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Australia is located in the southern hemisphere between the Indian Ocean and the South Pacific. It is the oldest continent in the sense that it has altered relatively little since life appeared on earth. Thousands of years before the explorers Abel Tasman and James Cook sailed into the South Pacific, the aborigines had crossed the hand bridge from Asia formed by the Malay Archipelago and had spread throughout the mainland and Tasmania. When Capt. Arthur Philip of the British Royal Navy landed with the First Fleet at Botany in 1788, the event that marks the true beginning of modern Australia, there were probably not more than 300,000 Aborigines altogether.
The most striking characteristics of the vast 3,000,000 square-mile landmass are its isolation, its low relief, and the aridity of its surface. Its isolation from other continents explains much of the strangeness of Australian plant and animal life; its low relief results from the long and extensive erosive action of the forces of wind, rain and the heat of the sun during the great periods of geological time when the continental mass was elevated well above sea level. A member of the Commonwealth of Nations, the commonwealth of Australia is a prosperous, independent nation under one government. Like Canada and the United States, contemporary Australia is a political federation with a central government (the Commonwealth) and, six constituent states (New South Wales, Victoria, Queensland, South Australia, Western Australia, and Tasmania) , each of which has its own government enjoying a limited sovereignty. There are also two internal territories: the Northern Territory was established as a self-governing territory in 1978, and the Australian Capital Territory, seat of the federal capital city Canberra, is administered directly by the Commonwealth, which also governs the external territories of Norfolk Island, Cocos Islands, Christmas Island, Ashmore and Cartier Islands, Coral Sea Islands, and Heard and McDonald Islands and claims the Australian Antarctic Territory. The Cocos Islands was a non-self-governing territory until 1984 ,when it was integrated with Australia following an act of self determination approved by the Cocos Malay people.

Australia is located in the southern hemisphere between the Indian Ocean and the South Pacific. It is the oldest continent in the sense that it has altered relatively little since life appeared on earth. Thousands of years before the explorers Abel Tasman and James Cook sailed into the South Pacific, the aborigines had crossed the hand bridge from Asia formed by the Malay Archipelago and had spread throughout the mainland and Tasmania. When Capt. Arthur Philip of the British Royal Navy landed with the First Fleet at Botany in 1788, the event that marks the true beginning of modern Australia, there were probably not more than 300,000 Aborigines altogether.
The most striking characteristics of the vast 3,000,000 square-mile landmass are its isolation, its low relief, and the aridity of its surface. Its isolation from other continents explains much of the strangeness of Australian plant and animal life; its low relief results from the long and extensive erosive action of the forces of wind, rain and the heat of the sun during the great periods of geological time when the continental mass was elevated well above sea level. A member of the Commonwealth of Nations, the commonwealth of Australia is a prosperous, independent nation under one government. Like Canada and the United States, contemporary Australia is a political federation with a central government (the Commonwealth) and, six constituent states (New South Wales, Victoria, Queensland, South Australia, Western Australia, and Tasmania) , each of which has its own government enjoying a limited sovereignty. There are also two internal territories: the Northern Territory was established as a self-governing territory in 1978, and the Australian Capital Territory, seat of the federal capital city Canberra, is administered directly by the Commonwealth, which also governs the external territories of Norfolk Island, Cocos Islands, Christmas Island, Ashmore and Cartier Islands, Coral Sea Islands, and Heard and McDonald Islands and claims the Australian Antarctic Territory. The Cocos Islands was a non-self-governing territory until 1984 ,when it was integrated with Australia following an act of self determination approved by the Cocos Malay people.

The Great Wall of China is the longest structure ever built. Its length is about 4,000 miles (6,400 kilometers), and it was erected entirely by hand. The wall crosses northern China between the east coast and north-central China.
Over the centuries, various rulers built walls to protect their northern border against invaders. Some of the walls stood on or near the site of the Great Wall. Most of what is now called the Great Wall dates from the Ming dynasty(1368-1644). Parts of the Great Wall have crumbled through the years. However, much of it remains, and some sections have been restored. The main part of the wall is about 2,150 miles(3,460 kilometers)long. Additional branches make up the rest of its length.
One of the highest sections of the Great Wall, on Mount Badaling, near Beijing, rises to about 35 feet(11 meters)high. This section is about 25 feet(7.6 meters)wide at its base and nearly 20 feet(6 meters) at the top. Watchtowers stand about 100 to 200 yards(91 to 180 meters)apart along the wall. The towers, about 40 feet (12 meters) high, once served as lookout posts.
Written records indicate that the Chinese built walls along their borders as early as the 600’s B. C. Emperor Shi Huangdi of the Qin dynasty (221-206 B. C. )is traditionally regarded as the first ruler to conceive of, and build, a Great Wall. Most of the Qin wall was north of the present-day wall. Shi Huangdi had the wall built by connecting new walls with older ones. Building continued during later dynasties, including the Han (202 B. C. - 220 A. D. ) and the Sui (581 - 618 ).
By the time the Ming dynasty began in 1368, much of the wall had fallen into ruin. In response to the growing threat of a Mongol invasion, the Ming government began building a major wall in the late 1400’s. This wall included most of what remains today. Like earlier ones, it protected China from minor attacks but provided little defense against a major invasion.
Through the centuries, much of the Great Wall again collapsed. However, the Chinese have done restoration work since 1949. The wall no longer serves the purpose of defense, but it attracts many visitors. Tourists from around the world come to see the wall. Historians study writing and objects found in fortifications and tombs along the structure. Scientists study earthquakes by examining parts of the wall that have been affected by these earth movements.

Australia is located in the southern hemisphere between the Indian Ocean and the South Pacific. It is the oldest continent in the sense that it has altered relatively little since life appeared on earth. Thousands of years before the explorers Abel Tasman and James Cook sailed into the South Pacific, the aborigines had crossed the hand bridge from Asia formed by the Malay Archipelago and had spread throughout the mainland and Tasmania. When Capt. Arthur Philip of the British Royal Navy landed with the First Fleet at Botany in 1788, the event that marks the true beginning of modern Australia, there were probably not more than 300,000 Aborigines altogether.
The most striking characteristics of the vast 3,000,000 square-mile landmass are its isolation, its low relief, and the aridity of its surface. Its isolation from other continents explains much of the strangeness of Australian plant and animal life; its low relief results from the long and extensive erosive action of the forces of wind, rain and the heat of the sun during the great periods of geological time when the continental mass was elevated well above sea level. A member of the Commonwealth of Nations, the commonwealth of Australia is a prosperous, independent nation under one government. Like Canada and the United States, contemporary Australia is a political federation with a central government (the Commonwealth) and, six constituent states (New South Wales, Victoria, Queensland, South Australia, Western Australia, and Tasmania) , each of which has its own government enjoying a limited sovereignty. There are also two internal territories: the Northern Territory was established as a self-governing territory in 1978, and the Australian Capital Territory, seat of the federal capital city Canberra, is administered directly by the Commonwealth, which also governs the external territories of Norfolk Island, Cocos Islands, Christmas Island, Ashmore and Cartier Islands, Coral Sea Islands, and Heard and McDonald Islands and claims the Australian Antarctic Territory. The Cocos Islands was a non-self-governing territory until 1984 ,when it was integrated with Australia following an act of self determination approved by the Cocos Malay people.

The Great Wall of China is the longest structure ever built. Its length is about 4,000 miles (6,400 kilometers), and it was erected entirely by hand. The wall crosses northern China between the east coast and north-central China.
Over the centuries, various rulers built walls to protect their northern border against invaders. Some of the walls stood on or near the site of the Great Wall. Most of what is now called the Great Wall dates from the Ming dynasty(1368-1644). Parts of the Great Wall have crumbled through the years. However, much of it remains, and some sections have been restored. The main part of the wall is about 2,150 miles(3,460 kilometers)long. Additional branches make up the rest of its length.
One of the highest sections of the Great Wall, on Mount Badaling, near Beijing, rises to about 35 feet(11 meters)high. This section is about 25 feet(7.6 meters)wide at its base and nearly 20 feet(6 meters) at the top. Watchtowers stand about 100 to 200 yards(91 to 180 meters)apart along the wall. The towers, about 40 feet (12 meters) high, once served as lookout posts.
Written records indicate that the Chinese built walls along their borders as early as the 600’s B. C. Emperor Shi Huangdi of the Qin dynasty (221-206 B. C. )is traditionally regarded as the first ruler to conceive of, and build, a Great Wall. Most of the Qin wall was north of the present-day wall. Shi Huangdi had the wall built by connecting new walls with older ones. Building continued during later dynasties, including the Han (202 B. C. - 220 A. D. ) and the Sui (581 - 618 ).
By the time the Ming dynasty began in 1368, much of the wall had fallen into ruin. In response to the growing threat of a Mongol invasion, the Ming government began building a major wall in the late 1400’s. This wall included most of what remains today. Like earlier ones, it protected China from minor attacks but provided little defense against a major invasion.
Through the centuries, much of the Great Wall again collapsed. However, the Chinese have done restoration work since 1949. The wall no longer serves the purpose of defense, but it attracts many visitors. Tourists from around the world come to see the wall. Historians study writing and objects found in fortifications and tombs along the structure. Scientists study earthquakes by examining parts of the wall that have been affected by these earth movements.

Australia is located in the southern hemisphere between the Indian Ocean and the South Pacific. It is the oldest continent in the sense that it has altered relatively little since life appeared on earth. Thousands of years before the explorers Abel Tasman and James Cook sailed into the South Pacific, the aborigines had crossed the hand bridge from Asia formed by the Malay Archipelago and had spread throughout the mainland and Tasmania. When Capt. Arthur Philip of the British Royal Navy landed with the First Fleet at Botany in 1788, the event that marks the true beginning of modern Australia, there were probably not more than 300,000 Aborigines altogether.
The most striking characteristics of the vast 3,000,000 square-mile landmass are its isolation, its low relief, and the aridity of its surface. Its isolation from other continents explains much of the strangeness of Australian plant and animal life; its low relief results from the long and extensive erosive action of the forces of wind, rain and the heat of the sun during the great periods of geological time when the continental mass was elevated well above sea level. A member of the Commonwealth of Nations, the commonwealth of Australia is a prosperous, independent nation under one government. Like Canada and the United States, contemporary Australia is a political federation with a central government (the Commonwealth) and, six constituent states (New South Wales, Victoria, Queensland, South Australia, Western Australia, and Tasmania) , each of which has its own government enjoying a limited sovereignty. There are also two internal territories: the Northern Territory was established as a self-governing territory in 1978, and the Australian Capital Territory, seat of the federal capital city Canberra, is administered directly by the Commonwealth, which also governs the external territories of Norfolk Island, Cocos Islands, Christmas Island, Ashmore and Cartier Islands, Coral Sea Islands, and Heard and McDonald Islands and claims the Australian Antarctic Territory. The Cocos Islands was a non-self-governing territory until 1984 ,when it was integrated with Australia following an act of self determination approved by the Cocos Malay people.

The Great Wall of China is the longest structure ever built. Its length is about 4,000 miles (6,400 kilometers), and it was erected entirely by hand. The wall crosses northern China between the east coast and north-central China.
Over the centuries, various rulers built walls to protect their northern border against invaders. Some of the walls stood on or near the site of the Great Wall. Most of what is now called the Great Wall dates from the Ming dynasty(1368-1644). Parts of the Great Wall have crumbled through the years. However, much of it remains, and some sections have been restored. The main part of the wall is about 2,150 miles(3,460 kilometers)long. Additional branches make up the rest of its length.
One of the highest sections of the Great Wall, on Mount Badaling, near Beijing, rises to about 35 feet(11 meters)high. This section is about 25 feet(7.6 meters)wide at its base and nearly 20 feet(6 meters) at the top. Watchtowers stand about 100 to 200 yards(91 to 180 meters)apart along the wall. The towers, about 40 feet (12 meters) high, once served as lookout posts.
Written records indicate that the Chinese built walls along their borders as early as the 600’s B. C. Emperor Shi Huangdi of the Qin dynasty (221-206 B. C. )is traditionally regarded as the first ruler to conceive of, and build, a Great Wall. Most of the Qin wall was north of the present-day wall. Shi Huangdi had the wall built by connecting new walls with older ones. Building continued during later dynasties, including the Han (202 B. C. - 220 A. D. ) and the Sui (581 - 618 ).
By the time the Ming dynasty began in 1368, much of the wall had fallen into ruin. In response to the growing threat of a Mongol invasion, the Ming government began building a major wall in the late 1400’s. This wall included most of what remains today. Like earlier ones, it protected China from minor attacks but provided little defense against a major invasion.
Through the centuries, much of the Great Wall again collapsed. However, the Chinese have done restoration work since 1949. The wall no longer serves the purpose of defense, but it attracts many visitors. Tourists from around the world come to see the wall. Historians study writing and objects found in fortifications and tombs along the structure. Scientists study earthquakes by examining parts of the wall that have been affected by these earth movements.

Australia is located in the southern hemisphere between the Indian Ocean and the South Pacific. It is the oldest continent in the sense that it has altered relatively little since life appeared on earth. Thousands of years before the explorers Abel Tasman and James Cook sailed into the South Pacific, the aborigines had crossed the hand bridge from Asia formed by the Malay Archipelago and had spread throughout the mainland and Tasmania. When Capt. Arthur Philip of the British Royal Navy landed with the First Fleet at Botany in 1788, the event that marks the true beginning of modern Australia, there were probably not more than 300,000 Aborigines altogether.
The most striking characteristics of the vast 3,000,000 square-mile landmass are its isolation, its low relief, and the aridity of its surface. Its isolation from other continents explains much of the strangeness of Australian plant and animal life; its low relief results from the long and extensive erosive action of the forces of wind, rain and the heat of the sun during the great periods of geological time when the continental mass was elevated well above sea level. A member of the Commonwealth of Nations, the commonwealth of Australia is a prosperous, independent nation under one government. Like Canada and the United States, contemporary Australia is a political federation with a central government (the Commonwealth) and, six constituent states (New South Wales, Victoria, Queensland, South Australia, Western Australia, and Tasmania) , each of which has its own government enjoying a limited sovereignty. There are also two internal territories: the Northern Territory was established as a self-governing territory in 1978, and the Australian Capital Territory, seat of the federal capital city Canberra, is administered directly by the Commonwealth, which also governs the external territories of Norfolk Island, Cocos Islands, Christmas Island, Ashmore and Cartier Islands, Coral Sea Islands, and Heard and McDonald Islands and claims the Australian Antarctic Territory. The Cocos Islands was a non-self-governing territory until 1984 ,when it was integrated with Australia following an act of self determination approved by the Cocos Malay people.

The Great Wall of China is the longest structure ever built. Its length is about 4,000 miles (6,400 kilometers), and it was erected entirely by hand. The wall crosses northern China between the east coast and north-central China.
Over the centuries, various rulers built walls to protect their northern border against invaders. Some of the walls stood on or near the site of the Great Wall. Most of what is now called the Great Wall dates from the Ming dynasty(1368-1644). Parts of the Great Wall have crumbled through the years. However, much of it remains, and some sections have been restored. The main part of the wall is about 2,150 miles(3,460 kilometers)long. Additional branches make up the rest of its length.
One of the highest sections of the Great Wall, on Mount Badaling, near Beijing, rises to about 35 feet(11 meters)high. This section is about 25 feet(7.6 meters)wide at its base and nearly 20 feet(6 meters) at the top. Watchtowers stand about 100 to 200 yards(91 to 180 meters)apart along the wall. The towers, about 40 feet (12 meters) high, once served as lookout posts.
Written records indicate that the Chinese built walls along their borders as early as the 600’s B. C. Emperor Shi Huangdi of the Qin dynasty (221-206 B. C. )is traditionally regarded as the first ruler to conceive of, and build, a Great Wall. Most of the Qin wall was north of the present-day wall. Shi Huangdi had the wall built by connecting new walls with older ones. Building continued during later dynasties, including the Han (202 B. C. - 220 A. D. ) and the Sui (581 - 618 ).
By the time the Ming dynasty began in 1368, much of the wall had fallen into ruin. In response to the growing threat of a Mongol invasion, the Ming government began building a major wall in the late 1400’s. This wall included most of what remains today. Like earlier ones, it protected China from minor attacks but provided little defense against a major invasion.
Through the centuries, much of the Great Wall again collapsed. However, the Chinese have done restoration work since 1949. The wall no longer serves the purpose of defense, but it attracts many visitors. Tourists from around the world come to see the wall. Historians study writing and objects found in fortifications and tombs along the structure. Scientists study earthquakes by examining parts of the wall that have been affected by these earth movements.

The Great Wall of China is the longest structure ever built. Its length is about 4,000 miles (6,400 kilometers), and it was erected entirely by hand. The wall crosses northern China between the east coast and north-central China.
Over the centuries, various rulers built walls to protect their northern border against invaders. Some of the walls stood on or near the site of the Great Wall. Most of what is now called the Great Wall dates from the Ming dynasty(1368-1644). Parts of the Great Wall have crumbled through the years. However, much of it remains, and some sections have been restored. The main part of the wall is about 2,150 miles(3,460 kilometers)long. Additional branches make up the rest of its length.
One of the highest sections of the Great Wall, on Mount Badaling, near Beijing, rises to about 35 feet(11 meters)high. This section is about 25 feet(7.6 meters)wide at its base and nearly 20 feet(6 meters) at the top. Watchtowers stand about 100 to 200 yards(91 to 180 meters)apart along the wall. The towers, about 40 feet (12 meters) high, once served as lookout posts.
Written records indicate that the Chinese built walls along their borders as early as the 600’s B. C. Emperor Shi Huangdi of the Qin dynasty (221-206 B. C. )is traditionally regarded as the first ruler to conceive of, and build, a Great Wall. Most of the Qin wall was north of the present-day wall. Shi Huangdi had the wall built by connecting new walls with older ones. Building continued during later dynasties, including the Han (202 B. C. - 220 A. D. ) and the Sui (581 - 618 ).
By the time the Ming dynasty began in 1368, much of the wall had fallen into ruin. In response to the growing threat of a Mongol invasion, the Ming government began building a major wall in the late 1400’s. This wall included most of what remains today. Like earlier ones, it protected China from minor attacks but provided little defense against a major invasion.
Through the centuries, much of the Great Wall again collapsed. However, the Chinese have done restoration work since 1949. The wall no longer serves the purpose of defense, but it attracts many visitors. Tourists from around the world come to see the wall. Historians study writing and objects found in fortifications and tombs along the structure. Scientists study earthquakes by examining parts of the wall that have been affected by these earth movements.