The idea of the "improvement factor" (...

TEXT A
People can be addicted to different things—e, g., alcohol, drugs, certain foods, or even television. People who have such an addiction are compulsive, i.e., they have a very powerful psychological need that they feel they must satisfy. According to psychologists, many people are compulsive spenders: they feel they must spend money. This compulsion, like most others, is irrational—impossible to explain reasonably. For compulsive spenders who buy on credit, charge accounts are even more exciting than money. In other words, compulsive spenders feel that with credit, they can do anything. Their pleasure in spending enormous’ amounts is actually greater than the pleasure that they get from the things they buy.
There is a special psychology of bargain hunting. To save money, of course, most people look for sales, low prices and discounts. Compulsive bargain hunters, however, often buy things they don’t need just because they are cheap. They want to believe that they are helping their budgets, but they are really playing an exciting game: when they can buy
something for less than other people, they feel that they are winning. Most people, experts claim, have two reasons for their behavior: a good reason for things that they do and the real reason.
It is not only scientists, of course, who understand the psychology of spending habits, but also business people. Stores, companies, and advertisers use psychology to increase business: they consider people’s needs for love, power, or influence, their basic value, their beliefs and opinions, and so on in their advertising and sales methods.
Psychologists can often use a method called "behavior therapy" to help individuals solve their personality problems, in the same way, they can help people who feel that they have problems with money.
According to the psychologists, a compulsive spender is one who spends large amounts of money______.

A．and takes great pleasure from what he or she buys
B．in order to satisfy his or her basic needs in life
C．just to meet his or her strong psychological need
D．entirely with an irrational eagerness

单项选择题

TEXT B
Material culture refers to the touchable, material "things"—physical objects that can be seen, held, fell, used — that a culture produces. Examining a culture’s tools and technology can tell us about the group’s history and way of life. Similarly, research into the material culture of music: can help us to understand the music culture. The most vivid body of "things" in it, of course, are musical instruments. We cannot bear for ourselves the actual sound of any musical performance before the 1870s when phonograph was invented, so we rely on instruments for important information about music-cultures in the remote past and their develop ment. Here we have two kinds of evidence: instruments well preserved and instruments pictured in art. Through the study of instruments, as well as paintings, written documents, and so on, we can explore the movement of music from the Near East to China over a thousand years ago, or we can outline the spread of Near Eastern influence to Europe that resulted in the development of most of the instruments in the symphony orchestra.
Sheet music or printed music, too, is material culture. Scholars once defined folk music-cultures as those in which people learn and sing music by ear rather than from print, but research shows mutusl influence
among oral and written sources during the past few centuries in Europe, Britain, and America. Printed versions limit variety because they tend to standardize any song, yet they stimulate people to create new and different songs. Besides, the ability to read music notation has a far-reaching effect on musicians and, when it becomes widespread, on the music cul Lure as a whole.
One more important part of music’s material culture should be singled out: the influence of the electronic media—radio, record player, tape recorder, television, and videocassette, with the future promising talking and singing computers and other developments. This is all part of the "information revolution", a twentieth-century phenomenon as important as the industrial revolution was in the nineteenth. These electronic media are not just limited to modern nations; the)’ have affected music cultures all over the globe.
Research into the material culture of a nation is of great importance bucause ______.

A．it helps produce new cultural tools and technology
B．it can reflect the development of the nation
C．it helps understand the nation’s past and present
D．it can demonstrate the nations civilization

单项选择题

TEXT E
The word conservation has a thrifty meaning. To conserve is to save and protect, to leave what we ourselves enjoy in such good condition that others may also share the enjoyment. Our forefathers had no idea that human population would increase faster than the supplies of raw materials; most of them, even until very recently, had the foolish idea that the treasures were "limitless" and" inexhaustible". Most of the citizens of earlier generations knew little or nothing about the complicated and delicate sys tem that inns all through nature, and which means that, as in a living body, an unhealthy condition of one part will sooner or later be harmful to all the others.
Fifty years ago nature study was not part of the school work; scientific forestry was a new idea; timber was still cheap because it could be brought in any quantity from distant woodlands; soil destruction and river floods were not national problems; nobody had yet studied long-term climatic cycles in relation to proper land use; even the word "conservation" had nothing of the meaning that it has for us today.
For the sake of ourselves and those who will come after us, we must now set about repairing the mistakes of our forefathers. Conservation should, therefore, be made a part of everyone’s daily life. To know about the water table in the ground is just as important to us as a knowledge of the basic arithmetic formulas. We need to know why all watersheds need the protection of plant life and why the running current of streams and rivers must be made to yield their full benefit to the soil before they finally escape to the sea. We need to be taught the duty of planting trees as well as of cutting them. We need to know the importance of big, mature trees, because living space for most of man’s fellow creatures on this planet is figured not only in square measure of surface but also in cubic volume above the earth. In brief, it should be our goal to restore as much of the original beauty of nature as we can.
The author’s attitude towards tile current situation ill the exploitation of natural resources is______.

A．positive
B．neutral
C．suspicious
D．critical

单项选择题

TEXT C
Automation refers to the introduction of electronic control and automatic operation of productive machinery. It reduces the human borers, mental and physical, in production, and is designed to make possible the manufacture of more goods with fewer workers. The development of auto mation in American industry has been called the "Second Industrial Revolution".
Labor’s concerti over automation arises from uncertainly about the effects on employment, and fears of major changes in jobs. In the main, labor has taken the view that resistance to technical change is unfruitful Eventually, the result of automation may well be an increase in empioy ment, since it is expected that vast industries will grow up around manufacturing, maintaining, and repairing automation equipment. The interest of labor lies in bringing about the transition with a minimum of inconvenience and distress to the workers involved. Also, union spokesmen emphasize that the benefit of the increased production and lower costs made possible by automation should be shared by workers in the form of higher wages, more leisure, and improved living standards.
To protect the interests of their members in the era of automation, unions have adopted a motion of new policies. One of these is the pro motion of supplementary unemployment benefit plans. It is emphasized that since the employer involved in such a plan has a direct financial interest in preventing unemployment, he will have a strong drive for planning new installations so as to cause tire leas! possible problems in jobs and job assignments. Some unions are working for dismissal pay agreements, requiring that permanently dismissed workers be paid a sum of money based on length of service. Another approach is the idea of the "improvement factor", which calls for wage increases based on increases in productivity. It is possible, however, that labor will rely mainly on re duction in working hours in order to gain a full share in the fruits of auto mation.
Though labor worries about the effects of automation, it never doubts that______.

A．automation will eventually prevent unemployment
B．automation will help workers acquire new skills
C．automation will eventually benefit the workers no less than the employers
D．automation is a trend which cannot be stopped

单项选择题

TEXT D
What has the telephone done to us, or for us, in the hundred years of its existence A few effects suggest themselves at once. It has saved lives by getting rapid word of illness, injury, or fire from remote places. By joining will the elevator to make possible the multi-story residence, e or office building, it has made possible— for better or worse— the modern city. By bringing about a great leap in the speed and ease with which in formation moves from place to place, it has greatly accelerated the rate of scientific and technological changes and growth in industry. Beyond doubt it has seriously weakened if not killed the ancient art of letter writing. It has made living alone possible for persons with normal social in pulses; by so doing, it has played a role in one of the greatest social changes of this century, the breakup of the multi-generational household. It has made the war chillingly more efficient than formerly. Perhaps, though not provably, it has prevented wars that might have arisen out of international misunderstanding caused by written communication. or per haps—again not provably—by magnifying and extending irrational personal conflicts based on voice contact, it has caused wars. Certainly it has extended the scope of human conflicts, since it impartially disseminates the useful knowledge of scientists and the nonsense of tire ignorant, the affection of the affectionate and the malice of the malicious.
What is the main idea of the passage

[A] The telephone has helped to save people from illness and fire.
B. The telephone has helped to prevent wars and conflicts.
C. The telephone has made the modern oily neither better nor worse . [D) The telephone has had positive as well as negative effects on US.

单项选择题

TEXT B
Material culture refers to the touchable, material "things"—physical objects that can be seen, held, fell, used — that a culture produces. Examining a culture’s tools and technology can tell us about the group’s history and way of life. Similarly, research into the material culture of music: can help us to understand the music culture. The most vivid body of "things" in it, of course, are musical instruments. We cannot bear for ourselves the actual sound of any musical performance before the 1870s when phonograph was invented, so we rely on instruments for important information about music-cultures in the remote past and their develop ment. Here we have two kinds of evidence: instruments well preserved and instruments pictured in art. Through the study of instruments, as well as paintings, written documents, and so on, we can explore the movement of music from the Near East to China over a thousand years ago, or we can outline the spread of Near Eastern influence to Europe that resulted in the development of most of the instruments in the symphony orchestra.
Sheet music or printed music, too, is material culture. Scholars once defined folk music-cultures as those in which people learn and sing music by ear rather than from print, but research shows mutusl influence
among oral and written sources during the past few centuries in Europe, Britain, and America. Printed versions limit variety because they tend to standardize any song, yet they stimulate people to create new and different songs. Besides, the ability to read music notation has a far-reaching effect on musicians and, when it becomes widespread, on the music cul Lure as a whole.
One more important part of music’s material culture should be singled out: the influence of the electronic media—radio, record player, tape recorder, television, and videocassette, with the future promising talking and singing computers and other developments. This is all part of the "information revolution", a twentieth-century phenomenon as important as the industrial revolution was in the nineteenth. These electronic media are not just limited to modern nations; the)’ have affected music cultures all over the globe.
It can be learned from this passage that______.

A．the existence of the symphony was attributed to the spread of Near Eastern and Chinese music
B．Near Eastern music had an influence on the development of the instruments in the symphony orchestra
C．the development of the symphony shows the mutual influence of Eastern and Western music
D．the musical instruments in the symphony orchestra were developed on the basis of Near Eastern music

单项选择题

TEXT E
The word conservation has a thrifty meaning. To conserve is to save and protect, to leave what we ourselves enjoy in such good condition that others may also share the enjoyment. Our forefathers had no idea that human population would increase faster than the supplies of raw materials; most of them, even until very recently, had the foolish idea that the treasures were "limitless" and" inexhaustible". Most of the citizens of earlier generations knew little or nothing about the complicated and delicate sys tem that inns all through nature, and which means that, as in a living body, an unhealthy condition of one part will sooner or later be harmful to all the others.
Fifty years ago nature study was not part of the school work; scientific forestry was a new idea; timber was still cheap because it could be brought in any quantity from distant woodlands; soil destruction and river floods were not national problems; nobody had yet studied long-term climatic cycles in relation to proper land use; even the word "conservation" had nothing of the meaning that it has for us today.
For the sake of ourselves and those who will come after us, we must now set about repairing the mistakes of our forefathers. Conservation should, therefore, be made a part of everyone’s daily life. To know about the water table in the ground is just as important to us as a knowledge of the basic arithmetic formulas. We need to know why all watersheds need the protection of plant life and why the running current of streams and rivers must be made to yield their full benefit to the soil before they finally escape to the sea. We need to be taught the duty of planting trees as well as of cutting them. We need to know the importance of big, mature trees, because living space for most of man’s fellow creatures on this planet is figured not only in square measure of surface but also in cubic volume above the earth. In brief, it should be our goal to restore as much of the original beauty of nature as we can.
According to the author, the greatest mistake of our forefathers was that______.

A．they had no idea about scientific forestry
B．they had little or no sense of environmental protection
C．they were not aware of the significance of nature study
D．they had no idea of how to make good use of raw materials

单项选择题

TEXT C
Automation refers to the introduction of electronic control and automatic operation of productive machinery. It reduces the human borers, mental and physical, in production, and is designed to make possible the manufacture of more goods with fewer workers. The development of auto mation in American industry has been called the "Second Industrial Revolution".
Labor’s concerti over automation arises from uncertainly about the effects on employment, and fears of major changes in jobs. In the main, labor has taken the view that resistance to technical change is unfruitful Eventually, the result of automation may well be an increase in empioy ment, since it is expected that vast industries will grow up around manufacturing, maintaining, and repairing automation equipment. The interest of labor lies in bringing about the transition with a minimum of inconvenience and distress to the workers involved. Also, union spokesmen emphasize that the benefit of the increased production and lower costs made possible by automation should be shared by workers in the form of higher wages, more leisure, and improved living standards.
To protect the interests of their members in the era of automation, unions have adopted a motion of new policies. One of these is the pro motion of supplementary unemployment benefit plans. It is emphasized that since the employer involved in such a plan has a direct financial interest in preventing unemployment, he will have a strong drive for planning new installations so as to cause tire leas! possible problems in jobs and job assignments. Some unions are working for dismissal pay agreements, requiring that permanently dismissed workers be paid a sum of money based on length of service. Another approach is the idea of the "improvement factor", which calls for wage increases based on increases in productivity. It is possible, however, that labor will rely mainly on re duction in working hours in order to gain a full share in the fruits of auto mation.
The idea of the "improvement factor" (Para. 3) implies roughly

A．wages should be paid on the basis of length of service
B．the benefit of the increased production and lower costs should be shared by workers
C．supplementary unemployment benefit plans should be promoted
D．the transition to automation should be brought about with tile minimum of inconvenience and distress to workers.

单项选择题

TEXT D
What has the telephone done to us, or for us, in the hundred years of its existence A few effects suggest themselves at once. It has saved lives by getting rapid word of illness, injury, or fire from remote places. By joining will the elevator to make possible the multi-story residence, e or office building, it has made possible— for better or worse— the modern city. By bringing about a great leap in the speed and ease with which in formation moves from place to place, it has greatly accelerated the rate of scientific and technological changes and growth in industry. Beyond doubt it has seriously weakened if not killed the ancient art of letter writing. It has made living alone possible for persons with normal social in pulses; by so doing, it has played a role in one of the greatest social changes of this century, the breakup of the multi-generational household. It has made the war chillingly more efficient than formerly. Perhaps, though not provably, it has prevented wars that might have arisen out of international misunderstanding caused by written communication. or per haps—again not provably—by magnifying and extending irrational personal conflicts based on voice contact, it has caused wars. Certainly it has extended the scope of human conflicts, since it impartially disseminates the useful knowledge of scientists and the nonsense of tire ignorant, the affection of the affectionate and the malice of the malicious.
According to the passage, it is the telephone that______.

A．has made letter writing an art
B．has prevented wars by avoiding written communication
C．has made the world different from what it was
D．has caused wars by magnifying and extending human conflicts

单项选择题

TEXT A
People can be addicted to different things—e, g., alcohol, drugs, certain foods, or even television. People who have such an addiction are compulsive, i.e., they have a very powerful psychological need that they feel they must satisfy. According to psychologists, many people are compulsive spenders: they feel they must spend money. This compulsion, like most others, is irrational—impossible to explain reasonably. For compulsive spenders who buy on credit, charge accounts are even more exciting than money. In other words, compulsive spenders feel that with credit, they can do anything. Their pleasure in spending enormous’ amounts is actually greater than the pleasure that they get from the things they buy.
There is a special psychology of bargain hunting. To save money, of course, most people look for sales, low prices and discounts. Compulsive bargain hunters, however, often buy things they don’t need just because they are cheap. They want to believe that they are helping their budgets, but they are really playing an exciting game: when they can buy
something for less than other people, they feel that they are winning. Most people, experts claim, have two reasons for their behavior: a good reason for things that they do and the real reason.
It is not only scientists, of course, who understand the psychology of spending habits, but also business people. Stores, companies, and advertisers use psychology to increase business: they consider people’s needs for love, power, or influence, their basic value, their beliefs and opinions, and so on in their advertising and sales methods.
Psychologists can often use a method called "behavior therapy" to help individuals solve their personality problems, in the same way, they can help people who feel that they have problems with money.
According to the author, compulsive bargain hunters are in constant search of the lowest possible price______.

A．because they want to save money to help their budgets
B．because they can openly boast of their triumph over others in getting things for less money
C．and will not have money problems if they can keep to their bud gets
D．but they seldom admit they feel satisfied if they can get things for less money than others

单项选择题

TEXT B
Material culture refers to the touchable, material "things"—physical objects that can be seen, held, fell, used — that a culture produces. Examining a culture’s tools and technology can tell us about the group’s history and way of life. Similarly, research into the material culture of music: can help us to understand the music culture. The most vivid body of "things" in it, of course, are musical instruments. We cannot bear for ourselves the actual sound of any musical performance before the 1870s when phonograph was invented, so we rely on instruments for important information about music-cultures in the remote past and their develop ment. Here we have two kinds of evidence: instruments well preserved and instruments pictured in art. Through the study of instruments, as well as paintings, written documents, and so on, we can explore the movement of music from the Near East to China over a thousand years ago, or we can outline the spread of Near Eastern influence to Europe that resulted in the development of most of the instruments in the symphony orchestra.
Sheet music or printed music, too, is material culture. Scholars once defined folk music-cultures as those in which people learn and sing music by ear rather than from print, but research shows mutusl influence
among oral and written sources during the past few centuries in Europe, Britain, and America. Printed versions limit variety because they tend to standardize any song, yet they stimulate people to create new and different songs. Besides, the ability to read music notation has a far-reaching effect on musicians and, when it becomes widespread, on the music cul Lure as a whole.
One more important part of music’s material culture should be singled out: the influence of the electronic media—radio, record player, tape recorder, television, and videocassette, with the future promising talking and singing computers and other developments. This is all part of the "information revolution", a twentieth-century phenomenon as important as the industrial revolution was in the nineteenth. These electronic media are not just limited to modern nations; the)’ have affected music cultures all over the globe.
According to the author, music notation is important because

A．it has a great effect on the music-culture as more and more people are able to read it
B．it tends to standardize folk songs when it is used by folk musi clans
C．it is tile printed version of standardized folk music
D．it encourages people to popularize printed versions of songs

单项选择题

TEXT E
The word conservation has a thrifty meaning. To conserve is to save and protect, to leave what we ourselves enjoy in such good condition that others may also share the enjoyment. Our forefathers had no idea that human population would increase faster than the supplies of raw materials; most of them, even until very recently, had the foolish idea that the treasures were "limitless" and" inexhaustible". Most of the citizens of earlier generations knew little or nothing about the complicated and delicate sys tem that inns all through nature, and which means that, as in a living body, an unhealthy condition of one part will sooner or later be harmful to all the others.
Fifty years ago nature study was not part of the school work; scientific forestry was a new idea; timber was still cheap because it could be brought in any quantity from distant woodlands; soil destruction and river floods were not national problems; nobody had yet studied long-term climatic cycles in relation to proper land use; even the word "conservation" had nothing of the meaning that it has for us today.
For the sake of ourselves and those who will come after us, we must now set about repairing the mistakes of our forefathers. Conservation should, therefore, be made a part of everyone’s daily life. To know about the water table in the ground is just as important to us as a knowledge of the basic arithmetic formulas. We need to know why all watersheds need the protection of plant life and why the running current of streams and rivers must be made to yield their full benefit to the soil before they finally escape to the sea. We need to be taught the duty of planting trees as well as of cutting them. We need to know the importance of big, mature trees, because living space for most of man’s fellow creatures on this planet is figured not only in square measure of surface but also in cubic volume above the earth. In brief, it should be our goal to restore as much of the original beauty of nature as we can.
It can be inferred from the third paragraph that earlier generations didn’t realize

A．the interdependence of water, soil, and living things
B．the importance of the proper use of land
C．the harmfulness of soil destruction and river floods
D．the extraordinarily rapid growth of population

单项选择题

TEXT C
Automation refers to the introduction of electronic control and automatic operation of productive machinery. It reduces the human borers, mental and physical, in production, and is designed to make possible the manufacture of more goods with fewer workers. The development of auto mation in American industry has been called the "Second Industrial Revolution".
Labor’s concerti over automation arises from uncertainly about the effects on employment, and fears of major changes in jobs. In the main, labor has taken the view that resistance to technical change is unfruitful Eventually, the result of automation may well be an increase in empioy ment, since it is expected that vast industries will grow up around manufacturing, maintaining, and repairing automation equipment. The interest of labor lies in bringing about the transition with a minimum of inconvenience and distress to the workers involved. Also, union spokesmen emphasize that the benefit of the increased production and lower costs made possible by automation should be shared by workers in the form of higher wages, more leisure, and improved living standards.
To protect the interests of their members in the era of automation, unions have adopted a motion of new policies. One of these is the pro motion of supplementary unemployment benefit plans. It is emphasized that since the employer involved in such a plan has a direct financial interest in preventing unemployment, he will have a strong drive for planning new installations so as to cause tire leas! possible problems in jobs and job assignments. Some unions are working for dismissal pay agreements, requiring that permanently dismissed workers be paid a sum of money based on length of service. Another approach is the idea of the "improvement factor", which calls for wage increases based on increases in productivity. It is possible, however, that labor will rely mainly on re duction in working hours in order to gain a full share in the fruits of auto mation.
21 In order to get the fall benefits of automation, labor will depend mostly on

A．additional payment to the permanently dismissed workers
B．the increase of wages in proportion to the increase in productivity
C．shorter working hours and more leisure time
D．strong drive for planning new installations

单项选择题

TEXT D
What has the telephone done to us, or for us, in the hundred years of its existence A few effects suggest themselves at once. It has saved lives by getting rapid word of illness, injury, or fire from remote places. By joining will the elevator to make possible the multi-story residence, e or office building, it has made possible— for better or worse— the modern city. By bringing about a great leap in the speed and ease with which in formation moves from place to place, it has greatly accelerated the rate of scientific and technological changes and growth in industry. Beyond doubt it has seriously weakened if not killed the ancient art of letter writing. It has made living alone possible for persons with normal social in pulses; by so doing, it has played a role in one of the greatest social changes of this century, the breakup of the multi-generational household. It has made the war chillingly more efficient than formerly. Perhaps, though not provably, it has prevented wars that might have arisen out of international misunderstanding caused by written communication. or per haps—again not provably—by magnifying and extending irrational personal conflicts based on voice contact, it has caused wars. Certainly it has extended the scope of human conflicts, since it impartially disseminates the useful knowledge of scientists and the nonsense of tire ignorant, the affection of the affectionate and the malice of the malicious.
The telephone has intensified conflicts among people because______.

A．it increases the danger of war’
B．it provides services to both the good and the malicious
C．it makes distant communication easier’
D．it breaks up the multi-generational household

单项选择题

TEXT A
People can be addicted to different things—e, g., alcohol, drugs, certain foods, or even television. People who have such an addiction are compulsive, i.e., they have a very powerful psychological need that they feel they must satisfy. According to psychologists, many people are compulsive spenders: they feel they must spend money. This compulsion, like most others, is irrational—impossible to explain reasonably. For compulsive spenders who buy on credit, charge accounts are even more exciting than money. In other words, compulsive spenders feel that with credit, they can do anything. Their pleasure in spending enormous’ amounts is actually greater than the pleasure that they get from the things they buy.
There is a special psychology of bargain hunting. To save money, of course, most people look for sales, low prices and discounts. Compulsive bargain hunters, however, often buy things they don’t need just because they are cheap. They want to believe that they are helping their budgets, but they are really playing an exciting game: when they can buy
something for less than other people, they feel that they are winning. Most people, experts claim, have two reasons for their behavior: a good reason for things that they do and the real reason.
It is not only scientists, of course, who understand the psychology of spending habits, but also business people. Stores, companies, and advertisers use psychology to increase business: they consider people’s needs for love, power, or influence, their basic value, their beliefs and opinions, and so on in their advertising and sales methods.
Psychologists can often use a method called "behavior therapy" to help individuals solve their personality problems, in the same way, they can help people who feel that they have problems with money.
Which of the following is TRUE

A．All people spend money for exactly the same reason that they need to buy things.
B．Business people and advertisers use the psychology of spending habits to increase sales.
C．Business people understand the psychology of compulsive buying better than scientists do.
D．Compulsive bargain hunters do not have problems with money.

单项选择题

TEXT B
Material culture refers to the touchable, material "things"—physical objects that can be seen, held, fell, used — that a culture produces. Examining a culture’s tools and technology can tell us about the group’s history and way of life. Similarly, research into the material culture of music: can help us to understand the music culture. The most vivid body of "things" in it, of course, are musical instruments. We cannot bear for ourselves the actual sound of any musical performance before the 1870s when phonograph was invented, so we rely on instruments for important information about music-cultures in the remote past and their develop ment. Here we have two kinds of evidence: instruments well preserved and instruments pictured in art. Through the study of instruments, as well as paintings, written documents, and so on, we can explore the movement of music from the Near East to China over a thousand years ago, or we can outline the spread of Near Eastern influence to Europe that resulted in the development of most of the instruments in the symphony orchestra.
Sheet music or printed music, too, is material culture. Scholars once defined folk music-cultures as those in which people learn and sing music by ear rather than from print, but research shows mutusl influence
among oral and written sources during the past few centuries in Europe, Britain, and America. Printed versions limit variety because they tend to standardize any song, yet they stimulate people to create new and different songs. Besides, the ability to read music notation has a far-reaching effect on musicians and, when it becomes widespread, on the music cul Lure as a whole.
One more important part of music’s material culture should be singled out: the influence of the electronic media—radio, record player, tape recorder, television, and videocassette, with the future promising talking and singing computers and other developments. This is all part of the "information revolution", a twentieth-century phenomenon as important as the industrial revolution was in the nineteenth. These electronic media are not just limited to modern nations; the)’ have affected music cultures all over the globe.
Which of tile following best summarizes the main idea of the passage

A．Musical instruments developed through the years will sooner or later be replaced by computers.
B．Music cannot be passed on to future generations unless it is recorded.
C．Folk songs cannot be spread far unless they are printed on music sheets.
D．The development of music culture is highly dependent on its material aspect.

单项选择题

TEXT E
The word conservation has a thrifty meaning. To conserve is to save and protect, to leave what we ourselves enjoy in such good condition that others may also share the enjoyment. Our forefathers had no idea that human population would increase faster than the supplies of raw materials; most of them, even until very recently, had the foolish idea that the treasures were "limitless" and" inexhaustible". Most of the citizens of earlier generations knew little or nothing about the complicated and delicate sys tem that inns all through nature, and which means that, as in a living body, an unhealthy condition of one part will sooner or later be harmful to all the others.
Fifty years ago nature study was not part of the school work; scientific forestry was a new idea; timber was still cheap because it could be brought in any quantity from distant woodlands; soil destruction and river floods were not national problems; nobody had yet studied long-term climatic cycles in relation to proper land use; even the word "conservation" had nothing of the meaning that it has for us today.
For the sake of ourselves and those who will come after us, we must now set about repairing the mistakes of our forefathers. Conservation should, therefore, be made a part of everyone’s daily life. To know about the water table in the ground is just as important to us as a knowledge of the basic arithmetic formulas. We need to know why all watersheds need the protection of plant life and why the running current of streams and rivers must be made to yield their full benefit to the soil before they finally escape to the sea. We need to be taught the duty of planting trees as well as of cutting them. We need to know the importance of big, mature trees, because living space for most of man’s fellow creatures on this planet is figured not only in square measure of surface but also in cubic volume above the earth. In brief, it should be our goal to restore as much of the original beauty of nature as we can.
To avoid the mistakes of our forefathers, the author suggests that______.

A．we plant more trees
B．natural sciences be taught to everybody
C．environmental education be directed toward everyone
D．we return to nature

单项选择题

TEXT A
People can be addicted to different things—e, g., alcohol, drugs, certain foods, or even television. People who have such an addiction are compulsive, i.e., they have a very powerful psychological need that they feel they must satisfy. According to psychologists, many people are compulsive spenders: they feel they must spend money. This compulsion, like most others, is irrational—impossible to explain reasonably. For compulsive spenders who buy on credit, charge accounts are even more exciting than money. In other words, compulsive spenders feel that with credit, they can do anything. Their pleasure in spending enormous’ amounts is actually greater than the pleasure that they get from the things they buy.
There is a special psychology of bargain hunting. To save money, of course, most people look for sales, low prices and discounts. Compulsive bargain hunters, however, often buy things they don’t need just because they are cheap. They want to believe that they are helping their budgets, but they are really playing an exciting game: when they can buy
something for less than other people, they feel that they are winning. Most people, experts claim, have two reasons for their behavior: a good reason for things that they do and the real reason.
It is not only scientists, of course, who understand the psychology of spending habits, but also business people. Stores, companies, and advertisers use psychology to increase business: they consider people’s needs for love, power, or influence, their basic value, their beliefs and opinions, and so on in their advertising and sales methods.
Psychologists can often use a method called "behavior therapy" to help individuals solve their personality problems, in the same way, they can help people who feel that they have problems with money.
The article is mainly about______.

A．the psychology of money-spending habits
B．the purchasing habits of compulsive spenders
C．a special psychology of bargain hunting
D．the use of the psychology of spending habits in business

单项选择题

TEXT C
Automation refers to the introduction of electronic control and automatic operation of productive machinery. It reduces the human borers, mental and physical, in production, and is designed to make possible the manufacture of more goods with fewer workers. The development of auto mation in American industry has been called the "Second Industrial Revolution".
Labor’s concerti over automation arises from uncertainly about the effects on employment, and fears of major changes in jobs. In the main, labor has taken the view that resistance to technical change is unfruitful Eventually, the result of automation may well be an increase in empioy ment, since it is expected that vast industries will grow up around manufacturing, maintaining, and repairing automation equipment. The interest of labor lies in bringing about the transition with a minimum of inconvenience and distress to the workers involved. Also, union spokesmen emphasize that the benefit of the increased production and lower costs made possible by automation should be shared by workers in the form of higher wages, more leisure, and improved living standards.
To protect the interests of their members in the era of automation, unions have adopted a motion of new policies. One of these is the pro motion of supplementary unemployment benefit plans. It is emphasized that since the employer involved in such a plan has a direct financial interest in preventing unemployment, he will have a strong drive for planning new installations so as to cause tire leas! possible problems in jobs and job assignments. Some unions are working for dismissal pay agreements, requiring that permanently dismissed workers be paid a sum of money based on length of service. Another approach is the idea of the "improvement factor", which calls for wage increases based on increases in productivity. It is possible, however, that labor will rely mainly on re duction in working hours in order to gain a full share in the fruits of auto mation.
Which of the following can best sum up the passage

A．Advantages and disadvantages of automation.
B．Labor and the effects of automation.
C．Unemployment benefit plans and automation.
D．Social benefits of automation.

单项选择题

TEXT D
What has the telephone done to us, or for us, in the hundred years of its existence A few effects suggest themselves at once. It has saved lives by getting rapid word of illness, injury, or fire from remote places. By joining will the elevator to make possible the multi-story residence, e or office building, it has made possible— for better or worse— the modern city. By bringing about a great leap in the speed and ease with which in formation moves from place to place, it has greatly accelerated the rate of scientific and technological changes and growth in industry. Beyond doubt it has seriously weakened if not killed the ancient art of letter writing. It has made living alone possible for persons with normal social in pulses; by so doing, it has played a role in one of the greatest social changes of this century, the breakup of the multi-generational household. It has made the war chillingly more efficient than formerly. Perhaps, though not provably, it has prevented wars that might have arisen out of international misunderstanding caused by written communication. or per haps—again not provably—by magnifying and extending irrational personal conflicts based on voice contact, it has caused wars. Certainly it has extended the scope of human conflicts, since it impartially disseminates the useful knowledge of scientists and the nonsense of tire ignorant, the affection of the affectionate and the malice of the malicious.
The author describes the telephone as impartial because______.

A．saves lives of people in remote places
B．enables people to live alone if they want to
C．spreads both love and ill will
D．replaces much written communication

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