s ambassadors in front of the United Nations. Questions 26-30 Below is a list of headings , choose the most suitable choices for paragraphs (A-E) and write the appropriate numbers (i-vi) on your answer sheet. i. Scapegoating immigrants ii. The creation of extra-legal zones iii. Closed government and invasions of privacy iv. The effect on the rest of the world v. Painting a vision of the world vi. The creation of extra-legal persons.

A．True
B．False
C．NOT GIVEN

问答题

Stumped Rawalpindi He has a normal head, but nestling between his massive shoulders it seems small. He is Shoaib Akhtar, "the Rawalpindi Express", the fastest recorded bowler of a cricket ball in history. And right now, before a small but baying crowd at the Rawalpindi Cricket Ground, he is steaming towards this correspondent. From 22 yards, Mr. Akhtar launches into the weirdly beautiful contortion that fast bowlers perform to hurl a six-ounce lump of cork and leather at up to 100mph. Half a second later, the ball demolishes the stumps. For over two centuries, cricket has been played according to a largely unwritten code of honour for the practical reason that its laws are too complicated for officials to enforce to the reality. But technology has been rewriting the old etiquette. And according to some recent research, one of cricket’’s most basic laws is untenable, and now the game is in turmoil. According to law 24. 3, bowlers may not straighten their arm in the final act of delivering the ball. This leads to Mr. Akhtar’’s brutal run-up and elaborate action as alternative means of generating pace on the ball. The centrality of law 24.3 to cricket — and the virtual impossibility of policing it — is reflected in the game’’s etiquette. To accuse a bowler of throwing the ball is one of the gravest insults in the game; yet now such accusations are flying thick and fast. Mr. Akhtar, the first man to bowl a delivery timed at 100mph, is one of a number of modern stars recently reported with "suspect actions". These rulings followed research into biomechanics that match officials had hoped would vindicate their decision. The University of Western Australia’’s School of Human Movement has been investigating cricket biomechanics. In 2003, a study by Marc Portus, at the Australian Institute of Sport in Canberra, filmed a number of fast bowlers in action using a dozen cameras recording 250 frames per second. They showed that virtually all bowlers straighten their arm, or throw, to some extent. Mr. Akhtar flexes his arm more than most only because he is extremely double-jointed. And to confuse matters further, a brilliant Sri Lankan spin bowler, Muttiah Muralitharan bowls with a crooked arm only because a congenital condition prevents him straightening it fully. In an effort to restore sanity to matters, bowlers are now allowed a varying margin for error depending on the pace at which they bowl. Thus, fast bowlers are legally allowed to straighten their arm by 10°, medium pacers by 7.5° and slow bowlers by 5°. But even this innovation has been rapidly undone. Last month, for the third time in his illustrious career, and even though poised to break the all-time wicket-taking record, Mr. Muralitharan was reported with a suspect action. Though Mr. Muralitharan was previously cleared by biomechanics, an English match official questioned the legality of a wicked addition to his armoury of top-spinners, off-spinners and leg-spinners. It is nicknamed the "doosra", which in Hindi or Urdu means "second" or "other". Here the ball is delivered with a huge flick of Mr. Muralitharan’’s rubbery wrists and, according to many observers, a flexing of his elbow. Subsequent testing showed that Mr. Muralitharan flexes his arm by more than 10° when bowling the doosra, and the delivery could be banned. Sri Lanka, where Mr. Muralitharan is revered, is now seething while many Australians, who have long reviled him as a "chucker", are crowing. Should they pause for air, they would hear their own scientists cry foul. Last week, the scientists who tested Mr. Muralitharan admitted that they actually did not know much about the mechanics of spin bowling, and that he should receive no censure. When it comes to cricket, science may be stumped. his brutal run-up and elaborate action as alternative means of generating pace on the ball

答案： AK

单项选择题

Rights to remember NEW HN, CONNECTICUT One element of this doctrine is what I call "Achilles and his heel". September 11th brought upon America, as once upon Achilles, a schizophrenic sense of both exceptional power and exceptional vulnerability. Never has a superpower seemed so powerful and so vulnerable at the same time. The Bush doctrine asked: "How can we use our superpower resources to protect our vulnerability" The administration has also radically shifted its emphasis on human rights. In 1941, Franklin Delano Roosevelt called the allies to arms by painting a vision of the world we were trying to make: a post-war world of four fundamental freedoms: freedom of speech, freedom of religion, freedom from want, freedom from fear. This framework foreshadowed the post-war human-rights construct-embedded in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and subsequent international covenants that emphasised comprehensive protection of civil and political rights (freedom of speech and religion), economic, social and cultural rights (freedom from want), and freedom from gross violations and persecution (the Refugee Convention, the Genocide Convention and the Torture Convention). But Bush administration officials have now reprioritised "freedom from fear" as the number-one freedom we need to preserve. Freedom from fear has become the obsessive watchword of America’’s human-rights policy. Witness five faces of a human-rights policy fixated on freedom from fear. (A) Two core tenets of a post-Watergate world had been that our government does not spy on its citizens, and that American citizens should see what our government is doing. But since September 11th, classification of government documents has risen to new heights. The Patriot Act, passed almost without dissent after September 11th, authorises the Defence Department to develop a project to promote something called "total information awareness". Under this programme, the government may gather huge amounts of information about citizens without proving they have done anything wrong. They can access a citizen’’s records-whether telephone, financial, rental, internet, medical, educational or library-without showing any involvement with terrorism. Internet service providers may be forced to produce records based solely on FBI declarations that the information is for an anti-terrorism investigation. Many absurdities follow: the Lawyers Committee for Human Rights, in a study published in September, reports that 20 American peace activists, including nuns and high-school students, were recently flagged as security threats and detained for saying that they were travelling to a rally to protest against military aid to Colombia. The entire high-school wrestling team of Juneau, Alaska, was held up at airports seven times just because one member was the son of a retired Coast Guard officer on the FBI watch-list. (B) After September 11th, 1,200 immigrants were detained, more than 750 on charges based solely on civil immigration violations. The Justice Department’’s own inspector — general called the attorney — general’’s enforcement of immigration laws "indiscriminate and haphazard". The Immigration and Naturalisation Service, which formerly had a mandate for humanitarian relief as well as for border protection, has been converted into an arm of the Department of Homeland Security. The impact on particular groups has been devastating. The number of refugees resettled in America declined from 90,000 a year before September 11th to less than a third that number, 27,000, this year. The Pakistani population of Atlantic County, New Jersey has fallen by half. (C) Some 660 prisoners from 42 countries are being held in Guantanamo Bay, some for nearly two years. Three children are apparently being detained, including a 13-year-old, several of the detainees are aged over 70, and one claims to be over 100. Courtrooms are being built to try six detainees, including two British subjects who have been declared eligible for trial by military commission. There have been 32 reported suicide attempts. Yet the administration is literally pouring concrete around its detention policy, spending another $ 25m on buildings in Guantdnamo that will increase the detention capacity to 1,100. (D) In two cases that are quickly working their way to the Supreme Court, Yasser Hamdi and Jose Padilla are two American citizens on American soil who have been designated as "enemy combatants", and who have been accorded no legal channels to assert their rights. The racial disparities in the use of the "enemy combatant" label are glaring. Contrast, for example, the treatment of Mr Hamdi, from Louisiana but of Saudi Arabian ancestry, with that of John Walker Lindh, the famous "American Taliban", who is a white American from a comfortable family in the San Francisco Bay area. Both are American citizens; both were captured in Afghanistan in late 2001 by the Northern Alliance; both were handed over to American forces, who eventually brought them to the United States. But federal prosecutors brought criminal charges against Mr Lindh, who got an expensive lawyer and eventually plea-bargained to a prison term. Meanwhile, Mr Hamdi has remained in incommunicado detention, without a lawyer, in a South Carolina military brig for the past 16 months. (E) America’’s anti-terrorist activities have given cover to many foreign governments who want to use "anti-terrorism" to justify their own crackdowns on human rights. Examples abound. In Indonesia, the army has cited America’’s use of Guantanamo to propose building an offshore prison camp on Nasi Island to hold suspected terrorists from Aceh. In Australia, Parliament passed laws mandating the forcible transfer of refugees seeking entry to detention facilities in Nauru, where children as young as three years old are being held, so that Australia does not (in the words of its defence minister) become a "pipeline for terrorists". In Egypt, the government extended for another three years its emergency law, which allows it to detain suspected national-security threats almost indefinitely without charge, to ban public demonstrations, and to try citizens before military tribunals. President Hosni Mubarak announced that America’’s parallel policies proved that "we were right from the beginning in using all means, including military tribunals, to combat terrorism". Around the globe, America’’s human-rights policy has visibly softened, subsumed under the all-encompassing banner of the "war against terrorism". And at home, the Patriot Act, military commissions, Guantdnamo and the indefinite detention of American citizens have placed America in the odd position of condoning deep intrusions by law, even while creating zones and persons outside the law. Many, if not most, Americans would have supported dealing with September 11th in a different way. Imagine, for example, the Bush administration dealing with the atrocity through the then prevailing multilateralist strategy of using global cooperation to solve global problems. On the day after the attack, George Bush could have flown to New York to stand in solidarity with the world’’s ambassadors in front of the United Nations. Questions 26-30 Below is a list of headings , choose the most suitable choices for paragraphs (A-E) and write the appropriate numbers (i-vi) on your answer sheet. i. Scapegoating immigrants ii. The creation of extra-legal zones iii. Closed government and invasions of privacy iv. The effect on the rest of the world v. Painting a vision of the world vi. The creation of extra-legal persons.

A．True
B．False
C．NOT GIVEN

单项选择题

Rights to remember NEW HN, CONNECTICUT One element of this doctrine is what I call "Achilles and his heel". September 11th brought upon America, as once upon Achilles, a schizophrenic sense of both exceptional power and exceptional vulnerability. Never has a superpower seemed so powerful and so vulnerable at the same time. The Bush doctrine asked: "How can we use our superpower resources to protect our vulnerability" The administration has also radically shifted its emphasis on human rights. In 1941, Franklin Delano Roosevelt called the allies to arms by painting a vision of the world we were trying to make: a post-war world of four fundamental freedoms: freedom of speech, freedom of religion, freedom from want, freedom from fear. This framework foreshadowed the post-war human-rights construct-embedded in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and subsequent international covenants that emphasised comprehensive protection of civil and political rights (freedom of speech and religion), economic, social and cultural rights (freedom from want), and freedom from gross violations and persecution (the Refugee Convention, the Genocide Convention and the Torture Convention). But Bush administration officials have now reprioritised "freedom from fear" as the number-one freedom we need to preserve. Freedom from fear has become the obsessive watchword of America’’s human-rights policy. Witness five faces of a human-rights policy fixated on freedom from fear. (A) Two core tenets of a post-Watergate world had been that our government does not spy on its citizens, and that American citizens should see what our government is doing. But since September 11th, classification of government documents has risen to new heights. The Patriot Act, passed almost without dissent after September 11th, authorises the Defence Department to develop a project to promote something called "total information awareness". Under this programme, the government may gather huge amounts of information about citizens without proving they have done anything wrong. They can access a citizen’’s records-whether telephone, financial, rental, internet, medical, educational or library-without showing any involvement with terrorism. Internet service providers may be forced to produce records based solely on FBI declarations that the information is for an anti-terrorism investigation. Many absurdities follow: the Lawyers Committee for Human Rights, in a study published in September, reports that 20 American peace activists, including nuns and high-school students, were recently flagged as security threats and detained for saying that they were travelling to a rally to protest against military aid to Colombia. The entire high-school wrestling team of Juneau, Alaska, was held up at airports seven times just because one member was the son of a retired Coast Guard officer on the FBI watch-list. (B) After September 11th, 1,200 immigrants were detained, more than 750 on charges based solely on civil immigration violations. The Justice Department’’s own inspector — general called the attorney — general’’s enforcement of immigration laws "indiscriminate and haphazard". The Immigration and Naturalisation Service, which formerly had a mandate for humanitarian relief as well as for border protection, has been converted into an arm of the Department of Homeland Security. The impact on particular groups has been devastating. The number of refugees resettled in America declined from 90,000 a year before September 11th to less than a third that number, 27,000, this year. The Pakistani population of Atlantic County, New Jersey has fallen by half. (C) Some 660 prisoners from 42 countries are being held in Guantanamo Bay, some for nearly two years. Three children are apparently being detained, including a 13-year-old, several of the detainees are aged over 70, and one claims to be over 100. Courtrooms are being built to try six detainees, including two British subjects who have been declared eligible for trial by military commission. There have been 32 reported suicide attempts. Yet the administration is literally pouring concrete around its detention policy, spending another $ 25m on buildings in Guantdnamo that will increase the detention capacity to 1,100. (D) In two cases that are quickly working their way to the Supreme Court, Yasser Hamdi and Jose Padilla are two American citizens on American soil who have been designated as "enemy combatants", and who have been accorded no legal channels to assert their rights. The racial disparities in the use of the "enemy combatant" label are glaring. Contrast, for example, the treatment of Mr Hamdi, from Louisiana but of Saudi Arabian ancestry, with that of John Walker Lindh, the famous "American Taliban", who is a white American from a comfortable family in the San Francisco Bay area. Both are American citizens; both were captured in Afghanistan in late 2001 by the Northern Alliance; both were handed over to American forces, who eventually brought them to the United States. But federal prosecutors brought criminal charges against Mr Lindh, who got an expensive lawyer and eventually plea-bargained to a prison term. Meanwhile, Mr Hamdi has remained in incommunicado detention, without a lawyer, in a South Carolina military brig for the past 16 months. (E) America’’s anti-terrorist activities have given cover to many foreign governments who want to use "anti-terrorism" to justify their own crackdowns on human rights. Examples abound. In Indonesia, the army has cited America’’s use of Guantanamo to propose building an offshore prison camp on Nasi Island to hold suspected terrorists from Aceh. In Australia, Parliament passed laws mandating the forcible transfer of refugees seeking entry to detention facilities in Nauru, where children as young as three years old are being held, so that Australia does not (in the words of its defence minister) become a "pipeline for terrorists". In Egypt, the government extended for another three years its emergency law, which allows it to detain suspected national-security threats almost indefinitely without charge, to ban public demonstrations, and to try citizens before military tribunals. President Hosni Mubarak announced that America’’s parallel policies proved that "we were right from the beginning in using all means, including military tribunals, to combat terrorism". Around the globe, America’’s human-rights policy has visibly softened, subsumed under the all-encompassing banner of the "war against terrorism". And at home, the Patriot Act, military commissions, Guantdnamo and the indefinite detention of American citizens have placed America in the odd position of condoning deep intrusions by law, even while creating zones and persons outside the law. Many, if not most, Americans would have supported dealing with September 11th in a different way. Imagine, for example, the Bush administration dealing with the atrocity through the then prevailing multilateralist strategy of using global cooperation to solve global problems. On the day after the attack, George Bush could have flown to New York to stand in solidarity with the world’’s ambassadors in front of the United Nations. Questions 26-30 Below is a list of headings , choose the most suitable choices for paragraphs (A-E) and write the appropriate numbers (i-vi) on your answer sheet. i. Scapegoating immigrants ii. The creation of extra-legal zones iii. Closed government and invasions of privacy iv. The effect on the rest of the world v. Painting a vision of the world vi. The creation of extra-legal persons.

A．True
B．False
C．NOT GIVEN

问答题

H-Tech Services for Client A H-Tech can offer customers a host of managed services that can enhance their own existing IT support infrastructure or provide a reliable, cost-effective alternative to in-house resources. Because your communication system is equally as important as your IT infrastructure, H-Tech’’s managed services offering also encompasses your communication network, providing a full range of telecom services, supporting both voice and data environments. B H-Tech can provide both administrative call — desk and technical help — desk facilities for clients utilizing our in-house systems or by remote access to clients established systems. The provision of a centralized call desk facility allows the production of extensive management information and reporting to clients across a wide spectrum of data. C H-Tech provides comprehensive consultancy services to ensure that the right IT infrastructure is set in place to meet your requirements. H-Tech can work with organizations to identify key business goals and evaluate the need for scalability, availability, manageability and security and will provide you with the optimum solution for your computing needs, providing IT assessment, design and implementation on a variety of computing platforms. D All organizations need to keep their IT capabilities current to remain productive and competitive in today’’s marketplace, this often means you end up with idle assets in the form of desktops, laptops, printers etc that no longer meet business requirements but still represent a significant investment. H-Tech provides asset management and will refurbish, re-deploy, dispose or recycle these assets on your behalf, to ensure that you obtain the most value from this equipment and comply with European Environmental Legislation. E Recognizing the need for quick and cost-effective implementation that minimizes business disruption, H-Tech will oversee the careful planning and management of the entire project. F H-Tech will supply an engineering resource to provide the desktop installation/ Upgrade of PCs, laptops and peripherals directly to the user’’s desk. The new device is connected to the user’’s existing equipment (printer, zip drive, scanner etc) and the engineer would then fully test the equipment and deal with any legacy problems. Once a new desktop has been installed and peripheral items tested, the redundant equipment can be re-deployed (cascaded) to another user ensuring that the machine is re-configured accordingly. G H-Tech can provide a service to remove the packaging at the time of installation and will dispose of or recycle it in an environmentally friendly way. H For larger rollouts, H-Tech can store a large number of systems on behalf of the Client and manage the logistics of multiple deliveries. Because H-Tech can co-ordinate both delivery and implementation, continuity of services is assured. I H-Tech’’s maintenance services have evolved to provide repair and maintenance services to major sites through the deployment of site-based engineers delivering fast responses to users. The engineers on site are supported by our extensive repair centre, which offers component level repairs across a wide product portfolio. Locally held and managed back-up equipment, facilitates minimum down time for users and allows IT departments to concentrate on developing and maintaining the infrastructure and systems. H-Tech undertakes to comply with clients SLA requirements and monitors and reports Key Performance Indicators through its Call Management Systems, all of which are available to customers via the Web. Please click here for further information on the H-Tech Repair Centre. J H-Tech can offer the recycling of all redundant IT equipment and the certified disposal and destruction of materials and the safe disposal of hazardous and special waste. Please click here for further information on the H-Tech Recycle initiative. K The H-Tech Technical Support Division can provide on-going support to ensure that customers get the most from their IT system, ensuring that mission — critical applications are protected and the IT environment develops and grows with your company. H-Tech can provide tailored support agreements to meet individual customer requirements. Please click here for further information on the IT technical support services offered by H-Tech. Please click here for further information on the more specific telecom technical support services offered by H-Tech. L H-Tech recognises the need for customers to enhance their own technical knowledge and can offer tailored training courses to support IT departments and end users during major new deployments. Training can be provided at H-Tech’’s purpose — built training facility in Ipswich or can be held on customer site to ensure minimum disruption to the clients core business. Questions 1-9 Read a computer company’’s Services for Client above. Each paragraph A—L describes a different service provided by the H-Tech company. From the list below (i — xii) choose the most suitable items for paragraphs A —L. Write the appropriate numbers (i-xii) in boxes 1-9 on your answer sheet. i System and infrastructure management services ii Storage and delivery iii Recycle Services iv Training v Design and consultancy vi Desktop installation and peripheral configuration/upgrades vii Help-desk services viii H-Tech Managed Services ix Maintenance services x Asset management xi Packaging removal xii Technical Support Paragraph K

答案： xii

问答题

Stumped Rawalpindi He has a normal head, but nestling between his massive shoulders it seems small. He is Shoaib Akhtar, "the Rawalpindi Express", the fastest recorded bowler of a cricket ball in history. And right now, before a small but baying crowd at the Rawalpindi Cricket Ground, he is steaming towards this correspondent. From 22 yards, Mr. Akhtar launches into the weirdly beautiful contortion that fast bowlers perform to hurl a six-ounce lump of cork and leather at up to 100mph. Half a second later, the ball demolishes the stumps. For over two centuries, cricket has been played according to a largely unwritten code of honour for the practical reason that its laws are too complicated for officials to enforce to the reality. But technology has been rewriting the old etiquette. And according to some recent research, one of cricket’’s most basic laws is untenable, and now the game is in turmoil. According to law 24. 3, bowlers may not straighten their arm in the final act of delivering the ball. This leads to Mr. Akhtar’’s brutal run-up and elaborate action as alternative means of generating pace on the ball. The centrality of law 24.3 to cricket — and the virtual impossibility of policing it — is reflected in the game’’s etiquette. To accuse a bowler of throwing the ball is one of the gravest insults in the game; yet now such accusations are flying thick and fast. Mr. Akhtar, the first man to bowl a delivery timed at 100mph, is one of a number of modern stars recently reported with "suspect actions". These rulings followed research into biomechanics that match officials had hoped would vindicate their decision. The University of Western Australia’’s School of Human Movement has been investigating cricket biomechanics. In 2003, a study by Marc Portus, at the Australian Institute of Sport in Canberra, filmed a number of fast bowlers in action using a dozen cameras recording 250 frames per second. They showed that virtually all bowlers straighten their arm, or throw, to some extent. Mr. Akhtar flexes his arm more than most only because he is extremely double-jointed. And to confuse matters further, a brilliant Sri Lankan spin bowler, Muttiah Muralitharan bowls with a crooked arm only because a congenital condition prevents him straightening it fully. In an effort to restore sanity to matters, bowlers are now allowed a varying margin for error depending on the pace at which they bowl. Thus, fast bowlers are legally allowed to straighten their arm by 10°, medium pacers by 7.5° and slow bowlers by 5°. But even this innovation has been rapidly undone. Last month, for the third time in his illustrious career, and even though poised to break the all-time wicket-taking record, Mr. Muralitharan was reported with a suspect action. Though Mr. Muralitharan was previously cleared by biomechanics, an English match official questioned the legality of a wicked addition to his armoury of top-spinners, off-spinners and leg-spinners. It is nicknamed the "doosra", which in Hindi or Urdu means "second" or "other". Here the ball is delivered with a huge flick of Mr. Muralitharan’’s rubbery wrists and, according to many observers, a flexing of his elbow. Subsequent testing showed that Mr. Muralitharan flexes his arm by more than 10° when bowling the doosra, and the delivery could be banned. Sri Lanka, where Mr. Muralitharan is revered, is now seething while many Australians, who have long reviled him as a "chucker", are crowing. Should they pause for air, they would hear their own scientists cry foul. Last week, the scientists who tested Mr. Muralitharan admitted that they actually did not know much about the mechanics of spin bowling, and that he should receive no censure. When it comes to cricket, science may be stumped. he is revered in Sri Lanka

答案： MU

问答题

Rights to remember NEW HN, CONNECTICUT One element of this doctrine is what I call "Achilles and his heel". September 11th brought upon America, as once upon Achilles, a schizophrenic sense of both exceptional power and exceptional vulnerability. Never has a superpower seemed so powerful and so vulnerable at the same time. The Bush doctrine asked: "How can we use our superpower resources to protect our vulnerability" The administration has also radically shifted its emphasis on human rights. In 1941, Franklin Delano Roosevelt called the allies to arms by painting a vision of the world we were trying to make: a post-war world of four fundamental freedoms: freedom of speech, freedom of religion, freedom from want, freedom from fear. This framework foreshadowed the post-war human-rights construct-embedded in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and subsequent international covenants that emphasised comprehensive protection of civil and political rights (freedom of speech and religion), economic, social and cultural rights (freedom from want), and freedom from gross violations and persecution (the Refugee Convention, the Genocide Convention and the Torture Convention). But Bush administration officials have now reprioritised "freedom from fear" as the number-one freedom we need to preserve. Freedom from fear has become the obsessive watchword of America’’s human-rights policy. Witness five faces of a human-rights policy fixated on freedom from fear. (A) Two core tenets of a post-Watergate world had been that our government does not spy on its citizens, and that American citizens should see what our government is doing. But since September 11th, classification of government documents has risen to new heights. The Patriot Act, passed almost without dissent after September 11th, authorises the Defence Department to develop a project to promote something called "total information awareness". Under this programme, the government may gather huge amounts of information about citizens without proving they have done anything wrong. They can access a citizen’’s records-whether telephone, financial, rental, internet, medical, educational or library-without showing any involvement with terrorism. Internet service providers may be forced to produce records based solely on FBI declarations that the information is for an anti-terrorism investigation. Many absurdities follow: the Lawyers Committee for Human Rights, in a study published in September, reports that 20 American peace activists, including nuns and high-school students, were recently flagged as security threats and detained for saying that they were travelling to a rally to protest against military aid to Colombia. The entire high-school wrestling team of Juneau, Alaska, was held up at airports seven times just because one member was the son of a retired Coast Guard officer on the FBI watch-list. (B) After September 11th, 1,200 immigrants were detained, more than 750 on charges based solely on civil immigration violations. The Justice Department’’s own inspector — general called the attorney — general’’s enforcement of immigration laws "indiscriminate and haphazard". The Immigration and Naturalisation Service, which formerly had a mandate for humanitarian relief as well as for border protection, has been converted into an arm of the Department of Homeland Security. The impact on particular groups has been devastating. The number of refugees resettled in America declined from 90,000 a year before September 11th to less than a third that number, 27,000, this year. The Pakistani population of Atlantic County, New Jersey has fallen by half. (C) Some 660 prisoners from 42 countries are being held in Guantanamo Bay, some for nearly two years. Three children are apparently being detained, including a 13-year-old, several of the detainees are aged over 70, and one claims to be over 100. Courtrooms are being built to try six detainees, including two British subjects who have been declared eligible for trial by military commission. There have been 32 reported suicide attempts. Yet the administration is literally pouring concrete around its detention policy, spending another $ 25m on buildings in Guantdnamo that will increase the detention capacity to 1,100. (D) In two cases that are quickly working their way to the Supreme Court, Yasser Hamdi and Jose Padilla are two American citizens on American soil who have been designated as "enemy combatants", and who have been accorded no legal channels to assert their rights. The racial disparities in the use of the "enemy combatant" label are glaring. Contrast, for example, the treatment of Mr Hamdi, from Louisiana but of Saudi Arabian ancestry, with that of John Walker Lindh, the famous "American Taliban", who is a white American from a comfortable family in the San Francisco Bay area. Both are American citizens; both were captured in Afghanistan in late 2001 by the Northern Alliance; both were handed over to American forces, who eventually brought them to the United States. But federal prosecutors brought criminal charges against Mr Lindh, who got an expensive lawyer and eventually plea-bargained to a prison term. Meanwhile, Mr Hamdi has remained in incommunicado detention, without a lawyer, in a South Carolina military brig for the past 16 months. (E) America’’s anti-terrorist activities have given cover to many foreign governments who want to use "anti-terrorism" to justify their own crackdowns on human rights. Examples abound. In Indonesia, the army has cited America’’s use of Guantanamo to propose building an offshore prison camp on Nasi Island to hold suspected terrorists from Aceh. In Australia, Parliament passed laws mandating the forcible transfer of refugees seeking entry to detention facilities in Nauru, where children as young as three years old are being held, so that Australia does not (in the words of its defence minister) become a "pipeline for terrorists". In Egypt, the government extended for another three years its emergency law, which allows it to detain suspected national-security threats almost indefinitely without charge, to ban public demonstrations, and to try citizens before military tribunals. President Hosni Mubarak announced that America’’s parallel policies proved that "we were right from the beginning in using all means, including military tribunals, to combat terrorism". Around the globe, America’’s human-rights policy has visibly softened, subsumed under the all-encompassing banner of the "war against terrorism". And at home, the Patriot Act, military commissions, Guantdnamo and the indefinite detention of American citizens have placed America in the odd position of condoning deep intrusions by law, even while creating zones and persons outside the law. Many, if not most, Americans would have supported dealing with September 11th in a different way. Imagine, for example, the Bush administration dealing with the atrocity through the then prevailing multilateralist strategy of using global cooperation to solve global problems. On the day after the attack, George Bush could have flown to New York to stand in solidarity with the world’’s ambassadors in front of the United Nations. Questions 26-30 Below is a list of headings , choose the most suitable choices for paragraphs (A-E) and write the appropriate numbers (i-vi) on your answer sheet. i. Scapegoating immigrants ii. The creation of extra-legal zones iii. Closed government and invasions of privacy iv. The effect on the rest of the world v. Painting a vision of the world vi. The creation of extra-legal persons.

答案： softened

问答题

Stumped Rawalpindi He has a normal head, but nestling between his massive shoulders it seems small. He is Shoaib Akhtar, "the Rawalpindi Express", the fastest recorded bowler of a cricket ball in history. And right now, before a small but baying crowd at the Rawalpindi Cricket Ground, he is steaming towards this correspondent. From 22 yards, Mr. Akhtar launches into the weirdly beautiful contortion that fast bowlers perform to hurl a six-ounce lump of cork and leather at up to 100mph. Half a second later, the ball demolishes the stumps. For over two centuries, cricket has been played according to a largely unwritten code of honour for the practical reason that its laws are too complicated for officials to enforce to the reality. But technology has been rewriting the old etiquette. And according to some recent research, one of cricket’’s most basic laws is untenable, and now the game is in turmoil. According to law 24. 3, bowlers may not straighten their arm in the final act of delivering the ball. This leads to Mr. Akhtar’’s brutal run-up and elaborate action as alternative means of generating pace on the ball. The centrality of law 24.3 to cricket — and the virtual impossibility of policing it — is reflected in the game’’s etiquette. To accuse a bowler of throwing the ball is one of the gravest insults in the game; yet now such accusations are flying thick and fast. Mr. Akhtar, the first man to bowl a delivery timed at 100mph, is one of a number of modern stars recently reported with "suspect actions". These rulings followed research into biomechanics that match officials had hoped would vindicate their decision. The University of Western Australia’’s School of Human Movement has been investigating cricket biomechanics. In 2003, a study by Marc Portus, at the Australian Institute of Sport in Canberra, filmed a number of fast bowlers in action using a dozen cameras recording 250 frames per second. They showed that virtually all bowlers straighten their arm, or throw, to some extent. Mr. Akhtar flexes his arm more than most only because he is extremely double-jointed. And to confuse matters further, a brilliant Sri Lankan spin bowler, Muttiah Muralitharan bowls with a crooked arm only because a congenital condition prevents him straightening it fully. In an effort to restore sanity to matters, bowlers are now allowed a varying margin for error depending on the pace at which they bowl. Thus, fast bowlers are legally allowed to straighten their arm by 10°, medium pacers by 7.5° and slow bowlers by 5°. But even this innovation has been rapidly undone. Last month, for the third time in his illustrious career, and even though poised to break the all-time wicket-taking record, Mr. Muralitharan was reported with a suspect action. Though Mr. Muralitharan was previously cleared by biomechanics, an English match official questioned the legality of a wicked addition to his armoury of top-spinners, off-spinners and leg-spinners. It is nicknamed the "doosra", which in Hindi or Urdu means "second" or "other". Here the ball is delivered with a huge flick of Mr. Muralitharan’’s rubbery wrists and, according to many observers, a flexing of his elbow. Subsequent testing showed that Mr. Muralitharan flexes his arm by more than 10° when bowling the doosra, and the delivery could be banned. Sri Lanka, where Mr. Muralitharan is revered, is now seething while many Australians, who have long reviled him as a "chucker", are crowing. Should they pause for air, they would hear their own scientists cry foul. Last week, the scientists who tested Mr. Muralitharan admitted that they actually did not know much about the mechanics of spin bowling, and that he should receive no censure. When it comes to cricket, science may be stumped. the first man to bowl a delivery timed at lOOmph

答案： AK

问答题

H-Tech Services for Client A H-Tech can offer customers a host of managed services that can enhance their own existing IT support infrastructure or provide a reliable, cost-effective alternative to in-house resources. Because your communication system is equally as important as your IT infrastructure, H-Tech’’s managed services offering also encompasses your communication network, providing a full range of telecom services, supporting both voice and data environments. B H-Tech can provide both administrative call — desk and technical help — desk facilities for clients utilizing our in-house systems or by remote access to clients established systems. The provision of a centralized call desk facility allows the production of extensive management information and reporting to clients across a wide spectrum of data. C H-Tech provides comprehensive consultancy services to ensure that the right IT infrastructure is set in place to meet your requirements. H-Tech can work with organizations to identify key business goals and evaluate the need for scalability, availability, manageability and security and will provide you with the optimum solution for your computing needs, providing IT assessment, design and implementation on a variety of computing platforms. D All organizations need to keep their IT capabilities current to remain productive and competitive in today’’s marketplace, this often means you end up with idle assets in the form of desktops, laptops, printers etc that no longer meet business requirements but still represent a significant investment. H-Tech provides asset management and will refurbish, re-deploy, dispose or recycle these assets on your behalf, to ensure that you obtain the most value from this equipment and comply with European Environmental Legislation. E Recognizing the need for quick and cost-effective implementation that minimizes business disruption, H-Tech will oversee the careful planning and management of the entire project. F H-Tech will supply an engineering resource to provide the desktop installation/ Upgrade of PCs, laptops and peripherals directly to the user’’s desk. The new device is connected to the user’’s existing equipment (printer, zip drive, scanner etc) and the engineer would then fully test the equipment and deal with any legacy problems. Once a new desktop has been installed and peripheral items tested, the redundant equipment can be re-deployed (cascaded) to another user ensuring that the machine is re-configured accordingly. G H-Tech can provide a service to remove the packaging at the time of installation and will dispose of or recycle it in an environmentally friendly way. H For larger rollouts, H-Tech can store a large number of systems on behalf of the Client and manage the logistics of multiple deliveries. Because H-Tech can co-ordinate both delivery and implementation, continuity of services is assured. I H-Tech’’s maintenance services have evolved to provide repair and maintenance services to major sites through the deployment of site-based engineers delivering fast responses to users. The engineers on site are supported by our extensive repair centre, which offers component level repairs across a wide product portfolio. Locally held and managed back-up equipment, facilitates minimum down time for users and allows IT departments to concentrate on developing and maintaining the infrastructure and systems. H-Tech undertakes to comply with clients SLA requirements and monitors and reports Key Performance Indicators through its Call Management Systems, all of which are available to customers via the Web. Please click here for further information on the H-Tech Repair Centre. J H-Tech can offer the recycling of all redundant IT equipment and the certified disposal and destruction of materials and the safe disposal of hazardous and special waste. Please click here for further information on the H-Tech Recycle initiative. K The H-Tech Technical Support Division can provide on-going support to ensure that customers get the most from their IT system, ensuring that mission — critical applications are protected and the IT environment develops and grows with your company. H-Tech can provide tailored support agreements to meet individual customer requirements. Please click here for further information on the IT technical support services offered by H-Tech. Please click here for further information on the more specific telecom technical support services offered by H-Tech. L H-Tech recognises the need for customers to enhance their own technical knowledge and can offer tailored training courses to support IT departments and end users during major new deployments. Training can be provided at H-Tech’’s purpose — built training facility in Ipswich or can be held on customer site to ensure minimum disruption to the clients core business. Questions 1-9 Read a computer company’’s Services for Client above. Each paragraph A—L describes a different service provided by the H-Tech company. From the list below (i — xii) choose the most suitable items for paragraphs A —L. Write the appropriate numbers (i-xii) in boxes 1-9 on your answer sheet. i System and infrastructure management services ii Storage and delivery iii Recycle Services iv Training v Design and consultancy vi Desktop installation and peripheral configuration/upgrades vii Help-desk services viii H-Tech Managed Services ix Maintenance services x Asset management xi Packaging removal xii Technical Support

答案： enhance

问答题

Rights to remember NEW HN, CONNECTICUT One element of this doctrine is what I call "Achilles and his heel". September 11th brought upon America, as once upon Achilles, a schizophrenic sense of both exceptional power and exceptional vulnerability. Never has a superpower seemed so powerful and so vulnerable at the same time. The Bush doctrine asked: "How can we use our superpower resources to protect our vulnerability" The administration has also radically shifted its emphasis on human rights. In 1941, Franklin Delano Roosevelt called the allies to arms by painting a vision of the world we were trying to make: a post-war world of four fundamental freedoms: freedom of speech, freedom of religion, freedom from want, freedom from fear. This framework foreshadowed the post-war human-rights construct-embedded in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and subsequent international covenants that emphasised comprehensive protection of civil and political rights (freedom of speech and religion), economic, social and cultural rights (freedom from want), and freedom from gross violations and persecution (the Refugee Convention, the Genocide Convention and the Torture Convention). But Bush administration officials have now reprioritised "freedom from fear" as the number-one freedom we need to preserve. Freedom from fear has become the obsessive watchword of America’’s human-rights policy. Witness five faces of a human-rights policy fixated on freedom from fear. (A) Two core tenets of a post-Watergate world had been that our government does not spy on its citizens, and that American citizens should see what our government is doing. But since September 11th, classification of government documents has risen to new heights. The Patriot Act, passed almost without dissent after September 11th, authorises the Defence Department to develop a project to promote something called "total information awareness". Under this programme, the government may gather huge amounts of information about citizens without proving they have done anything wrong. They can access a citizen’’s records-whether telephone, financial, rental, internet, medical, educational or library-without showing any involvement with terrorism. Internet service providers may be forced to produce records based solely on FBI declarations that the information is for an anti-terrorism investigation. Many absurdities follow: the Lawyers Committee for Human Rights, in a study published in September, reports that 20 American peace activists, including nuns and high-school students, were recently flagged as security threats and detained for saying that they were travelling to a rally to protest against military aid to Colombia. The entire high-school wrestling team of Juneau, Alaska, was held up at airports seven times just because one member was the son of a retired Coast Guard officer on the FBI watch-list. (B) After September 11th, 1,200 immigrants were detained, more than 750 on charges based solely on civil immigration violations. The Justice Department’’s own inspector — general called the attorney — general’’s enforcement of immigration laws "indiscriminate and haphazard". The Immigration and Naturalisation Service, which formerly had a mandate for humanitarian relief as well as for border protection, has been converted into an arm of the Department of Homeland Security. The impact on particular groups has been devastating. The number of refugees resettled in America declined from 90,000 a year before September 11th to less than a third that number, 27,000, this year. The Pakistani population of Atlantic County, New Jersey has fallen by half. (C) Some 660 prisoners from 42 countries are being held in Guantanamo Bay, some for nearly two years. Three children are apparently being detained, including a 13-year-old, several of the detainees are aged over 70, and one claims to be over 100. Courtrooms are being built to try six detainees, including two British subjects who have been declared eligible for trial by military commission. There have been 32 reported suicide attempts. Yet the administration is literally pouring concrete around its detention policy, spending another $ 25m on buildings in Guantdnamo that will increase the detention capacity to 1,100. (D) In two cases that are quickly working their way to the Supreme Court, Yasser Hamdi and Jose Padilla are two American citizens on American soil who have been designated as "enemy combatants", and who have been accorded no legal channels to assert their rights. The racial disparities in the use of the "enemy combatant" label are glaring. Contrast, for example, the treatment of Mr Hamdi, from Louisiana but of Saudi Arabian ancestry, with that of John Walker Lindh, the famous "American Taliban", who is a white American from a comfortable family in the San Francisco Bay area. Both are American citizens; both were captured in Afghanistan in late 2001 by the Northern Alliance; both were handed over to American forces, who eventually brought them to the United States. But federal prosecutors brought criminal charges against Mr Lindh, who got an expensive lawyer and eventually plea-bargained to a prison term. Meanwhile, Mr Hamdi has remained in incommunicado detention, without a lawyer, in a South Carolina military brig for the past 16 months. (E) America’’s anti-terrorist activities have given cover to many foreign governments who want to use "anti-terrorism" to justify their own crackdowns on human rights. Examples abound. In Indonesia, the army has cited America’’s use of Guantanamo to propose building an offshore prison camp on Nasi Island to hold suspected terrorists from Aceh. In Australia, Parliament passed laws mandating the forcible transfer of refugees seeking entry to detention facilities in Nauru, where children as young as three years old are being held, so that Australia does not (in the words of its defence minister) become a "pipeline for terrorists". In Egypt, the government extended for another three years its emergency law, which allows it to detain suspected national-security threats almost indefinitely without charge, to ban public demonstrations, and to try citizens before military tribunals. President Hosni Mubarak announced that America’’s parallel policies proved that "we were right from the beginning in using all means, including military tribunals, to combat terrorism". Around the globe, America’’s human-rights policy has visibly softened, subsumed under the all-encompassing banner of the "war against terrorism". And at home, the Patriot Act, military commissions, Guantdnamo and the indefinite detention of American citizens have placed America in the odd position of condoning deep intrusions by law, even while creating zones and persons outside the law. Many, if not most, Americans would have supported dealing with September 11th in a different way. Imagine, for example, the Bush administration dealing with the atrocity through the then prevailing multilateralist strategy of using global cooperation to solve global problems. On the day after the attack, George Bush could have flown to New York to stand in solidarity with the world’’s ambassadors in front of the United Nations. Questions 26-30 Below is a list of headings , choose the most suitable choices for paragraphs (A-E) and write the appropriate numbers (i-vi) on your answer sheet. i. Scapegoating immigrants ii. The creation of extra-legal zones iii. Closed government and invasions of privacy iv. The effect on the rest of the world v. Painting a vision of the world vi. The creation of extra-legal persons.

答案： creating

问答题

H-Tech Services for Client A H-Tech can offer customers a host of managed services that can enhance their own existing IT support infrastructure or provide a reliable, cost-effective alternative to in-house resources. Because your communication system is equally as important as your IT infrastructure, H-Tech’’s managed services offering also encompasses your communication network, providing a full range of telecom services, supporting both voice and data environments. B H-Tech can provide both administrative call — desk and technical help — desk facilities for clients utilizing our in-house systems or by remote access to clients established systems. The provision of a centralized call desk facility allows the production of extensive management information and reporting to clients across a wide spectrum of data. C H-Tech provides comprehensive consultancy services to ensure that the right IT infrastructure is set in place to meet your requirements. H-Tech can work with organizations to identify key business goals and evaluate the need for scalability, availability, manageability and security and will provide you with the optimum solution for your computing needs, providing IT assessment, design and implementation on a variety of computing platforms. D All organizations need to keep their IT capabilities current to remain productive and competitive in today’’s marketplace, this often means you end up with idle assets in the form of desktops, laptops, printers etc that no longer meet business requirements but still represent a significant investment. H-Tech provides asset management and will refurbish, re-deploy, dispose or recycle these assets on your behalf, to ensure that you obtain the most value from this equipment and comply with European Environmental Legislation. E Recognizing the need for quick and cost-effective implementation that minimizes business disruption, H-Tech will oversee the careful planning and management of the entire project. F H-Tech will supply an engineering resource to provide the desktop installation/ Upgrade of PCs, laptops and peripherals directly to the user’’s desk. The new device is connected to the user’’s existing equipment (printer, zip drive, scanner etc) and the engineer would then fully test the equipment and deal with any legacy problems. Once a new desktop has been installed and peripheral items tested, the redundant equipment can be re-deployed (cascaded) to another user ensuring that the machine is re-configured accordingly. G H-Tech can provide a service to remove the packaging at the time of installation and will dispose of or recycle it in an environmentally friendly way. H For larger rollouts, H-Tech can store a large number of systems on behalf of the Client and manage the logistics of multiple deliveries. Because H-Tech can co-ordinate both delivery and implementation, continuity of services is assured. I H-Tech’’s maintenance services have evolved to provide repair and maintenance services to major sites through the deployment of site-based engineers delivering fast responses to users. The engineers on site are supported by our extensive repair centre, which offers component level repairs across a wide product portfolio. Locally held and managed back-up equipment, facilitates minimum down time for users and allows IT departments to concentrate on developing and maintaining the infrastructure and systems. H-Tech undertakes to comply with clients SLA requirements and monitors and reports Key Performance Indicators through its Call Management Systems, all of which are available to customers via the Web. Please click here for further information on the H-Tech Repair Centre. J H-Tech can offer the recycling of all redundant IT equipment and the certified disposal and destruction of materials and the safe disposal of hazardous and special waste. Please click here for further information on the H-Tech Recycle initiative. K The H-Tech Technical Support Division can provide on-going support to ensure that customers get the most from their IT system, ensuring that mission — critical applications are protected and the IT environment develops and grows with your company. H-Tech can provide tailored support agreements to meet individual customer requirements. Please click here for further information on the IT technical support services offered by H-Tech. Please click here for further information on the more specific telecom technical support services offered by H-Tech. L H-Tech recognises the need for customers to enhance their own technical knowledge and can offer tailored training courses to support IT departments and end users during major new deployments. Training can be provided at H-Tech’’s purpose — built training facility in Ipswich or can be held on customer site to ensure minimum disruption to the clients core business. Questions 1-9 Read a computer company’’s Services for Client above. Each paragraph A—L describes a different service provided by the H-Tech company. From the list below (i — xii) choose the most suitable items for paragraphs A —L. Write the appropriate numbers (i-xii) in boxes 1-9 on your answer sheet. i System and infrastructure management services ii Storage and delivery iii Recycle Services iv Training v Design and consultancy vi Desktop installation and peripheral configuration/upgrades vii Help-desk services viii H-Tech Managed Services ix Maintenance services x Asset management xi Packaging removal xii Technical Support

答案： infrastructure

问答题

Rights to remember NEW HN, CONNECTICUT One element of this doctrine is what I call "Achilles and his heel". September 11th brought upon America, as once upon Achilles, a schizophrenic sense of both exceptional power and exceptional vulnerability. Never has a superpower seemed so powerful and so vulnerable at the same time. The Bush doctrine asked: "How can we use our superpower resources to protect our vulnerability" The administration has also radically shifted its emphasis on human rights. In 1941, Franklin Delano Roosevelt called the allies to arms by painting a vision of the world we were trying to make: a post-war world of four fundamental freedoms: freedom of speech, freedom of religion, freedom from want, freedom from fear. This framework foreshadowed the post-war human-rights construct-embedded in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and subsequent international covenants that emphasised comprehensive protection of civil and political rights (freedom of speech and religion), economic, social and cultural rights (freedom from want), and freedom from gross violations and persecution (the Refugee Convention, the Genocide Convention and the Torture Convention). But Bush administration officials have now reprioritised "freedom from fear" as the number-one freedom we need to preserve. Freedom from fear has become the obsessive watchword of America’’s human-rights policy. Witness five faces of a human-rights policy fixated on freedom from fear. (A) Two core tenets of a post-Watergate world had been that our government does not spy on its citizens, and that American citizens should see what our government is doing. But since September 11th, classification of government documents has risen to new heights. The Patriot Act, passed almost without dissent after September 11th, authorises the Defence Department to develop a project to promote something called "total information awareness". Under this programme, the government may gather huge amounts of information about citizens without proving they have done anything wrong. They can access a citizen’’s records-whether telephone, financial, rental, internet, medical, educational or library-without showing any involvement with terrorism. Internet service providers may be forced to produce records based solely on FBI declarations that the information is for an anti-terrorism investigation. Many absurdities follow: the Lawyers Committee for Human Rights, in a study published in September, reports that 20 American peace activists, including nuns and high-school students, were recently flagged as security threats and detained for saying that they were travelling to a rally to protest against military aid to Colombia. The entire high-school wrestling team of Juneau, Alaska, was held up at airports seven times just because one member was the son of a retired Coast Guard officer on the FBI watch-list. (B) After September 11th, 1,200 immigrants were detained, more than 750 on charges based solely on civil immigration violations. The Justice Department’’s own inspector — general called the attorney — general’’s enforcement of immigration laws "indiscriminate and haphazard". The Immigration and Naturalisation Service, which formerly had a mandate for humanitarian relief as well as for border protection, has been converted into an arm of the Department of Homeland Security. The impact on particular groups has been devastating. The number of refugees resettled in America declined from 90,000 a year before September 11th to less than a third that number, 27,000, this year. The Pakistani population of Atlantic County, New Jersey has fallen by half. (C) Some 660 prisoners from 42 countries are being held in Guantanamo Bay, some for nearly two years. Three children are apparently being detained, including a 13-year-old, several of the detainees are aged over 70, and one claims to be over 100. Courtrooms are being built to try six detainees, including two British subjects who have been declared eligible for trial by military commission. There have been 32 reported suicide attempts. Yet the administration is literally pouring concrete around its detention policy, spending another $ 25m on buildings in Guantdnamo that will increase the detention capacity to 1,100. (D) In two cases that are quickly working their way to the Supreme Court, Yasser Hamdi and Jose Padilla are two American citizens on American soil who have been designated as "enemy combatants", and who have been accorded no legal channels to assert their rights. The racial disparities in the use of the "enemy combatant" label are glaring. Contrast, for example, the treatment of Mr Hamdi, from Louisiana but of Saudi Arabian ancestry, with that of John Walker Lindh, the famous "American Taliban", who is a white American from a comfortable family in the San Francisco Bay area. Both are American citizens; both were captured in Afghanistan in late 2001 by the Northern Alliance; both were handed over to American forces, who eventually brought them to the United States. But federal prosecutors brought criminal charges against Mr Lindh, who got an expensive lawyer and eventually plea-bargained to a prison term. Meanwhile, Mr Hamdi has remained in incommunicado detention, without a lawyer, in a South Carolina military brig for the past 16 months. (E) America’’s anti-terrorist activities have given cover to many foreign governments who want to use "anti-terrorism" to justify their own crackdowns on human rights. Examples abound. In Indonesia, the army has cited America’’s use of Guantanamo to propose building an offshore prison camp on Nasi Island to hold suspected terrorists from Aceh. In Australia, Parliament passed laws mandating the forcible transfer of refugees seeking entry to detention facilities in Nauru, where children as young as three years old are being held, so that Australia does not (in the words of its defence minister) become a "pipeline for terrorists". In Egypt, the government extended for another three years its emergency law, which allows it to detain suspected national-security threats almost indefinitely without charge, to ban public demonstrations, and to try citizens before military tribunals. President Hosni Mubarak announced that America’’s parallel policies proved that "we were right from the beginning in using all means, including military tribunals, to combat terrorism". Around the globe, America’’s human-rights policy has visibly softened, subsumed under the all-encompassing banner of the "war against terrorism". And at home, the Patriot Act, military commissions, Guantdnamo and the indefinite detention of American citizens have placed America in the odd position of condoning deep intrusions by law, even while creating zones and persons outside the law. Many, if not most, Americans would have supported dealing with September 11th in a different way. Imagine, for example, the Bush administration dealing with the atrocity through the then prevailing multilateralist strategy of using global cooperation to solve global problems. On the day after the attack, George Bush could have flown to New York to stand in solidarity with the world’’s ambassadors in front of the United Nations. Questions 26-30 Below is a list of headings , choose the most suitable choices for paragraphs (A-E) and write the appropriate numbers (i-vi) on your answer sheet. i. Scapegoating immigrants ii. The creation of extra-legal zones iii. Closed government and invasions of privacy iv. The effect on the rest of the world v. Painting a vision of the world vi. The creation of extra-legal persons.

答案： atrocity

问答题

Stumped Rawalpindi He has a normal head, but nestling between his massive shoulders it seems small. He is Shoaib Akhtar, "the Rawalpindi Express", the fastest recorded bowler of a cricket ball in history. And right now, before a small but baying crowd at the Rawalpindi Cricket Ground, he is steaming towards this correspondent. From 22 yards, Mr. Akhtar launches into the weirdly beautiful contortion that fast bowlers perform to hurl a six-ounce lump of cork and leather at up to 100mph. Half a second later, the ball demolishes the stumps. For over two centuries, cricket has been played according to a largely unwritten code of honour for the practical reason that its laws are too complicated for officials to enforce to the reality. But technology has been rewriting the old etiquette. And according to some recent research, one of cricket’’s most basic laws is untenable, and now the game is in turmoil. According to law 24. 3, bowlers may not straighten their arm in the final act of delivering the ball. This leads to Mr. Akhtar’’s brutal run-up and elaborate action as alternative means of generating pace on the ball. The centrality of law 24.3 to cricket — and the virtual impossibility of policing it — is reflected in the game’’s etiquette. To accuse a bowler of throwing the ball is one of the gravest insults in the game; yet now such accusations are flying thick and fast. Mr. Akhtar, the first man to bowl a delivery timed at 100mph, is one of a number of modern stars recently reported with "suspect actions". These rulings followed research into biomechanics that match officials had hoped would vindicate their decision. The University of Western Australia’’s School of Human Movement has been investigating cricket biomechanics. In 2003, a study by Marc Portus, at the Australian Institute of Sport in Canberra, filmed a number of fast bowlers in action using a dozen cameras recording 250 frames per second. They showed that virtually all bowlers straighten their arm, or throw, to some extent. Mr. Akhtar flexes his arm more than most only because he is extremely double-jointed. And to confuse matters further, a brilliant Sri Lankan spin bowler, Muttiah Muralitharan bowls with a crooked arm only because a congenital condition prevents him straightening it fully. In an effort to restore sanity to matters, bowlers are now allowed a varying margin for error depending on the pace at which they bowl. Thus, fast bowlers are legally allowed to straighten their arm by 10°, medium pacers by 7.5° and slow bowlers by 5°. But even this innovation has been rapidly undone. Last month, for the third time in his illustrious career, and even though poised to break the all-time wicket-taking record, Mr. Muralitharan was reported with a suspect action. Though Mr. Muralitharan was previously cleared by biomechanics, an English match official questioned the legality of a wicked addition to his armoury of top-spinners, off-spinners and leg-spinners. It is nicknamed the "doosra", which in Hindi or Urdu means "second" or "other". Here the ball is delivered with a huge flick of Mr. Muralitharan’’s rubbery wrists and, according to many observers, a flexing of his elbow. Subsequent testing showed that Mr. Muralitharan flexes his arm by more than 10° when bowling the doosra, and the delivery could be banned. Sri Lanka, where Mr. Muralitharan is revered, is now seething while many Australians, who have long reviled him as a "chucker", are crowing. Should they pause for air, they would hear their own scientists cry foul. Last week, the scientists who tested Mr. Muralitharan admitted that they actually did not know much about the mechanics of spin bowling, and that he should receive no censure. When it comes to cricket, science may be stumped. at the Australian Institute of Sport in Canberra

答案： MP

问答题

H-Tech Services for Client A H-Tech can offer customers a host of managed services that can enhance their own existing IT support infrastructure or provide a reliable, cost-effective alternative to in-house resources. Because your communication system is equally as important as your IT infrastructure, H-Tech’’s managed services offering also encompasses your communication network, providing a full range of telecom services, supporting both voice and data environments. B H-Tech can provide both administrative call — desk and technical help — desk facilities for clients utilizing our in-house systems or by remote access to clients established systems. The provision of a centralized call desk facility allows the production of extensive management information and reporting to clients across a wide spectrum of data. C H-Tech provides comprehensive consultancy services to ensure that the right IT infrastructure is set in place to meet your requirements. H-Tech can work with organizations to identify key business goals and evaluate the need for scalability, availability, manageability and security and will provide you with the optimum solution for your computing needs, providing IT assessment, design and implementation on a variety of computing platforms. D All organizations need to keep their IT capabilities current to remain productive and competitive in today’’s marketplace, this often means you end up with idle assets in the form of desktops, laptops, printers etc that no longer meet business requirements but still represent a significant investment. H-Tech provides asset management and will refurbish, re-deploy, dispose or recycle these assets on your behalf, to ensure that you obtain the most value from this equipment and comply with European Environmental Legislation. E Recognizing the need for quick and cost-effective implementation that minimizes business disruption, H-Tech will oversee the careful planning and management of the entire project. F H-Tech will supply an engineering resource to provide the desktop installation/ Upgrade of PCs, laptops and peripherals directly to the user’’s desk. The new device is connected to the user’’s existing equipment (printer, zip drive, scanner etc) and the engineer would then fully test the equipment and deal with any legacy problems. Once a new desktop has been installed and peripheral items tested, the redundant equipment can be re-deployed (cascaded) to another user ensuring that the machine is re-configured accordingly. G H-Tech can provide a service to remove the packaging at the time of installation and will dispose of or recycle it in an environmentally friendly way. H For larger rollouts, H-Tech can store a large number of systems on behalf of the Client and manage the logistics of multiple deliveries. Because H-Tech can co-ordinate both delivery and implementation, continuity of services is assured. I H-Tech’’s maintenance services have evolved to provide repair and maintenance services to major sites through the deployment of site-based engineers delivering fast responses to users. The engineers on site are supported by our extensive repair centre, which offers component level repairs across a wide product portfolio. Locally held and managed back-up equipment, facilitates minimum down time for users and allows IT departments to concentrate on developing and maintaining the infrastructure and systems. H-Tech undertakes to comply with clients SLA requirements and monitors and reports Key Performance Indicators through its Call Management Systems, all of which are available to customers via the Web. Please click here for further information on the H-Tech Repair Centre. J H-Tech can offer the recycling of all redundant IT equipment and the certified disposal and destruction of materials and the safe disposal of hazardous and special waste. Please click here for further information on the H-Tech Recycle initiative. K The H-Tech Technical Support Division can provide on-going support to ensure that customers get the most from their IT system, ensuring that mission — critical applications are protected and the IT environment develops and grows with your company. H-Tech can provide tailored support agreements to meet individual customer requirements. Please click here for further information on the IT technical support services offered by H-Tech. Please click here for further information on the more specific telecom technical support services offered by H-Tech. L H-Tech recognises the need for customers to enhance their own technical knowledge and can offer tailored training courses to support IT departments and end users during major new deployments. Training can be provided at H-Tech’’s purpose — built training facility in Ipswich or can be held on customer site to ensure minimum disruption to the clients core business. Questions 1-9 Read a computer company’’s Services for Client above. Each paragraph A—L describes a different service provided by the H-Tech company. From the list below (i — xii) choose the most suitable items for paragraphs A —L. Write the appropriate numbers (i-xii) in boxes 1-9 on your answer sheet. i System and infrastructure management services ii Storage and delivery iii Recycle Services iv Training v Design and consultancy vi Desktop installation and peripheral configuration/upgrades vii Help-desk services viii H-Tech Managed Services ix Maintenance services x Asset management xi Packaging removal xii Technical Support

答案： resource

问答题

Rights to remember NEW HN, CONNECTICUT One element of this doctrine is what I call "Achilles and his heel". September 11th brought upon America, as once upon Achilles, a schizophrenic sense of both exceptional power and exceptional vulnerability. Never has a superpower seemed so powerful and so vulnerable at the same time. The Bush doctrine asked: "How can we use our superpower resources to protect our vulnerability" The administration has also radically shifted its emphasis on human rights. In 1941, Franklin Delano Roosevelt called the allies to arms by painting a vision of the world we were trying to make: a post-war world of four fundamental freedoms: freedom of speech, freedom of religion, freedom from want, freedom from fear. This framework foreshadowed the post-war human-rights construct-embedded in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and subsequent international covenants that emphasised comprehensive protection of civil and political rights (freedom of speech and religion), economic, social and cultural rights (freedom from want), and freedom from gross violations and persecution (the Refugee Convention, the Genocide Convention and the Torture Convention). But Bush administration officials have now reprioritised "freedom from fear" as the number-one freedom we need to preserve. Freedom from fear has become the obsessive watchword of America’’s human-rights policy. Witness five faces of a human-rights policy fixated on freedom from fear. (A) Two core tenets of a post-Watergate world had been that our government does not spy on its citizens, and that American citizens should see what our government is doing. But since September 11th, classification of government documents has risen to new heights. The Patriot Act, passed almost without dissent after September 11th, authorises the Defence Department to develop a project to promote something called "total information awareness". Under this programme, the government may gather huge amounts of information about citizens without proving they have done anything wrong. They can access a citizen’’s records-whether telephone, financial, rental, internet, medical, educational or library-without showing any involvement with terrorism. Internet service providers may be forced to produce records based solely on FBI declarations that the information is for an anti-terrorism investigation. Many absurdities follow: the Lawyers Committee for Human Rights, in a study published in September, reports that 20 American peace activists, including nuns and high-school students, were recently flagged as security threats and detained for saying that they were travelling to a rally to protest against military aid to Colombia. The entire high-school wrestling team of Juneau, Alaska, was held up at airports seven times just because one member was the son of a retired Coast Guard officer on the FBI watch-list. (B) After September 11th, 1,200 immigrants were detained, more than 750 on charges based solely on civil immigration violations. The Justice Department’’s own inspector — general called the attorney — general’’s enforcement of immigration laws "indiscriminate and haphazard". The Immigration and Naturalisation Service, which formerly had a mandate for humanitarian relief as well as for border protection, has been converted into an arm of the Department of Homeland Security. The impact on particular groups has been devastating. The number of refugees resettled in America declined from 90,000 a year before September 11th to less than a third that number, 27,000, this year. The Pakistani population of Atlantic County, New Jersey has fallen by half. (C) Some 660 prisoners from 42 countries are being held in Guantanamo Bay, some for nearly two years. Three children are apparently being detained, including a 13-year-old, several of the detainees are aged over 70, and one claims to be over 100. Courtrooms are being built to try six detainees, including two British subjects who have been declared eligible for trial by military commission. There have been 32 reported suicide attempts. Yet the administration is literally pouring concrete around its detention policy, spending another $ 25m on buildings in Guantdnamo that will increase the detention capacity to 1,100. (D) In two cases that are quickly working their way to the Supreme Court, Yasser Hamdi and Jose Padilla are two American citizens on American soil who have been designated as "enemy combatants", and who have been accorded no legal channels to assert their rights. The racial disparities in the use of the "enemy combatant" label are glaring. Contrast, for example, the treatment of Mr Hamdi, from Louisiana but of Saudi Arabian ancestry, with that of John Walker Lindh, the famous "American Taliban", who is a white American from a comfortable family in the San Francisco Bay area. Both are American citizens; both were captured in Afghanistan in late 2001 by the Northern Alliance; both were handed over to American forces, who eventually brought them to the United States. But federal prosecutors brought criminal charges against Mr Lindh, who got an expensive lawyer and eventually plea-bargained to a prison term. Meanwhile, Mr Hamdi has remained in incommunicado detention, without a lawyer, in a South Carolina military brig for the past 16 months. (E) America’’s anti-terrorist activities have given cover to many foreign governments who want to use "anti-terrorism" to justify their own crackdowns on human rights. Examples abound. In Indonesia, the army has cited America’’s use of Guantanamo to propose building an offshore prison camp on Nasi Island to hold suspected terrorists from Aceh. In Australia, Parliament passed laws mandating the forcible transfer of refugees seeking entry to detention facilities in Nauru, where children as young as three years old are being held, so that Australia does not (in the words of its defence minister) become a "pipeline for terrorists". In Egypt, the government extended for another three years its emergency law, which allows it to detain suspected national-security threats almost indefinitely without charge, to ban public demonstrations, and to try citizens before military tribunals. President Hosni Mubarak announced that America’’s parallel policies proved that "we were right from the beginning in using all means, including military tribunals, to combat terrorism". Around the globe, America’’s human-rights policy has visibly softened, subsumed under the all-encompassing banner of the "war against terrorism". And at home, the Patriot Act, military commissions, Guantdnamo and the indefinite detention of American citizens have placed America in the odd position of condoning deep intrusions by law, even while creating zones and persons outside the law. Many, if not most, Americans would have supported dealing with September 11th in a different way. Imagine, for example, the Bush administration dealing with the atrocity through the then prevailing multilateralist strategy of using global cooperation to solve global problems. On the day after the attack, George Bush could have flown to New York to stand in solidarity with the world’’s ambassadors in front of the United Nations. Questions 26-30 Below is a list of headings , choose the most suitable choices for paragraphs (A-E) and write the appropriate numbers (i-vi) on your answer sheet. i. Scapegoating immigrants ii. The creation of extra-legal zones iii. Closed government and invasions of privacy iv. The effect on the rest of the world v. Painting a vision of the world vi. The creation of extra-legal persons.

答案： prevailing

问答题

Stumped Rawalpindi He has a normal head, but nestling between his massive shoulders it seems small. He is Shoaib Akhtar, "the Rawalpindi Express", the fastest recorded bowler of a cricket ball in history. And right now, before a small but baying crowd at the Rawalpindi Cricket Ground, he is steaming towards this correspondent. From 22 yards, Mr. Akhtar launches into the weirdly beautiful contortion that fast bowlers perform to hurl a six-ounce lump of cork and leather at up to 100mph. Half a second later, the ball demolishes the stumps. For over two centuries, cricket has been played according to a largely unwritten code of honour for the practical reason that its laws are too complicated for officials to enforce to the reality. But technology has been rewriting the old etiquette. And according to some recent research, one of cricket’’s most basic laws is untenable, and now the game is in turmoil. According to law 24. 3, bowlers may not straighten their arm in the final act of delivering the ball. This leads to Mr. Akhtar’’s brutal run-up and elaborate action as alternative means of generating pace on the ball. The centrality of law 24.3 to cricket — and the virtual impossibility of policing it — is reflected in the game’’s etiquette. To accuse a bowler of throwing the ball is one of the gravest insults in the game; yet now such accusations are flying thick and fast. Mr. Akhtar, the first man to bowl a delivery timed at 100mph, is one of a number of modern stars recently reported with "suspect actions". These rulings followed research into biomechanics that match officials had hoped would vindicate their decision. The University of Western Australia’’s School of Human Movement has been investigating cricket biomechanics. In 2003, a study by Marc Portus, at the Australian Institute of Sport in Canberra, filmed a number of fast bowlers in action using a dozen cameras recording 250 frames per second. They showed that virtually all bowlers straighten their arm, or throw, to some extent. Mr. Akhtar flexes his arm more than most only because he is extremely double-jointed. And to confuse matters further, a brilliant Sri Lankan spin bowler, Muttiah Muralitharan bowls with a crooked arm only because a congenital condition prevents him straightening it fully. In an effort to restore sanity to matters, bowlers are now allowed a varying margin for error depending on the pace at which they bowl. Thus, fast bowlers are legally allowed to straighten their arm by 10°, medium pacers by 7.5° and slow bowlers by 5°. But even this innovation has been rapidly undone. Last month, for the third time in his illustrious career, and even though poised to break the all-time wicket-taking record, Mr. Muralitharan was reported with a suspect action. Though Mr. Muralitharan was previously cleared by biomechanics, an English match official questioned the legality of a wicked addition to his armoury of top-spinners, off-spinners and leg-spinners. It is nicknamed the "doosra", which in Hindi or Urdu means "second" or "other". Here the ball is delivered with a huge flick of Mr. Muralitharan’’s rubbery wrists and, according to many observers, a flexing of his elbow. Subsequent testing showed that Mr. Muralitharan flexes his arm by more than 10° when bowling the doosra, and the delivery could be banned. Sri Lanka, where Mr. Muralitharan is revered, is now seething while many Australians, who have long reviled him as a "chucker", are crowing. Should they pause for air, they would hear their own scientists cry foul. Last week, the scientists who tested Mr. Muralitharan admitted that they actually did not know much about the mechanics of spin bowling, and that he should receive no censure. When it comes to cricket, science may be stumped. he was reported with a suspect action

答案： MU

问答题

H-Tech Services for Client A H-Tech can offer customers a host of managed services that can enhance their own existing IT support infrastructure or provide a reliable, cost-effective alternative to in-house resources. Because your communication system is equally as important as your IT infrastructure, H-Tech’’s managed services offering also encompasses your communication network, providing a full range of telecom services, supporting both voice and data environments. B H-Tech can provide both administrative call — desk and technical help — desk facilities for clients utilizing our in-house systems or by remote access to clients established systems. The provision of a centralized call desk facility allows the production of extensive management information and reporting to clients across a wide spectrum of data. C H-Tech provides comprehensive consultancy services to ensure that the right IT infrastructure is set in place to meet your requirements. H-Tech can work with organizations to identify key business goals and evaluate the need for scalability, availability, manageability and security and will provide you with the optimum solution for your computing needs, providing IT assessment, design and implementation on a variety of computing platforms. D All organizations need to keep their IT capabilities current to remain productive and competitive in today’’s marketplace, this often means you end up with idle assets in the form of desktops, laptops, printers etc that no longer meet business requirements but still represent a significant investment. H-Tech provides asset management and will refurbish, re-deploy, dispose or recycle these assets on your behalf, to ensure that you obtain the most value from this equipment and comply with European Environmental Legislation. E Recognizing the need for quick and cost-effective implementation that minimizes business disruption, H-Tech will oversee the careful planning and management of the entire project. F H-Tech will supply an engineering resource to provide the desktop installation/ Upgrade of PCs, laptops and peripherals directly to the user’’s desk. The new device is connected to the user’’s existing equipment (printer, zip drive, scanner etc) and the engineer would then fully test the equipment and deal with any legacy problems. Once a new desktop has been installed and peripheral items tested, the redundant equipment can be re-deployed (cascaded) to another user ensuring that the machine is re-configured accordingly. G H-Tech can provide a service to remove the packaging at the time of installation and will dispose of or recycle it in an environmentally friendly way. H For larger rollouts, H-Tech can store a large number of systems on behalf of the Client and manage the logistics of multiple deliveries. Because H-Tech can co-ordinate both delivery and implementation, continuity of services is assured. I H-Tech’’s maintenance services have evolved to provide repair and maintenance services to major sites through the deployment of site-based engineers delivering fast responses to users. The engineers on site are supported by our extensive repair centre, which offers component level repairs across a wide product portfolio. Locally held and managed back-up equipment, facilitates minimum down time for users and allows IT departments to concentrate on developing and maintaining the infrastructure and systems. H-Tech undertakes to comply with clients SLA requirements and monitors and reports Key Performance Indicators through its Call Management Systems, all of which are available to customers via the Web. Please click here for further information on the H-Tech Repair Centre. J H-Tech can offer the recycling of all redundant IT equipment and the certified disposal and destruction of materials and the safe disposal of hazardous and special waste. Please click here for further information on the H-Tech Recycle initiative. K The H-Tech Technical Support Division can provide on-going support to ensure that customers get the most from their IT system, ensuring that mission — critical applications are protected and the IT environment develops and grows with your company. H-Tech can provide tailored support agreements to meet individual customer requirements. Please click here for further information on the IT technical support services offered by H-Tech. Please click here for further information on the more specific telecom technical support services offered by H-Tech. L H-Tech recognises the need for customers to enhance their own technical knowledge and can offer tailored training courses to support IT departments and end users during major new deployments. Training can be provided at H-Tech’’s purpose — built training facility in Ipswich or can be held on customer site to ensure minimum disruption to the clients core business. Questions 1-9 Read a computer company’’s Services for Client above. Each paragraph A—L describes a different service provided by the H-Tech company. From the list below (i — xii) choose the most suitable items for paragraphs A —L. Write the appropriate numbers (i-xii) in boxes 1-9 on your answer sheet. i System and infrastructure management services ii Storage and delivery iii Recycle Services iv Training v Design and consultancy vi Desktop installation and peripheral configuration/upgrades vii Help-desk services viii H-Tech Managed Services ix Maintenance services x Asset management xi Packaging removal xii Technical Support

答案： co-ordinate

问答题

Stumped Rawalpindi He has a normal head, but nestling between his massive shoulders it seems small. He is Shoaib Akhtar, "the Rawalpindi Express", the fastest recorded bowler of a cricket ball in history. And right now, before a small but baying crowd at the Rawalpindi Cricket Ground, he is steaming towards this correspondent. From 22 yards, Mr. Akhtar launches into the weirdly beautiful contortion that fast bowlers perform to hurl a six-ounce lump of cork and leather at up to 100mph. Half a second later, the ball demolishes the stumps. For over two centuries, cricket has been played according to a largely unwritten code of honour for the practical reason that its laws are too complicated for officials to enforce to the reality. But technology has been rewriting the old etiquette. And according to some recent research, one of cricket’’s most basic laws is untenable, and now the game is in turmoil. According to law 24. 3, bowlers may not straighten their arm in the final act of delivering the ball. This leads to Mr. Akhtar’’s brutal run-up and elaborate action as alternative means of generating pace on the ball. The centrality of law 24.3 to cricket — and the virtual impossibility of policing it — is reflected in the game’’s etiquette. To accuse a bowler of throwing the ball is one of the gravest insults in the game; yet now such accusations are flying thick and fast. Mr. Akhtar, the first man to bowl a delivery timed at 100mph, is one of a number of modern stars recently reported with "suspect actions". These rulings followed research into biomechanics that match officials had hoped would vindicate their decision. The University of Western Australia’’s School of Human Movement has been investigating cricket biomechanics. In 2003, a study by Marc Portus, at the Australian Institute of Sport in Canberra, filmed a number of fast bowlers in action using a dozen cameras recording 250 frames per second. They showed that virtually all bowlers straighten their arm, or throw, to some extent. Mr. Akhtar flexes his arm more than most only because he is extremely double-jointed. And to confuse matters further, a brilliant Sri Lankan spin bowler, Muttiah Muralitharan bowls with a crooked arm only because a congenital condition prevents him straightening it fully. In an effort to restore sanity to matters, bowlers are now allowed a varying margin for error depending on the pace at which they bowl. Thus, fast bowlers are legally allowed to straighten their arm by 10°, medium pacers by 7.5° and slow bowlers by 5°. But even this innovation has been rapidly undone. Last month, for the third time in his illustrious career, and even though poised to break the all-time wicket-taking record, Mr. Muralitharan was reported with a suspect action. Though Mr. Muralitharan was previously cleared by biomechanics, an English match official questioned the legality of a wicked addition to his armoury of top-spinners, off-spinners and leg-spinners. It is nicknamed the "doosra", which in Hindi or Urdu means "second" or "other". Here the ball is delivered with a huge flick of Mr. Muralitharan’’s rubbery wrists and, according to many observers, a flexing of his elbow. Subsequent testing showed that Mr. Muralitharan flexes his arm by more than 10° when bowling the doosra, and the delivery could be banned. Sri Lanka, where Mr. Muralitharan is revered, is now seething while many Australians, who have long reviled him as a "chucker", are crowing. Should they pause for air, they would hear their own scientists cry foul. Last week, the scientists who tested Mr. Muralitharan admitted that they actually did not know much about the mechanics of spin bowling, and that he should receive no censure. When it comes to cricket, science may be stumped. flexes his arm more than most

答案： AK

问答题

Rights to remember NEW HN, CONNECTICUT One element of this doctrine is what I call "Achilles and his heel". September 11th brought upon America, as once upon Achilles, a schizophrenic sense of both exceptional power and exceptional vulnerability. Never has a superpower seemed so powerful and so vulnerable at the same time. The Bush doctrine asked: "How can we use our superpower resources to protect our vulnerability" The administration has also radically shifted its emphasis on human rights. In 1941, Franklin Delano Roosevelt called the allies to arms by painting a vision of the world we were trying to make: a post-war world of four fundamental freedoms: freedom of speech, freedom of religion, freedom from want, freedom from fear. This framework foreshadowed the post-war human-rights construct-embedded in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and subsequent international covenants that emphasised comprehensive protection of civil and political rights (freedom of speech and religion), economic, social and cultural rights (freedom from want), and freedom from gross violations and persecution (the Refugee Convention, the Genocide Convention and the Torture Convention). But Bush administration officials have now reprioritised "freedom from fear" as the number-one freedom we need to preserve. Freedom from fear has become the obsessive watchword of America’’s human-rights policy. Witness five faces of a human-rights policy fixated on freedom from fear. (A) Two core tenets of a post-Watergate world had been that our government does not spy on its citizens, and that American citizens should see what our government is doing. But since September 11th, classification of government documents has risen to new heights. The Patriot Act, passed almost without dissent after September 11th, authorises the Defence Department to develop a project to promote something called "total information awareness". Under this programme, the government may gather huge amounts of information about citizens without proving they have done anything wrong. They can access a citizen’’s records-whether telephone, financial, rental, internet, medical, educational or library-without showing any involvement with terrorism. Internet service providers may be forced to produce records based solely on FBI declarations that the information is for an anti-terrorism investigation. Many absurdities follow: the Lawyers Committee for Human Rights, in a study published in September, reports that 20 American peace activists, including nuns and high-school students, were recently flagged as security threats and detained for saying that they were travelling to a rally to protest against military aid to Colombia. The entire high-school wrestling team of Juneau, Alaska, was held up at airports seven times just because one member was the son of a retired Coast Guard officer on the FBI watch-list. (B) After September 11th, 1,200 immigrants were detained, more than 750 on charges based solely on civil immigration violations. The Justice Department’’s own inspector — general called the attorney — general’’s enforcement of immigration laws "indiscriminate and haphazard". The Immigration and Naturalisation Service, which formerly had a mandate for humanitarian relief as well as for border protection, has been converted into an arm of the Department of Homeland Security. The impact on particular groups has been devastating. The number of refugees resettled in America declined from 90,000 a year before September 11th to less than a third that number, 27,000, this year. The Pakistani population of Atlantic County, New Jersey has fallen by half. (C) Some 660 prisoners from 42 countries are being held in Guantanamo Bay, some for nearly two years. Three children are apparently being detained, including a 13-year-old, several of the detainees are aged over 70, and one claims to be over 100. Courtrooms are being built to try six detainees, including two British subjects who have been declared eligible for trial by military commission. There have been 32 reported suicide attempts. Yet the administration is literally pouring concrete around its detention policy, spending another $ 25m on buildings in Guantdnamo that will increase the detention capacity to 1,100. (D) In two cases that are quickly working their way to the Supreme Court, Yasser Hamdi and Jose Padilla are two American citizens on American soil who have been designated as "enemy combatants", and who have been accorded no legal channels to assert their rights. The racial disparities in the use of the "enemy combatant" label are glaring. Contrast, for example, the treatment of Mr Hamdi, from Louisiana but of Saudi Arabian ancestry, with that of John Walker Lindh, the famous "American Taliban", who is a white American from a comfortable family in the San Francisco Bay area. Both are American citizens; both were captured in Afghanistan in late 2001 by the Northern Alliance; both were handed over to American forces, who eventually brought them to the United States. But federal prosecutors brought criminal charges against Mr Lindh, who got an expensive lawyer and eventually plea-bargained to a prison term. Meanwhile, Mr Hamdi has remained in incommunicado detention, without a lawyer, in a South Carolina military brig for the past 16 months. (E) America’’s anti-terrorist activities have given cover to many foreign governments who want to use "anti-terrorism" to justify their own crackdowns on human rights. Examples abound. In Indonesia, the army has cited America’’s use of Guantanamo to propose building an offshore prison camp on Nasi Island to hold suspected terrorists from Aceh. In Australia, Parliament passed laws mandating the forcible transfer of refugees seeking entry to detention facilities in Nauru, where children as young as three years old are being held, so that Australia does not (in the words of its defence minister) become a "pipeline for terrorists". In Egypt, the government extended for another three years its emergency law, which allows it to detain suspected national-security threats almost indefinitely without charge, to ban public demonstrations, and to try citizens before military tribunals. President Hosni Mubarak announced that America’’s parallel policies proved that "we were right from the beginning in using all means, including military tribunals, to combat terrorism". Around the globe, America’’s human-rights policy has visibly softened, subsumed under the all-encompassing banner of the "war against terrorism". And at home, the Patriot Act, military commissions, Guantdnamo and the indefinite detention of American citizens have placed America in the odd position of condoning deep intrusions by law, even while creating zones and persons outside the law. Many, if not most, Americans would have supported dealing with September 11th in a different way. Imagine, for example, the Bush administration dealing with the atrocity through the then prevailing multilateralist strategy of using global cooperation to solve global problems. On the day after the attack, George Bush could have flown to New York to stand in solidarity with the world’’s ambassadors in front of the United Nations. Questions 26-30 Below is a list of headings , choose the most suitable choices for paragraphs (A-E) and write the appropriate numbers (i-vi) on your answer sheet. i. Scapegoating immigrants ii. The creation of extra-legal zones iii. Closed government and invasions of privacy iv. The effect on the rest of the world v. Painting a vision of the world vi. The creation of extra-legal persons.

答案： solidarity

问答题

Stumped Rawalpindi He has a normal head, but nestling between his massive shoulders it seems small. He is Shoaib Akhtar, "the Rawalpindi Express", the fastest recorded bowler of a cricket ball in history. And right now, before a small but baying crowd at the Rawalpindi Cricket Ground, he is steaming towards this correspondent. From 22 yards, Mr. Akhtar launches into the weirdly beautiful contortion that fast bowlers perform to hurl a six-ounce lump of cork and leather at up to 100mph. Half a second later, the ball demolishes the stumps. For over two centuries, cricket has been played according to a largely unwritten code of honour for the practical reason that its laws are too complicated for officials to enforce to the reality. But technology has been rewriting the old etiquette. And according to some recent research, one of cricket’’s most basic laws is untenable, and now the game is in turmoil. According to law 24. 3, bowlers may not straighten their arm in the final act of delivering the ball. This leads to Mr. Akhtar’’s brutal run-up and elaborate action as alternative means of generating pace on the ball. The centrality of law 24.3 to cricket — and the virtual impossibility of policing it — is reflected in the game’’s etiquette. To accuse a bowler of throwing the ball is one of the gravest insults in the game; yet now such accusations are flying thick and fast. Mr. Akhtar, the first man to bowl a delivery timed at 100mph, is one of a number of modern stars recently reported with "suspect actions". These rulings followed research into biomechanics that match officials had hoped would vindicate their decision. The University of Western Australia’’s School of Human Movement has been investigating cricket biomechanics. In 2003, a study by Marc Portus, at the Australian Institute of Sport in Canberra, filmed a number of fast bowlers in action using a dozen cameras recording 250 frames per second. They showed that virtually all bowlers straighten their arm, or throw, to some extent. Mr. Akhtar flexes his arm more than most only because he is extremely double-jointed. And to confuse matters further, a brilliant Sri Lankan spin bowler, Muttiah Muralitharan bowls with a crooked arm only because a congenital condition prevents him straightening it fully. In an effort to restore sanity to matters, bowlers are now allowed a varying margin for error depending on the pace at which they bowl. Thus, fast bowlers are legally allowed to straighten their arm by 10°, medium pacers by 7.5° and slow bowlers by 5°. But even this innovation has been rapidly undone. Last month, for the third time in his illustrious career, and even though poised to break the all-time wicket-taking record, Mr. Muralitharan was reported with a suspect action. Though Mr. Muralitharan was previously cleared by biomechanics, an English match official questioned the legality of a wicked addition to his armoury of top-spinners, off-spinners and leg-spinners. It is nicknamed the "doosra", which in Hindi or Urdu means "second" or "other". Here the ball is delivered with a huge flick of Mr. Muralitharan’’s rubbery wrists and, according to many observers, a flexing of his elbow. Subsequent testing showed that Mr. Muralitharan flexes his arm by more than 10° when bowling the doosra, and the delivery could be banned. Sri Lanka, where Mr. Muralitharan is revered, is now seething while many Australians, who have long reviled him as a "chucker", are crowing. Should they pause for air, they would hear their own scientists cry foul. Last week, the scientists who tested Mr. Muralitharan admitted that they actually did not know much about the mechanics of spin bowling, and that he should receive no censure. When it comes to cricket, science may be stumped. he was previously cleared by biomechanics

答案： MU

问答题

Stumped Rawalpindi He has a normal head, but nestling between his massive shoulders it seems small. He is Shoaib Akhtar, "the Rawalpindi Express", the fastest recorded bowler of a cricket ball in history. And right now, before a small but baying crowd at the Rawalpindi Cricket Ground, he is steaming towards this correspondent. From 22 yards, Mr. Akhtar launches into the weirdly beautiful contortion that fast bowlers perform to hurl a six-ounce lump of cork and leather at up to 100mph. Half a second later, the ball demolishes the stumps. For over two centuries, cricket has been played according to a largely unwritten code of honour for the practical reason that its laws are too complicated for officials to enforce to the reality. But technology has been rewriting the old etiquette. And according to some recent research, one of cricket’’s most basic laws is untenable, and now the game is in turmoil. According to law 24. 3, bowlers may not straighten their arm in the final act of delivering the ball. This leads to Mr. Akhtar’’s brutal run-up and elaborate action as alternative means of generating pace on the ball. The centrality of law 24.3 to cricket — and the virtual impossibility of policing it — is reflected in the game’’s etiquette. To accuse a bowler of throwing the ball is one of the gravest insults in the game; yet now such accusations are flying thick and fast. Mr. Akhtar, the first man to bowl a delivery timed at 100mph, is one of a number of modern stars recently reported with "suspect actions". These rulings followed research into biomechanics that match officials had hoped would vindicate their decision. The University of Western Australia’’s School of Human Movement has been investigating cricket biomechanics. In 2003, a study by Marc Portus, at the Australian Institute of Sport in Canberra, filmed a number of fast bowlers in action using a dozen cameras recording 250 frames per second. They showed that virtually all bowlers straighten their arm, or throw, to some extent. Mr. Akhtar flexes his arm more than most only because he is extremely double-jointed. And to confuse matters further, a brilliant Sri Lankan spin bowler, Muttiah Muralitharan bowls with a crooked arm only because a congenital condition prevents him straightening it fully. In an effort to restore sanity to matters, bowlers are now allowed a varying margin for error depending on the pace at which they bowl. Thus, fast bowlers are legally allowed to straighten their arm by 10°, medium pacers by 7.5° and slow bowlers by 5°. But even this innovation has been rapidly undone. Last month, for the third time in his illustrious career, and even though poised to break the all-time wicket-taking record, Mr. Muralitharan was reported with a suspect action. Though Mr. Muralitharan was previously cleared by biomechanics, an English match official questioned the legality of a wicked addition to his armoury of top-spinners, off-spinners and leg-spinners. It is nicknamed the "doosra", which in Hindi or Urdu means "second" or "other". Here the ball is delivered with a huge flick of Mr. Muralitharan’’s rubbery wrists and, according to many observers, a flexing of his elbow. Subsequent testing showed that Mr. Muralitharan flexes his arm by more than 10° when bowling the doosra, and the delivery could be banned. Sri Lanka, where Mr. Muralitharan is revered, is now seething while many Australians, who have long reviled him as a "chucker", are crowing. Should they pause for air, they would hear their own scientists cry foul. Last week, the scientists who tested Mr. Muralitharan admitted that they actually did not know much about the mechanics of spin bowling, and that he should receive no censure. When it comes to cricket, science may be stumped. launches into the weirdly beautiful contortion

答案： AK

你可能感兴趣的试题