【R7】_考试资料网

Everyone has been trying to understand Michael Jackson’s death this summer. While medics are still picking at his slender corpse, cultural authorities argue like vultures over his reputation. Should he be remembered as a great singer, a man possibly sexually attracted to children, an emblematic black artist who tried to bleach his face white, the Fred Astaire(a major founder of stage dance)of the 1980s, the first to master the MTV pop video, or a troubled victim of a domineering father His difficult journey from unhappy childhood, to weird quasi-adulthood has been told and re-told frequently and annoyingly across the world. Yet Jackson’s current crisis is an extreme version of a process that will happen to us all. For, as Jean Paul Sartre(French existentialist philosopher)put it, at death we become prey to the "Other" — our identity dissipating into the sum total of what is thought about us. While we are alive, Sartre explained, we can resist this pressure; we can defy the options that other people try to project onto us. We can’t erase our pasts, but we can always overturn future expectations. It’s a struggle Sartre saw as central to our existence as moral beings: we must do more than act out the roles others have scripted for us. This is the existential condition of humanity—we are the artists of our own lives, although with the anguish that comes from being condemned to be free. Given the weight of expectations heaped on his shoulders, it’s something Michael Jackson felt more crushingly than most: a burden reflected in his lifelong modifications of his own appearance. The human body, Ludwig Wittgenstein(an Austrian-British philosopher)once declared, is the best picture we have of the human soul. And Jackson’s body in his last days legibly expressed something very revealing. Death, of course, takes everything away. The back catalogue of Jackson’s songs is now the complete catalogue. Yet, according to Sartre, death is not the final chord of a 4 melody that suddenly resolves and makes sense of what went before. Instead, it merely begins an endless new argument over meanings from which the core—the real person—is perpetually absent. Michael Jackson is no longer with us. Instead, "Michael Jackson" is becoming the sum of what others hope to make of him.Paragraph 1 mainly tells that people have been trying to______.

A．define Jackson as a person
B．speculate on Jackson’s death
C．stain Jackson’s reputation
D．question Jackson as a celebrity

单项选择题

Everyone has been trying to understand Michael Jackson’s death this summer. While medics are still picking at his slender corpse, cultural authorities argue like vultures over his reputation. Should he be remembered as a great singer, a man possibly sexually attracted to children, an emblematic black artist who tried to bleach his face white, the Fred Astaire(a major founder of stage dance)of the 1980s, the first to master the MTV pop video, or a troubled victim of a domineering father His difficult journey from unhappy childhood, to weird quasi-adulthood has been told and re-told frequently and annoyingly across the world. Yet Jackson’s current crisis is an extreme version of a process that will happen to us all. For, as Jean Paul Sartre(French existentialist philosopher)put it, at death we become prey to the "Other" — our identity dissipating into the sum total of what is thought about us. While we are alive, Sartre explained, we can resist this pressure; we can defy the options that other people try to project onto us. We can’t erase our pasts, but we can always overturn future expectations. It’s a struggle Sartre saw as central to our existence as moral beings: we must do more than act out the roles others have scripted for us. This is the existential condition of humanity—we are the artists of our own lives, although with the anguish that comes from being condemned to be free. Given the weight of expectations heaped on his shoulders, it’s something Michael Jackson felt more crushingly than most: a burden reflected in his lifelong modifications of his own appearance. The human body, Ludwig Wittgenstein(an Austrian-British philosopher)once declared, is the best picture we have of the human soul. And Jackson’s body in his last days legibly expressed something very revealing. Death, of course, takes everything away. The back catalogue of Jackson’s songs is now the complete catalogue. Yet, according to Sartre, death is not the final chord of a 4 melody that suddenly resolves and makes sense of what went before. Instead, it merely begins an endless new argument over meanings from which the core—the real person—is perpetually absent. Michael Jackson is no longer with us. Instead, "Michael Jackson" is becoming the sum of what others hope to make of him.According to Sartre, everybody at his death will surely______.

A．draw attention far and wide
B．suffer immense defamation
C．be the center of people’s talk
D．be put under others’ judgment

单项选择题

Everyone has been trying to understand Michael Jackson’s death this summer. While medics are still picking at his slender corpse, cultural authorities argue like vultures over his reputation. Should he be remembered as a great singer, a man possibly sexually attracted to children, an emblematic black artist who tried to bleach his face white, the Fred Astaire(a major founder of stage dance)of the 1980s, the first to master the MTV pop video, or a troubled victim of a domineering father His difficult journey from unhappy childhood, to weird quasi-adulthood has been told and re-told frequently and annoyingly across the world. Yet Jackson’s current crisis is an extreme version of a process that will happen to us all. For, as Jean Paul Sartre(French existentialist philosopher)put it, at death we become prey to the "Other" — our identity dissipating into the sum total of what is thought about us. While we are alive, Sartre explained, we can resist this pressure; we can defy the options that other people try to project onto us. We can’t erase our pasts, but we can always overturn future expectations. It’s a struggle Sartre saw as central to our existence as moral beings: we must do more than act out the roles others have scripted for us. This is the existential condition of humanity—we are the artists of our own lives, although with the anguish that comes from being condemned to be free. Given the weight of expectations heaped on his shoulders, it’s something Michael Jackson felt more crushingly than most: a burden reflected in his lifelong modifications of his own appearance. The human body, Ludwig Wittgenstein(an Austrian-British philosopher)once declared, is the best picture we have of the human soul. And Jackson’s body in his last days legibly expressed something very revealing. Death, of course, takes everything away. The back catalogue of Jackson’s songs is now the complete catalogue. Yet, according to Sartre, death is not the final chord of a 4 melody that suddenly resolves and makes sense of what went before. Instead, it merely begins an endless new argument over meanings from which the core—the real person—is perpetually absent. Michael Jackson is no longer with us. Instead, "Michael Jackson" is becoming the sum of what others hope to make of him.Sartre held that, as a moral being, one should NOT______.

A．do simply as others expect
B．conceal one’s shameful past
C．always defy others’ opinions
D．retreat from various pressures

单项选择题

Next week, the European Parliament will debate stringent regulation of a number of effective pesticides. If this regulation is passed, the consequences will be devastating. In the 1960s, widespread use of the potent and safe insecticide DDT led to eradication of many insect-borne diseases in Europe and North America. But based on no scientific evidence of human health effects, the U. S. Environmental Protection Agency banned DDT, and its European counterparts followed suit. Subsequently, more than 1 million people died each year from malaria—but not in America or Europe. Rather, most of the victims were children and women in Africa and Asia. Today, even while acknowledging that indoor spraying of small amounts of DDT would help prevent many deaths and millions of illnesses, nongovernmental organizations continue—with great success—to pressure African governments not to allow its use. In order to stave off such pressure, African public health officials cave, and their children die needlessly. Yet, rather than learning the tragic lesson of the DDT ban, the European Union wants to extend this unscientific ban to other effective insecticides, including pyrethroids and organophosphates—further undercutting anti-malarial efforts. The currently debated regulation would engender a paradigm shift in the regulation of chemicals, from a risk-based approach—based on real world exposures from agricultural applications—to a hazard-based standard, derived from laboratory tests and having little or no basis in reality as far as human health is concerned. Of course, this is fine with anti-chemical zealots. Their concern is bringing down chemical companies in the name of "the environment" —tough luck if African children have to be sacrificed to their agenda, as was the case with DDT(which is still banned in the EU and not under consideration in the current debate). Most poignantly, the fight against malaria and other insect-borne tropical diseases would take another hit, with resulting illness, disability and death disproportionally affecting children under five and pregnant women. And what, after all, is the "danger" of these chemicals being debated In fact, there is no evidence to support the contention that insecticides pose a health threat to humans. Even DDT, one of the most studied chemicals of all time, has been conclusively shown to be safe for humans at all conceivable levels of exposure sufficient to control malaria and save millions of lives.When the U. S. Environmental Protection Agency banned DDT in the 1960s, in Europe______.

A．the governments questioned the ban’s effects
B．the environmental authorities also banned it
C．researchers paid more attention to the chemical
D．the general public showed support for the ban

单项选择题

Everyone has been trying to understand Michael Jackson’s death this summer. While medics are still picking at his slender corpse, cultural authorities argue like vultures over his reputation. Should he be remembered as a great singer, a man possibly sexually attracted to children, an emblematic black artist who tried to bleach his face white, the Fred Astaire(a major founder of stage dance)of the 1980s, the first to master the MTV pop video, or a troubled victim of a domineering father His difficult journey from unhappy childhood, to weird quasi-adulthood has been told and re-told frequently and annoyingly across the world. Yet Jackson’s current crisis is an extreme version of a process that will happen to us all. For, as Jean Paul Sartre(French existentialist philosopher)put it, at death we become prey to the "Other" — our identity dissipating into the sum total of what is thought about us. While we are alive, Sartre explained, we can resist this pressure; we can defy the options that other people try to project onto us. We can’t erase our pasts, but we can always overturn future expectations. It’s a struggle Sartre saw as central to our existence as moral beings: we must do more than act out the roles others have scripted for us. This is the existential condition of humanity—we are the artists of our own lives, although with the anguish that comes from being condemned to be free. Given the weight of expectations heaped on his shoulders, it’s something Michael Jackson felt more crushingly than most: a burden reflected in his lifelong modifications of his own appearance. The human body, Ludwig Wittgenstein(an Austrian-British philosopher)once declared, is the best picture we have of the human soul. And Jackson’s body in his last days legibly expressed something very revealing. Death, of course, takes everything away. The back catalogue of Jackson’s songs is now the complete catalogue. Yet, according to Sartre, death is not the final chord of a 4 melody that suddenly resolves and makes sense of what went before. Instead, it merely begins an endless new argument over meanings from which the core—the real person—is perpetually absent. Michael Jackson is no longer with us. Instead, "Michael Jackson" is becoming the sum of what others hope to make of him.As claimed by Wittgenstein, Jackson’s dead body revealed that he______.

A．had worked too hard in pleasing his fans
B．had fallen victim to public opinion
C．had been an extremely sentimental guy
D．had experienced both joys and sorrows

单项选择题

In the post Cold War world few articles have influenced how Western policymakers view the world more than Samuel Huntington’s 1993 article, "The Clash of Civilizations. " Suggesting that the world was returning to a civilization dominated world where future conflicts would originate from clashes between " civilizations" , the theory has been broadly criticized for oversimplification, ignoring local conflicts and for incorrectly predicting what has happened in the decade since its publication. The claim made by many that September the 11th has vindicated Huntington is simply not supported by the evidence. Huntington’s thesis outlines a future where the " great divisions among 9 humankind and the dominating source of conflict will be cultural. " He divides the world’s cultures into seven current civilizations, Western, Latin American, Confucian, Japanese, Islamic, Hindu and Slavic-Orthodox. In addition he judged Africa only as a possible civilization depending on how far one viewed the development of an African consciousness had developed. These civilizations seem to be defined primarily by religion with a number of ad hoc exceptions. Huntington predicts conflict occurring between states from different civilizations for control of international institutions and for economic and military power. He views this mix of conflict as normal by asserting that nation-states are a new phenomenon in a world dominated for most of its history by conflicts between civilizations. This is a dubious statement as inter-civilizational conflict driven mainly by geo-political factors rather than cultural differences is an equally if not more persuasive way to view much of history. The theory at least differentiates between non-Western civilizations rather than grouping them together. He also explains how the West presents pro-Western policies as positive for the entire world and that the very idea of a universal culture is a Western idea. However, his escape from a Eurocentric bias is only temporary. He completely fails to account for local cultures even though one can argue they collectively comprise a separate civilization. The article also predicts future conflicts will be started by non-Western civilizations reacting to Western power and values ignoring the equally plausible situation where Western states use their military superiority to maintain their superior positions. The policy prescriptions he suggests to counter this perceived threat equate to increasing the power of the West to forestall any loss of the West’s pre-eminence. Thus he suggests the Latin American and Orthodox-Slavic civilizations be drawn further into the Western orbit and the maintenance of Western military superiority.As stated in the passage, Huntington’s article______.

A．advocated the interdependence of different cultures
B．proposed a return of the world to its former state
C．depicted the world in the post cold war period
D．stressed cultural aspects of international conflicts

单项选择题

Next week, the European Parliament will debate stringent regulation of a number of effective pesticides. If this regulation is passed, the consequences will be devastating. In the 1960s, widespread use of the potent and safe insecticide DDT led to eradication of many insect-borne diseases in Europe and North America. But based on no scientific evidence of human health effects, the U. S. Environmental Protection Agency banned DDT, and its European counterparts followed suit. Subsequently, more than 1 million people died each year from malaria—but not in America or Europe. Rather, most of the victims were children and women in Africa and Asia. Today, even while acknowledging that indoor spraying of small amounts of DDT would help prevent many deaths and millions of illnesses, nongovernmental organizations continue—with great success—to pressure African governments not to allow its use. In order to stave off such pressure, African public health officials cave, and their children die needlessly. Yet, rather than learning the tragic lesson of the DDT ban, the European Union wants to extend this unscientific ban to other effective insecticides, including pyrethroids and organophosphates—further undercutting anti-malarial efforts. The currently debated regulation would engender a paradigm shift in the regulation of chemicals, from a risk-based approach—based on real world exposures from agricultural applications—to a hazard-based standard, derived from laboratory tests and having little or no basis in reality as far as human health is concerned. Of course, this is fine with anti-chemical zealots. Their concern is bringing down chemical companies in the name of "the environment" —tough luck if African children have to be sacrificed to their agenda, as was the case with DDT(which is still banned in the EU and not under consideration in the current debate). Most poignantly, the fight against malaria and other insect-borne tropical diseases would take another hit, with resulting illness, disability and death disproportionally affecting children under five and pregnant women. And what, after all, is the "danger" of these chemicals being debated In fact, there is no evidence to support the contention that insecticides pose a health threat to humans. Even DDT, one of the most studied chemicals of all time, has been conclusively shown to be safe for humans at all conceivable levels of exposure sufficient to control malaria and save millions of lives.Some nongovernmental organizations believe that DDT______.

A．is somewhat good for illness prevention
B．threatens the health of African children
C．will regain popularity in Europe
D．can soon become a political issue

单项选择题

In the post Cold War world few articles have influenced how Western policymakers view the world more than Samuel Huntington’s 1993 article, "The Clash of Civilizations. " Suggesting that the world was returning to a civilization dominated world where future conflicts would originate from clashes between " civilizations" , the theory has been broadly criticized for oversimplification, ignoring local conflicts and for incorrectly predicting what has happened in the decade since its publication. The claim made by many that September the 11th has vindicated Huntington is simply not supported by the evidence. Huntington’s thesis outlines a future where the " great divisions among 9 humankind and the dominating source of conflict will be cultural. " He divides the world’s cultures into seven current civilizations, Western, Latin American, Confucian, Japanese, Islamic, Hindu and Slavic-Orthodox. In addition he judged Africa only as a possible civilization depending on how far one viewed the development of an African consciousness had developed. These civilizations seem to be defined primarily by religion with a number of ad hoc exceptions. Huntington predicts conflict occurring between states from different civilizations for control of international institutions and for economic and military power. He views this mix of conflict as normal by asserting that nation-states are a new phenomenon in a world dominated for most of its history by conflicts between civilizations. This is a dubious statement as inter-civilizational conflict driven mainly by geo-political factors rather than cultural differences is an equally if not more persuasive way to view much of history. The theory at least differentiates between non-Western civilizations rather than grouping them together. He also explains how the West presents pro-Western policies as positive for the entire world and that the very idea of a universal culture is a Western idea. However, his escape from a Eurocentric bias is only temporary. He completely fails to account for local cultures even though one can argue they collectively comprise a separate civilization. The article also predicts future conflicts will be started by non-Western civilizations reacting to Western power and values ignoring the equally plausible situation where Western states use their military superiority to maintain their superior positions. The policy prescriptions he suggests to counter this perceived threat equate to increasing the power of the West to forestall any loss of the West’s pre-eminence. Thus he suggests the Latin American and Orthodox-Slavic civilizations be drawn further into the Western orbit and the maintenance of Western military superiority.According to the claim mentioned, an occurrence like 9/11 was what Huntington had______.

A．described
B．forecasted
C．criticized
D．ignored

单项选择题

The multibillion-dollar international pharmaceutical industry has been accused of manipulating the results of drug trials for financial gain and withholding information that could expose patients to possible harm. The stranglehold the industry has on research is causing increasing alarm in medical circles as evidence emerges of biased results, under-reporting and selective publication driven by a market worth more than 10 billion pounds in Britain alone. The industry has sponsored trials of new drugs which have held out great promise for patients with cancer, heart disease, mental health problems and other illnesses. But tests on the same drugs in independent trials paid for by non-profit organizations— governments, medical institutions or charities—have yielded very different results. Drugs for abnormal heart rhythm introduced in the late 1970s were killing more Americans every year by 1990 than the Vietnam War. Yet early evidence suggesting the drugs were lethal, which might have saved thousands of lives, went unpublished. Expensive cancer drugs introduced in the past 10 years and claiming to offer major benefits have increasingly been questioned. Evidence published in the Journal of the American Medical Association showed that 38 per cent of independent studies of the drugs reached unfavorable conclusions about them, compared with 5 per cent of the studies paid for by the pharmaceutical industry. In the latest case, researchers commissioned by the National Institute for Clinical Excellence to develop guidelines for the prescribing of anti-depressant drugs to children say they were refused access to unpublished trials of the drugs held by the pharmaceutical companies. Published evidence suggested that the anti-depressant drugs were safe and effective for children. But when they obtained the unpublished evidence by contacting individual researchers who had worked on the trials and other sources, a different picture emerged—one of an increase in suicidal thoughts and attempted suicide. Only one of the drugs, Prozac, emerged as safe. Anti-depressant drugs, though not recommended for children, were widely prescribed in Britain until last year, when the Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency issued a warning to doctors, prohibiting their use. This followed safety concerns raised by campaigners and taken up in two BBC TV Panorama broadcasts which brought the biggest response in the program’s history. Writing in the Lancet medical magazine, the researchers say: " On the basis of published evidence alone, we could have considered at least tentatively recommending use of these drugs for children and young people with depression. "The international pharmaceutical industry has been criticized for______.

A．controlling the drug market for its own profit
B．overlooking its yield of destructive medicine
C．neglecting research on the ill-effects of drugs
D．covering up the adverse results of drug trials

单项选择题

Everyone has been trying to understand Michael Jackson’s death this summer. While medics are still picking at his slender corpse, cultural authorities argue like vultures over his reputation. Should he be remembered as a great singer, a man possibly sexually attracted to children, an emblematic black artist who tried to bleach his face white, the Fred Astaire(a major founder of stage dance)of the 1980s, the first to master the MTV pop video, or a troubled victim of a domineering father His difficult journey from unhappy childhood, to weird quasi-adulthood has been told and re-told frequently and annoyingly across the world. Yet Jackson’s current crisis is an extreme version of a process that will happen to us all. For, as Jean Paul Sartre(French existentialist philosopher)put it, at death we become prey to the "Other" — our identity dissipating into the sum total of what is thought about us. While we are alive, Sartre explained, we can resist this pressure; we can defy the options that other people try to project onto us. We can’t erase our pasts, but we can always overturn future expectations. It’s a struggle Sartre saw as central to our existence as moral beings: we must do more than act out the roles others have scripted for us. This is the existential condition of humanity—we are the artists of our own lives, although with the anguish that comes from being condemned to be free. Given the weight of expectations heaped on his shoulders, it’s something Michael Jackson felt more crushingly than most: a burden reflected in his lifelong modifications of his own appearance. The human body, Ludwig Wittgenstein(an Austrian-British philosopher)once declared, is the best picture we have of the human soul. And Jackson’s body in his last days legibly expressed something very revealing. Death, of course, takes everything away. The back catalogue of Jackson’s songs is now the complete catalogue. Yet, according to Sartre, death is not the final chord of a 4 melody that suddenly resolves and makes sense of what went before. Instead, it merely begins an endless new argument over meanings from which the core—the real person—is perpetually absent. Michael Jackson is no longer with us. Instead, "Michael Jackson" is becoming the sum of what others hope to make of him.In the last paragraph, the "back catalogue" refers to Jackson’s______.

A．albums released at his death
B．MTV videos of his dancing
C．music he had recorded before
D．songs sung in his childhood

单项选择题

Next week, the European Parliament will debate stringent regulation of a number of effective pesticides. If this regulation is passed, the consequences will be devastating. In the 1960s, widespread use of the potent and safe insecticide DDT led to eradication of many insect-borne diseases in Europe and North America. But based on no scientific evidence of human health effects, the U. S. Environmental Protection Agency banned DDT, and its European counterparts followed suit. Subsequently, more than 1 million people died each year from malaria—but not in America or Europe. Rather, most of the victims were children and women in Africa and Asia. Today, even while acknowledging that indoor spraying of small amounts of DDT would help prevent many deaths and millions of illnesses, nongovernmental organizations continue—with great success—to pressure African governments not to allow its use. In order to stave off such pressure, African public health officials cave, and their children die needlessly. Yet, rather than learning the tragic lesson of the DDT ban, the European Union wants to extend this unscientific ban to other effective insecticides, including pyrethroids and organophosphates—further undercutting anti-malarial efforts. The currently debated regulation would engender a paradigm shift in the regulation of chemicals, from a risk-based approach—based on real world exposures from agricultural applications—to a hazard-based standard, derived from laboratory tests and having little or no basis in reality as far as human health is concerned. Of course, this is fine with anti-chemical zealots. Their concern is bringing down chemical companies in the name of "the environment" —tough luck if African children have to be sacrificed to their agenda, as was the case with DDT(which is still banned in the EU and not under consideration in the current debate). Most poignantly, the fight against malaria and other insect-borne tropical diseases would take another hit, with resulting illness, disability and death disproportionally affecting children under five and pregnant women. And what, after all, is the "danger" of these chemicals being debated In fact, there is no evidence to support the contention that insecticides pose a health threat to humans. Even DDT, one of the most studied chemicals of all time, has been conclusively shown to be safe for humans at all conceivable levels of exposure sufficient to control malaria and save millions of lives.According to the author, the "hazard-based standard" ______.

A．can cause an increase in research expenses
B．may lead to some environmental damage
C．will be applied widely by researchers
D．must be avoided in regulating chemicals

单项选择题

In the post Cold War world few articles have influenced how Western policymakers view the world more than Samuel Huntington’s 1993 article, "The Clash of Civilizations. " Suggesting that the world was returning to a civilization dominated world where future conflicts would originate from clashes between " civilizations" , the theory has been broadly criticized for oversimplification, ignoring local conflicts and for incorrectly predicting what has happened in the decade since its publication. The claim made by many that September the 11th has vindicated Huntington is simply not supported by the evidence. Huntington’s thesis outlines a future where the " great divisions among 9 humankind and the dominating source of conflict will be cultural. " He divides the world’s cultures into seven current civilizations, Western, Latin American, Confucian, Japanese, Islamic, Hindu and Slavic-Orthodox. In addition he judged Africa only as a possible civilization depending on how far one viewed the development of an African consciousness had developed. These civilizations seem to be defined primarily by religion with a number of ad hoc exceptions. Huntington predicts conflict occurring between states from different civilizations for control of international institutions and for economic and military power. He views this mix of conflict as normal by asserting that nation-states are a new phenomenon in a world dominated for most of its history by conflicts between civilizations. This is a dubious statement as inter-civilizational conflict driven mainly by geo-political factors rather than cultural differences is an equally if not more persuasive way to view much of history. The theory at least differentiates between non-Western civilizations rather than grouping them together. He also explains how the West presents pro-Western policies as positive for the entire world and that the very idea of a universal culture is a Western idea. However, his escape from a Eurocentric bias is only temporary. He completely fails to account for local cultures even though one can argue they collectively comprise a separate civilization. The article also predicts future conflicts will be started by non-Western civilizations reacting to Western power and values ignoring the equally plausible situation where Western states use their military superiority to maintain their superior positions. The policy prescriptions he suggests to counter this perceived threat equate to increasing the power of the West to forestall any loss of the West’s pre-eminence. Thus he suggests the Latin American and Orthodox-Slavic civilizations be drawn further into the Western orbit and the maintenance of Western military superiority.Huntington’s seven current civilizations excluded Africa because he deemed it as failing to______.

A．meet the criteria for being a civilization
B．possess a uniform culture as its own
C．reach a high level of development
D．develop a mature cultural awareness

单项选择题

The multibillion-dollar international pharmaceutical industry has been accused of manipulating the results of drug trials for financial gain and withholding information that could expose patients to possible harm. The stranglehold the industry has on research is causing increasing alarm in medical circles as evidence emerges of biased results, under-reporting and selective publication driven by a market worth more than 10 billion pounds in Britain alone. The industry has sponsored trials of new drugs which have held out great promise for patients with cancer, heart disease, mental health problems and other illnesses. But tests on the same drugs in independent trials paid for by non-profit organizations— governments, medical institutions or charities—have yielded very different results. Drugs for abnormal heart rhythm introduced in the late 1970s were killing more Americans every year by 1990 than the Vietnam War. Yet early evidence suggesting the drugs were lethal, which might have saved thousands of lives, went unpublished. Expensive cancer drugs introduced in the past 10 years and claiming to offer major benefits have increasingly been questioned. Evidence published in the Journal of the American Medical Association showed that 38 per cent of independent studies of the drugs reached unfavorable conclusions about them, compared with 5 per cent of the studies paid for by the pharmaceutical industry. In the latest case, researchers commissioned by the National Institute for Clinical Excellence to develop guidelines for the prescribing of anti-depressant drugs to children say they were refused access to unpublished trials of the drugs held by the pharmaceutical companies. Published evidence suggested that the anti-depressant drugs were safe and effective for children. But when they obtained the unpublished evidence by contacting individual researchers who had worked on the trials and other sources, a different picture emerged—one of an increase in suicidal thoughts and attempted suicide. Only one of the drugs, Prozac, emerged as safe. Anti-depressant drugs, though not recommended for children, were widely prescribed in Britain until last year, when the Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency issued a warning to doctors, prohibiting their use. This followed safety concerns raised by campaigners and taken up in two BBC TV Panorama broadcasts which brought the biggest response in the program’s history. Writing in the Lancet medical magazine, the researchers say: " On the basis of published evidence alone, we could have considered at least tentatively recommending use of these drugs for children and young people with depression. "The phrase "independent trials"(in Paragraph 4)in this context means "conducting the trials without______. "

A．any financial involvement
B．any governmental funds
C．the public’s awareness
D．the authority’s guidance

单项选择题

Everyone has been trying to understand Michael Jackson’s death this summer. While medics are still picking at his slender corpse, cultural authorities argue like vultures over his reputation. Should he be remembered as a great singer, a man possibly sexually attracted to children, an emblematic black artist who tried to bleach his face white, the Fred Astaire(a major founder of stage dance)of the 1980s, the first to master the MTV pop video, or a troubled victim of a domineering father His difficult journey from unhappy childhood, to weird quasi-adulthood has been told and re-told frequently and annoyingly across the world. Yet Jackson’s current crisis is an extreme version of a process that will happen to us all. For, as Jean Paul Sartre(French existentialist philosopher)put it, at death we become prey to the "Other" — our identity dissipating into the sum total of what is thought about us. While we are alive, Sartre explained, we can resist this pressure; we can defy the options that other people try to project onto us. We can’t erase our pasts, but we can always overturn future expectations. It’s a struggle Sartre saw as central to our existence as moral beings: we must do more than act out the roles others have scripted for us. This is the existential condition of humanity—we are the artists of our own lives, although with the anguish that comes from being condemned to be free. Given the weight of expectations heaped on his shoulders, it’s something Michael Jackson felt more crushingly than most: a burden reflected in his lifelong modifications of his own appearance. The human body, Ludwig Wittgenstein(an Austrian-British philosopher)once declared, is the best picture we have of the human soul. And Jackson’s body in his last days legibly expressed something very revealing. Death, of course, takes everything away. The back catalogue of Jackson’s songs is now the complete catalogue. Yet, according to Sartre, death is not the final chord of a 4 melody that suddenly resolves and makes sense of what went before. Instead, it merely begins an endless new argument over meanings from which the core—the real person—is perpetually absent. Michael Jackson is no longer with us. Instead, "Michael Jackson" is becoming the sum of what others hope to make of him.It can be concluded that today what we hear about Michael Jackson may NOT be______.

A．invented stories
B．variable stories
C．biased stories
D．factual stories

单项选择题

Next week, the European Parliament will debate stringent regulation of a number of effective pesticides. If this regulation is passed, the consequences will be devastating. In the 1960s, widespread use of the potent and safe insecticide DDT led to eradication of many insect-borne diseases in Europe and North America. But based on no scientific evidence of human health effects, the U. S. Environmental Protection Agency banned DDT, and its European counterparts followed suit. Subsequently, more than 1 million people died each year from malaria—but not in America or Europe. Rather, most of the victims were children and women in Africa and Asia. Today, even while acknowledging that indoor spraying of small amounts of DDT would help prevent many deaths and millions of illnesses, nongovernmental organizations continue—with great success—to pressure African governments not to allow its use. In order to stave off such pressure, African public health officials cave, and their children die needlessly. Yet, rather than learning the tragic lesson of the DDT ban, the European Union wants to extend this unscientific ban to other effective insecticides, including pyrethroids and organophosphates—further undercutting anti-malarial efforts. The currently debated regulation would engender a paradigm shift in the regulation of chemicals, from a risk-based approach—based on real world exposures from agricultural applications—to a hazard-based standard, derived from laboratory tests and having little or no basis in reality as far as human health is concerned. Of course, this is fine with anti-chemical zealots. Their concern is bringing down chemical companies in the name of "the environment" —tough luck if African children have to be sacrificed to their agenda, as was the case with DDT(which is still banned in the EU and not under consideration in the current debate). Most poignantly, the fight against malaria and other insect-borne tropical diseases would take another hit, with resulting illness, disability and death disproportionally affecting children under five and pregnant women. And what, after all, is the "danger" of these chemicals being debated In fact, there is no evidence to support the contention that insecticides pose a health threat to humans. Even DDT, one of the most studied chemicals of all time, has been conclusively shown to be safe for humans at all conceivable levels of exposure sufficient to control malaria and save millions of lives.The author believes that the real intent of those supporting the regulation is to______.

A．help cure insect-born tropical diseases
B．promote environmental protection
C．stop the chemical companies’ business
D．protect African children against insects

单项选择题

In the post Cold War world few articles have influenced how Western policymakers view the world more than Samuel Huntington’s 1993 article, "The Clash of Civilizations. " Suggesting that the world was returning to a civilization dominated world where future conflicts would originate from clashes between " civilizations" , the theory has been broadly criticized for oversimplification, ignoring local conflicts and for incorrectly predicting what has happened in the decade since its publication. The claim made by many that September the 11th has vindicated Huntington is simply not supported by the evidence. Huntington’s thesis outlines a future where the " great divisions among 9 humankind and the dominating source of conflict will be cultural. " He divides the world’s cultures into seven current civilizations, Western, Latin American, Confucian, Japanese, Islamic, Hindu and Slavic-Orthodox. In addition he judged Africa only as a possible civilization depending on how far one viewed the development of an African consciousness had developed. These civilizations seem to be defined primarily by religion with a number of ad hoc exceptions. Huntington predicts conflict occurring between states from different civilizations for control of international institutions and for economic and military power. He views this mix of conflict as normal by asserting that nation-states are a new phenomenon in a world dominated for most of its history by conflicts between civilizations. This is a dubious statement as inter-civilizational conflict driven mainly by geo-political factors rather than cultural differences is an equally if not more persuasive way to view much of history. The theory at least differentiates between non-Western civilizations rather than grouping them together. He also explains how the West presents pro-Western policies as positive for the entire world and that the very idea of a universal culture is a Western idea. However, his escape from a Eurocentric bias is only temporary. He completely fails to account for local cultures even though one can argue they collectively comprise a separate civilization. The article also predicts future conflicts will be started by non-Western civilizations reacting to Western power and values ignoring the equally plausible situation where Western states use their military superiority to maintain their superior positions. The policy prescriptions he suggests to counter this perceived threat equate to increasing the power of the West to forestall any loss of the West’s pre-eminence. Thus he suggests the Latin American and Orthodox-Slavic civilizations be drawn further into the Western orbit and the maintenance of Western military superiority.Huntington clearly held that______.

A．the world should be viewed without a Eurocentric bias
B．the West seeks to promote a common culture
C．policymakers should take local conflicts seriously
D．non-Western cultures should quickly react to the West

单项选择题

The multibillion-dollar international pharmaceutical industry has been accused of manipulating the results of drug trials for financial gain and withholding information that could expose patients to possible harm. The stranglehold the industry has on research is causing increasing alarm in medical circles as evidence emerges of biased results, under-reporting and selective publication driven by a market worth more than 10 billion pounds in Britain alone. The industry has sponsored trials of new drugs which have held out great promise for patients with cancer, heart disease, mental health problems and other illnesses. But tests on the same drugs in independent trials paid for by non-profit organizations— governments, medical institutions or charities—have yielded very different results. Drugs for abnormal heart rhythm introduced in the late 1970s were killing more Americans every year by 1990 than the Vietnam War. Yet early evidence suggesting the drugs were lethal, which might have saved thousands of lives, went unpublished. Expensive cancer drugs introduced in the past 10 years and claiming to offer major benefits have increasingly been questioned. Evidence published in the Journal of the American Medical Association showed that 38 per cent of independent studies of the drugs reached unfavorable conclusions about them, compared with 5 per cent of the studies paid for by the pharmaceutical industry. In the latest case, researchers commissioned by the National Institute for Clinical Excellence to develop guidelines for the prescribing of anti-depressant drugs to children say they were refused access to unpublished trials of the drugs held by the pharmaceutical companies. Published evidence suggested that the anti-depressant drugs were safe and effective for children. But when they obtained the unpublished evidence by contacting individual researchers who had worked on the trials and other sources, a different picture emerged—one of an increase in suicidal thoughts and attempted suicide. Only one of the drugs, Prozac, emerged as safe. Anti-depressant drugs, though not recommended for children, were widely prescribed in Britain until last year, when the Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency issued a warning to doctors, prohibiting their use. This followed safety concerns raised by campaigners and taken up in two BBC TV Panorama broadcasts which brought the biggest response in the program’s history. Writing in the Lancet medical magazine, the researchers say: " On the basis of published evidence alone, we could have considered at least tentatively recommending use of these drugs for children and young people with depression. "What was true about the drugs for abnormal heart rhythm

A．They killed lots of American soldiers in the Vietnam War.
B．They were known to be harmful at the early stage of its use.
C．They were illegally used due to their unpublished results.
D．They claimed to save thousands of lives but did it in vain.

单项选择题

Next week, the European Parliament will debate stringent regulation of a number of effective pesticides. If this regulation is passed, the consequences will be devastating. In the 1960s, widespread use of the potent and safe insecticide DDT led to eradication of many insect-borne diseases in Europe and North America. But based on no scientific evidence of human health effects, the U. S. Environmental Protection Agency banned DDT, and its European counterparts followed suit. Subsequently, more than 1 million people died each year from malaria—but not in America or Europe. Rather, most of the victims were children and women in Africa and Asia. Today, even while acknowledging that indoor spraying of small amounts of DDT would help prevent many deaths and millions of illnesses, nongovernmental organizations continue—with great success—to pressure African governments not to allow its use. In order to stave off such pressure, African public health officials cave, and their children die needlessly. Yet, rather than learning the tragic lesson of the DDT ban, the European Union wants to extend this unscientific ban to other effective insecticides, including pyrethroids and organophosphates—further undercutting anti-malarial efforts. The currently debated regulation would engender a paradigm shift in the regulation of chemicals, from a risk-based approach—based on real world exposures from agricultural applications—to a hazard-based standard, derived from laboratory tests and having little or no basis in reality as far as human health is concerned. Of course, this is fine with anti-chemical zealots. Their concern is bringing down chemical companies in the name of "the environment" —tough luck if African children have to be sacrificed to their agenda, as was the case with DDT(which is still banned in the EU and not under consideration in the current debate). Most poignantly, the fight against malaria and other insect-borne tropical diseases would take another hit, with resulting illness, disability and death disproportionally affecting children under five and pregnant women. And what, after all, is the "danger" of these chemicals being debated In fact, there is no evidence to support the contention that insecticides pose a health threat to humans. Even DDT, one of the most studied chemicals of all time, has been conclusively shown to be safe for humans at all conceivable levels of exposure sufficient to control malaria and save millions of lives.After the debate, the European Parliament will______.

A．consider DDT’s positive uses
B．continue to keep DDT illegal
C．remove some restrictions on DDT use
D．study DDT’s impact on human health

单项选择题

In the post Cold War world few articles have influenced how Western policymakers view the world more than Samuel Huntington’s 1993 article, "The Clash of Civilizations. " Suggesting that the world was returning to a civilization dominated world where future conflicts would originate from clashes between " civilizations" , the theory has been broadly criticized for oversimplification, ignoring local conflicts and for incorrectly predicting what has happened in the decade since its publication. The claim made by many that September the 11th has vindicated Huntington is simply not supported by the evidence. Huntington’s thesis outlines a future where the " great divisions among 9 humankind and the dominating source of conflict will be cultural. " He divides the world’s cultures into seven current civilizations, Western, Latin American, Confucian, Japanese, Islamic, Hindu and Slavic-Orthodox. In addition he judged Africa only as a possible civilization depending on how far one viewed the development of an African consciousness had developed. These civilizations seem to be defined primarily by religion with a number of ad hoc exceptions. Huntington predicts conflict occurring between states from different civilizations for control of international institutions and for economic and military power. He views this mix of conflict as normal by asserting that nation-states are a new phenomenon in a world dominated for most of its history by conflicts between civilizations. This is a dubious statement as inter-civilizational conflict driven mainly by geo-political factors rather than cultural differences is an equally if not more persuasive way to view much of history. The theory at least differentiates between non-Western civilizations rather than grouping them together. He also explains how the West presents pro-Western policies as positive for the entire world and that the very idea of a universal culture is a Western idea. However, his escape from a Eurocentric bias is only temporary. He completely fails to account for local cultures even though one can argue they collectively comprise a separate civilization. The article also predicts future conflicts will be started by non-Western civilizations reacting to Western power and values ignoring the equally plausible situation where Western states use their military superiority to maintain their superior positions. The policy prescriptions he suggests to counter this perceived threat equate to increasing the power of the West to forestall any loss of the West’s pre-eminence. Thus he suggests the Latin American and Orthodox-Slavic civilizations be drawn further into the Western orbit and the maintenance of Western military superiority.Huntington proposed some measures to be taken against a perceived threat to______.

A．Latin-American countries
B．non-Western civilizations
C．the West’s pre-eminence
D．the Orthodox-Slavic world

单项选择题

The multibillion-dollar international pharmaceutical industry has been accused of manipulating the results of drug trials for financial gain and withholding information that could expose patients to possible harm. The stranglehold the industry has on research is causing increasing alarm in medical circles as evidence emerges of biased results, under-reporting and selective publication driven by a market worth more than 10 billion pounds in Britain alone. The industry has sponsored trials of new drugs which have held out great promise for patients with cancer, heart disease, mental health problems and other illnesses. But tests on the same drugs in independent trials paid for by non-profit organizations— governments, medical institutions or charities—have yielded very different results. Drugs for abnormal heart rhythm introduced in the late 1970s were killing more Americans every year by 1990 than the Vietnam War. Yet early evidence suggesting the drugs were lethal, which might have saved thousands of lives, went unpublished. Expensive cancer drugs introduced in the past 10 years and claiming to offer major benefits have increasingly been questioned. Evidence published in the Journal of the American Medical Association showed that 38 per cent of independent studies of the drugs reached unfavorable conclusions about them, compared with 5 per cent of the studies paid for by the pharmaceutical industry. In the latest case, researchers commissioned by the National Institute for Clinical Excellence to develop guidelines for the prescribing of anti-depressant drugs to children say they were refused access to unpublished trials of the drugs held by the pharmaceutical companies. Published evidence suggested that the anti-depressant drugs were safe and effective for children. But when they obtained the unpublished evidence by contacting individual researchers who had worked on the trials and other sources, a different picture emerged—one of an increase in suicidal thoughts and attempted suicide. Only one of the drugs, Prozac, emerged as safe. Anti-depressant drugs, though not recommended for children, were widely prescribed in Britain until last year, when the Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency issued a warning to doctors, prohibiting their use. This followed safety concerns raised by campaigners and taken up in two BBC TV Panorama broadcasts which brought the biggest response in the program’s history. Writing in the Lancet medical magazine, the researchers say: " On the basis of published evidence alone, we could have considered at least tentatively recommending use of these drugs for children and young people with depression. "According to the passage, the unfavorable conclusions about drugs were kept a secret from______.

A．the general public
B．the drug companies
C．the researchers
D．the authorities

单项选择题

Next week, the European Parliament will debate stringent regulation of a number of effective pesticides. If this regulation is passed, the consequences will be devastating. In the 1960s, widespread use of the potent and safe insecticide DDT led to eradication of many insect-borne diseases in Europe and North America. But based on no scientific evidence of human health effects, the U. S. Environmental Protection Agency banned DDT, and its European counterparts followed suit. Subsequently, more than 1 million people died each year from malaria—but not in America or Europe. Rather, most of the victims were children and women in Africa and Asia. Today, even while acknowledging that indoor spraying of small amounts of DDT would help prevent many deaths and millions of illnesses, nongovernmental organizations continue—with great success—to pressure African governments not to allow its use. In order to stave off such pressure, African public health officials cave, and their children die needlessly. Yet, rather than learning the tragic lesson of the DDT ban, the European Union wants to extend this unscientific ban to other effective insecticides, including pyrethroids and organophosphates—further undercutting anti-malarial efforts. The currently debated regulation would engender a paradigm shift in the regulation of chemicals, from a risk-based approach—based on real world exposures from agricultural applications—to a hazard-based standard, derived from laboratory tests and having little or no basis in reality as far as human health is concerned. Of course, this is fine with anti-chemical zealots. Their concern is bringing down chemical companies in the name of "the environment" —tough luck if African children have to be sacrificed to their agenda, as was the case with DDT(which is still banned in the EU and not under consideration in the current debate). Most poignantly, the fight against malaria and other insect-borne tropical diseases would take another hit, with resulting illness, disability and death disproportionally affecting children under five and pregnant women. And what, after all, is the "danger" of these chemicals being debated In fact, there is no evidence to support the contention that insecticides pose a health threat to humans. Even DDT, one of the most studied chemicals of all time, has been conclusively shown to be safe for humans at all conceivable levels of exposure sufficient to control malaria and save millions of lives.According to the author, the fight against malaria would______..

A．suffer another severe setback
B．achieve another great success
C．bring another round of problems
D．produce another threat to people’s health

单项选择题

In the post Cold War world few articles have influenced how Western policymakers view the world more than Samuel Huntington’s 1993 article, "The Clash of Civilizations. " Suggesting that the world was returning to a civilization dominated world where future conflicts would originate from clashes between " civilizations" , the theory has been broadly criticized for oversimplification, ignoring local conflicts and for incorrectly predicting what has happened in the decade since its publication. The claim made by many that September the 11th has vindicated Huntington is simply not supported by the evidence. Huntington’s thesis outlines a future where the " great divisions among 9 humankind and the dominating source of conflict will be cultural. " He divides the world’s cultures into seven current civilizations, Western, Latin American, Confucian, Japanese, Islamic, Hindu and Slavic-Orthodox. In addition he judged Africa only as a possible civilization depending on how far one viewed the development of an African consciousness had developed. These civilizations seem to be defined primarily by religion with a number of ad hoc exceptions. Huntington predicts conflict occurring between states from different civilizations for control of international institutions and for economic and military power. He views this mix of conflict as normal by asserting that nation-states are a new phenomenon in a world dominated for most of its history by conflicts between civilizations. This is a dubious statement as inter-civilizational conflict driven mainly by geo-political factors rather than cultural differences is an equally if not more persuasive way to view much of history. The theory at least differentiates between non-Western civilizations rather than grouping them together. He also explains how the West presents pro-Western policies as positive for the entire world and that the very idea of a universal culture is a Western idea. However, his escape from a Eurocentric bias is only temporary. He completely fails to account for local cultures even though one can argue they collectively comprise a separate civilization. The article also predicts future conflicts will be started by non-Western civilizations reacting to Western power and values ignoring the equally plausible situation where Western states use their military superiority to maintain their superior positions. The policy prescriptions he suggests to counter this perceived threat equate to increasing the power of the West to forestall any loss of the West’s pre-eminence. Thus he suggests the Latin American and Orthodox-Slavic civilizations be drawn further into the Western orbit and the maintenance of Western military superiority.According to the author, Huntington’s theory is quite______.

A．provocative
B．ambiguous
C．questionable
D．high-sounding

单项选择题

The multibillion-dollar international pharmaceutical industry has been accused of manipulating the results of drug trials for financial gain and withholding information that could expose patients to possible harm. The stranglehold the industry has on research is causing increasing alarm in medical circles as evidence emerges of biased results, under-reporting and selective publication driven by a market worth more than 10 billion pounds in Britain alone. The industry has sponsored trials of new drugs which have held out great promise for patients with cancer, heart disease, mental health problems and other illnesses. But tests on the same drugs in independent trials paid for by non-profit organizations— governments, medical institutions or charities—have yielded very different results. Drugs for abnormal heart rhythm introduced in the late 1970s were killing more Americans every year by 1990 than the Vietnam War. Yet early evidence suggesting the drugs were lethal, which might have saved thousands of lives, went unpublished. Expensive cancer drugs introduced in the past 10 years and claiming to offer major benefits have increasingly been questioned. Evidence published in the Journal of the American Medical Association showed that 38 per cent of independent studies of the drugs reached unfavorable conclusions about them, compared with 5 per cent of the studies paid for by the pharmaceutical industry. In the latest case, researchers commissioned by the National Institute for Clinical Excellence to develop guidelines for the prescribing of anti-depressant drugs to children say they were refused access to unpublished trials of the drugs held by the pharmaceutical companies. Published evidence suggested that the anti-depressant drugs were safe and effective for children. But when they obtained the unpublished evidence by contacting individual researchers who had worked on the trials and other sources, a different picture emerged—one of an increase in suicidal thoughts and attempted suicide. Only one of the drugs, Prozac, emerged as safe. Anti-depressant drugs, though not recommended for children, were widely prescribed in Britain until last year, when the Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency issued a warning to doctors, prohibiting their use. This followed safety concerns raised by campaigners and taken up in two BBC TV Panorama broadcasts which brought the biggest response in the program’s history. Writing in the Lancet medical magazine, the researchers say: " On the basis of published evidence alone, we could have considered at least tentatively recommending use of these drugs for children and young people with depression. "The information unpublished about the anti-depressant drugs showed that______.

A．all but one drug were hazardous
B．only a few were good to children
C．many of them could curb suicide
D．different drugs had varied results

单项选择题

The multibillion-dollar international pharmaceutical industry has been accused of manipulating the results of drug trials for financial gain and withholding information that could expose patients to possible harm. The stranglehold the industry has on research is causing increasing alarm in medical circles as evidence emerges of biased results, under-reporting and selective publication driven by a market worth more than 10 billion pounds in Britain alone. The industry has sponsored trials of new drugs which have held out great promise for patients with cancer, heart disease, mental health problems and other illnesses. But tests on the same drugs in independent trials paid for by non-profit organizations— governments, medical institutions or charities—have yielded very different results. Drugs for abnormal heart rhythm introduced in the late 1970s were killing more Americans every year by 1990 than the Vietnam War. Yet early evidence suggesting the drugs were lethal, which might have saved thousands of lives, went unpublished. Expensive cancer drugs introduced in the past 10 years and claiming to offer major benefits have increasingly been questioned. Evidence published in the Journal of the American Medical Association showed that 38 per cent of independent studies of the drugs reached unfavorable conclusions about them, compared with 5 per cent of the studies paid for by the pharmaceutical industry. In the latest case, researchers commissioned by the National Institute for Clinical Excellence to develop guidelines for the prescribing of anti-depressant drugs to children say they were refused access to unpublished trials of the drugs held by the pharmaceutical companies. Published evidence suggested that the anti-depressant drugs were safe and effective for children. But when they obtained the unpublished evidence by contacting individual researchers who had worked on the trials and other sources, a different picture emerged—one of an increase in suicidal thoughts and attempted suicide. Only one of the drugs, Prozac, emerged as safe. Anti-depressant drugs, though not recommended for children, were widely prescribed in Britain until last year, when the Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency issued a warning to doctors, prohibiting their use. This followed safety concerns raised by campaigners and taken up in two BBC TV Panorama broadcasts which brought the biggest response in the program’s history. Writing in the Lancet medical magazine, the researchers say: " On the basis of published evidence alone, we could have considered at least tentatively recommending use of these drugs for children and young people with depression. "It can be inferred that, 2 years ago, to the doctors prescribing anti-depressant drugs, the published evidence about the drugs would seem to be very______.

A．destructive
B．misleading
C．instructive
D．encouraging

单项选择题

Most graduate programs in American universities produce a product for which there is no market(candidates for teaching positions that do not exist)and develop skills for which there is diminishing demand(research in subfields within subfields and publication in journals read by no one other than a few like-minded colleagues), all at a rapidly rising cost. Widespread hiring freezes and layoffs have brought these problems into sharp relief now. But our graduate system has been in crisis for decades, and the seeds of this crisis go as far back as the formation of modern universities. Kant, in his 1798 work "The Conflict of the Faculties," wrote that universities should "handle the entire content of learning by mass production, so to speak, by a division of labor, so that for every branch of the sciences there would be a public teacher or professor appointed as its trustee. " Unfortunately this mass-production university model has led to separation where there ought to be collaboration and to ever-increasing specialization. In my own department, for example, we have 10 faculty members, working in eight subfields, with little overlap. And as departments fragment, research and publication become more and more about less and less . The emphasis on narrow scholarship also encourages an educational system that has become a process of cloning. Faculty members cultivate those students whose futures they envision as identical to their own pasts, even though their tenures will stand in the way of these students having futures as full professors. The dirty secret of higher education is that without underpaid graduate students to help in laboratories and with teaching, universities couldn’t conduct research or even instruct their growing undergraduate populations. That’s one of the main reasons we still encourage people to enroll in doctoral programs. It is simply cheaper to provide graduate students with modest stipends and teaching assistants with as little as $ 5, 000 a course—with no benefits—than it is to hire full-time professors. The other obstacle to change is that colleges and universities are self-regulating or, in academic terms, governed by peer review. While trustees and administrations theoretically have some oversight responsibility, in practice, departments operate independently. To complicate matters further, once a faculty member has been granted tenure he is functionally autonomous. Many academics who cry out for the regulation of financial markets vehemently oppose it in their own departments.According to Paragraph 1, it seems to be NOT worthwhile to attend an American graduate program at a high cost if one wants to______.

A．pursue a teaching career
B．do business in the future
C．become a prolific writer
D．engage in administrative work

单项选择题

Most graduate programs in American universities produce a product for which there is no market(candidates for teaching positions that do not exist)and develop skills for which there is diminishing demand(research in subfields within subfields and publication in journals read by no one other than a few like-minded colleagues), all at a rapidly rising cost. Widespread hiring freezes and layoffs have brought these problems into sharp relief now. But our graduate system has been in crisis for decades, and the seeds of this crisis go as far back as the formation of modern universities. Kant, in his 1798 work "The Conflict of the Faculties," wrote that universities should "handle the entire content of learning by mass production, so to speak, by a division of labor, so that for every branch of the sciences there would be a public teacher or professor appointed as its trustee. " Unfortunately this mass-production university model has led to separation where there ought to be collaboration and to ever-increasing specialization. In my own department, for example, we have 10 faculty members, working in eight subfields, with little overlap. And as departments fragment, research and publication become more and more about less and less . The emphasis on narrow scholarship also encourages an educational system that has become a process of cloning. Faculty members cultivate those students whose futures they envision as identical to their own pasts, even though their tenures will stand in the way of these students having futures as full professors. The dirty secret of higher education is that without underpaid graduate students to help in laboratories and with teaching, universities couldn’t conduct research or even instruct their growing undergraduate populations. That’s one of the main reasons we still encourage people to enroll in doctoral programs. It is simply cheaper to provide graduate students with modest stipends and teaching assistants with as little as $ 5, 000 a course—with no benefits—than it is to hire full-time professors. The other obstacle to change is that colleges and universities are self-regulating or, in academic terms, governed by peer review. While trustees and administrations theoretically have some oversight responsibility, in practice, departments operate independently. To complicate matters further, once a faculty member has been granted tenure he is functionally autonomous. Many academics who cry out for the regulation of financial markets vehemently oppose it in their own departments.Kant is quoted because______.

A．he pointed put why crises would arise in modern universities
B．he proposed some idea of what a modern university should do
C．he used to help relieve the problems universities had suffered
D．he found how to cope with conflicts among the faculties

单项选择题

Most graduate programs in American universities produce a product for which there is no market(candidates for teaching positions that do not exist)and develop skills for which there is diminishing demand(research in subfields within subfields and publication in journals read by no one other than a few like-minded colleagues), all at a rapidly rising cost. Widespread hiring freezes and layoffs have brought these problems into sharp relief now. But our graduate system has been in crisis for decades, and the seeds of this crisis go as far back as the formation of modern universities. Kant, in his 1798 work "The Conflict of the Faculties," wrote that universities should "handle the entire content of learning by mass production, so to speak, by a division of labor, so that for every branch of the sciences there would be a public teacher or professor appointed as its trustee. " Unfortunately this mass-production university model has led to separation where there ought to be collaboration and to ever-increasing specialization. In my own department, for example, we have 10 faculty members, working in eight subfields, with little overlap. And as departments fragment, research and publication become more and more about less and less . The emphasis on narrow scholarship also encourages an educational system that has become a process of cloning. Faculty members cultivate those students whose futures they envision as identical to their own pasts, even though their tenures will stand in the way of these students having futures as full professors. The dirty secret of higher education is that without underpaid graduate students to help in laboratories and with teaching, universities couldn’t conduct research or even instruct their growing undergraduate populations. That’s one of the main reasons we still encourage people to enroll in doctoral programs. It is simply cheaper to provide graduate students with modest stipends and teaching assistants with as little as $ 5, 000 a course—with no benefits—than it is to hire full-time professors. The other obstacle to change is that colleges and universities are self-regulating or, in academic terms, governed by peer review. While trustees and administrations theoretically have some oversight responsibility, in practice, departments operate independently. To complicate matters further, once a faculty member has been granted tenure he is functionally autonomous. Many academics who cry out for the regulation of financial markets vehemently oppose it in their own departments.The boldfaced phrase "less and less"(in Paragraph 3)refers to______.

A．diminishing governmental support
B．publications in decreasing number
C．theories with growing intelligibility
D．increasingly specialized knowledge

单项选择题

Most graduate programs in American universities produce a product for which there is no market(candidates for teaching positions that do not exist)and develop skills for which there is diminishing demand(research in subfields within subfields and publication in journals read by no one other than a few like-minded colleagues), all at a rapidly rising cost. Widespread hiring freezes and layoffs have brought these problems into sharp relief now. But our graduate system has been in crisis for decades, and the seeds of this crisis go as far back as the formation of modern universities. Kant, in his 1798 work "The Conflict of the Faculties," wrote that universities should "handle the entire content of learning by mass production, so to speak, by a division of labor, so that for every branch of the sciences there would be a public teacher or professor appointed as its trustee. " Unfortunately this mass-production university model has led to separation where there ought to be collaboration and to ever-increasing specialization. In my own department, for example, we have 10 faculty members, working in eight subfields, with little overlap. And as departments fragment, research and publication become more and more about less and less . The emphasis on narrow scholarship also encourages an educational system that has become a process of cloning. Faculty members cultivate those students whose futures they envision as identical to their own pasts, even though their tenures will stand in the way of these students having futures as full professors. The dirty secret of higher education is that without underpaid graduate students to help in laboratories and with teaching, universities couldn’t conduct research or even instruct their growing undergraduate populations. That’s one of the main reasons we still encourage people to enroll in doctoral programs. It is simply cheaper to provide graduate students with modest stipends and teaching assistants with as little as $ 5, 000 a course—with no benefits—than it is to hire full-time professors. The other obstacle to change is that colleges and universities are self-regulating or, in academic terms, governed by peer review. While trustees and administrations theoretically have some oversight responsibility, in practice, departments operate independently. To complicate matters further, once a faculty member has been granted tenure he is functionally autonomous. Many academics who cry out for the regulation of financial markets vehemently oppose it in their own departments.According to the author, in today’s educational system, it’s difficult to______.

A．attend courses of one’s own choice
B．get a scholarship in a desired specialty
C．produce students with new horizons
D．ask teachers to stay long in their jobs

单项选择题

Most graduate programs in American universities produce a product for which there is no market(candidates for teaching positions that do not exist)and develop skills for which there is diminishing demand(research in subfields within subfields and publication in journals read by no one other than a few like-minded colleagues), all at a rapidly rising cost. Widespread hiring freezes and layoffs have brought these problems into sharp relief now. But our graduate system has been in crisis for decades, and the seeds of this crisis go as far back as the formation of modern universities. Kant, in his 1798 work "The Conflict of the Faculties," wrote that universities should "handle the entire content of learning by mass production, so to speak, by a division of labor, so that for every branch of the sciences there would be a public teacher or professor appointed as its trustee. " Unfortunately this mass-production university model has led to separation where there ought to be collaboration and to ever-increasing specialization. In my own department, for example, we have 10 faculty members, working in eight subfields, with little overlap. And as departments fragment, research and publication become more and more about less and less . The emphasis on narrow scholarship also encourages an educational system that has become a process of cloning. Faculty members cultivate those students whose futures they envision as identical to their own pasts, even though their tenures will stand in the way of these students having futures as full professors. The dirty secret of higher education is that without underpaid graduate students to help in laboratories and with teaching, universities couldn’t conduct research or even instruct their growing undergraduate populations. That’s one of the main reasons we still encourage people to enroll in doctoral programs. It is simply cheaper to provide graduate students with modest stipends and teaching assistants with as little as $ 5, 000 a course—with no benefits—than it is to hire full-time professors. The other obstacle to change is that colleges and universities are self-regulating or, in academic terms, governed by peer review. While trustees and administrations theoretically have some oversight responsibility, in practice, departments operate independently. To complicate matters further, once a faculty member has been granted tenure he is functionally autonomous. Many academics who cry out for the regulation of financial markets vehemently oppose it in their own departments.Enrollments in doctoral programs are promoted by the universities mainly because they need______.

A．the cheap labor of the students
B．to show high academic standard
C．to attract enough full-time professors
D．the talented hands to help with research

单项选择题

Most graduate programs in American universities produce a product for which there is no market(candidates for teaching positions that do not exist)and develop skills for which there is diminishing demand(research in subfields within subfields and publication in journals read by no one other than a few like-minded colleagues), all at a rapidly rising cost. Widespread hiring freezes and layoffs have brought these problems into sharp relief now. But our graduate system has been in crisis for decades, and the seeds of this crisis go as far back as the formation of modern universities. Kant, in his 1798 work "The Conflict of the Faculties," wrote that universities should "handle the entire content of learning by mass production, so to speak, by a division of labor, so that for every branch of the sciences there would be a public teacher or professor appointed as its trustee. " Unfortunately this mass-production university model has led to separation where there ought to be collaboration and to ever-increasing specialization. In my own department, for example, we have 10 faculty members, working in eight subfields, with little overlap. And as departments fragment, research and publication become more and more about less and less . The emphasis on narrow scholarship also encourages an educational system that has become a process of cloning. Faculty members cultivate those students whose futures they envision as identical to their own pasts, even though their tenures will stand in the way of these students having futures as full professors. The dirty secret of higher education is that without underpaid graduate students to help in laboratories and with teaching, universities couldn’t conduct research or even instruct their growing undergraduate populations. That’s one of the main reasons we still encourage people to enroll in doctoral programs. It is simply cheaper to provide graduate students with modest stipends and teaching assistants with as little as $ 5, 000 a course—with no benefits—than it is to hire full-time professors. The other obstacle to change is that colleges and universities are self-regulating or, in academic terms, governed by peer review. While trustees and administrations theoretically have some oversight responsibility, in practice, departments operate independently. To complicate matters further, once a faculty member has been granted tenure he is functionally autonomous. Many academics who cry out for the regulation of financial markets vehemently oppose it in their own departments.The author thinks it’s bad for faculty members to be______.

A．free from the supervision of the trustees
B．involved in any profit-making activities
C．subject to peer view on all academic matters
D．restricted to the work in their own departments

问答题

Historically, the spread, prevalence, and very existence of contagious disease have wholly depended on the growth and concentration of human populations.【R1】And though the last century has witnessed substantial worldwide success in combating many past scourges—such as polio and smallpox—infectious diseases still claim more lives than any other group of diseases. The prevailing demographic trends continue to create a crowded human " medium" that both invites and is vulnerable to infection. The share of humanity living in cities with more than 1 million people has surged from less than 5 percent in 1900 to nearly 40 percent today, creating the ideal setting for the resurgence of old infectious diseases as well as the development of new ones.【R2】 Overcrowding—the increased proximity of susceptible individuals—is a principal risk factor for the incidence and spread of all major infectious diseases, including tuberculosis, dengue fever, malaria, and acute respiratory illnesses, which are unable to spread and survive in low population densities.【R3】 Aside from sheer growth and increasing density, the urbanization under way in developing nations is often accompanied by deteriorating health indicators and increased exposure to disease risk factors. Access to clean water, good hygiene, and adequate housing are sorely lacking in developing nations. As a result, waterborne infections such as cholera and other diarrheal diseases account for 90 percent of all infectious diseases in developing countries—and 40 percent of all deaths in some nations.【R4】 In both industrial and developing nations, incidences of a wide range of infectious diseases, including tuberculosis, diarrheal diseases, and HIV/AIDS, are considerably higher in urban slums— where poverty and compromised health define the way of life—than in the rest of the city.【R5】__A. Key disease carriers, such as insects and rats, thrive in crowded urban settings, further facilitating spread.B. The unprecedented population densities in fourteenth-century Europe, for example, led to the plague outbreak that claimed the lives of one fourth of the population.C. Although these infections are easily preventable if adequate water and sanitation are available, the vast majority of the world’s population is lifelong victims.D. While new global markets have created unprecedented economic opportunities and growth, the health risks of our increasingly interconnected and fast-paced world continue to grow.E. Pathogens can more readily establish in large populations, since all infectious diseases require a critical number of vulnerable individuals in order to take root and spread.F. These areas can serve as a perpetual reservoir of disease or disease vectors, placing other parts of the city at risk of an outbreak and allowing the disease to continue evolving, often into a deadlier strain.【R1】

答案：正确答案：B

问答题

When an eight-lane steel-truss-arch bridge across the Mississippi River in Minneapolis collapsed during the evening rush hour on August 1st 2007, 13 people were killed and 145 were injured. There had been no warning. The bridge was 40 years old but had a life expectancy of 50 years. The central span suddenly gave way after the gusset plates that connected the steel beams buckled and fractured, dropping the bridge into the river. 【R6】The St Anthony Falls bridge, which opened on September 18th 2008 and replaces the collapsed structure, should do just that. It has an embedded early-warning system made of hundreds of sensors. They include wire and fibre-optic strain and displacement gauges, accelerometers, potentiometers and corrosion sensors that have been built into the span to monitor it for structural weaknesses, such as corroded concrete and overly strained joints. 【R7】Another example is the six-lane Charilaos Trikoupis bridge in Greece, which spans the Gulf of Corinth, linking the town of Rio on the Peloponnese peninsula to Antirrio on the mainland. This 3km-long bridge, which was opened in 2004, has roughly 300 sensors that alert its operators if an earthquake or high winds warrant it being shut to traffic, as well as monitoring its overall health. These sensors have already detected some abnormal vibrations in the cables holding the bridge.【R8】 The next generation of sensors to monitor bridge health will be even more sophisticated. For one thing, they will be wireless, which will make installing them a lot cheaper.【R9】 Dr Lynch is the chief researcher on a project intended to help design the next generation of monitoring systems for bridges. He and his colleagues are also looking at how to make a cement-based sensing skin that can detect excessive strain in bridges. Individual sensors, says Dr Lynch, are not ideal because the initial cracks in a bridge may not occur at the point the sensor is placed.【R10】__He is also exploring a paint-like substance made of carbon nanotubes that can be painted onto bridges to detect corrosion and cracks. Since carbon nanotubes conduct electricity, sending a current through the paint would help engineers to detect structural weakness through changes in the paint’s electrical properties.A. The new Minneapolis bridge joins a handful of "smart" bridges that have built-in sensors to monitor their health.B. The kilometers of wire needed to connect sensors to central computers can add significantly to the system’s cost, according to Jerome Lynch of the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor.C. By 2025 all bridges in American will have been equipped with this advanced technology.D. A continuous skin would solve this problem.E. In the wake of the catastrophe, there were calls to harness technology to avoid similar mishaps.F. Engineers then installed additional weights as dampeners.【R6】

答案：正确答案：E

问答题

Historically, the spread, prevalence, and very existence of contagious disease have wholly depended on the growth and concentration of human populations.【R1】And though the last century has witnessed substantial worldwide success in combating many past scourges—such as polio and smallpox—infectious diseases still claim more lives than any other group of diseases. The prevailing demographic trends continue to create a crowded human " medium" that both invites and is vulnerable to infection. The share of humanity living in cities with more than 1 million people has surged from less than 5 percent in 1900 to nearly 40 percent today, creating the ideal setting for the resurgence of old infectious diseases as well as the development of new ones.【R2】 Overcrowding—the increased proximity of susceptible individuals—is a principal risk factor for the incidence and spread of all major infectious diseases, including tuberculosis, dengue fever, malaria, and acute respiratory illnesses, which are unable to spread and survive in low population densities.【R3】 Aside from sheer growth and increasing density, the urbanization under way in developing nations is often accompanied by deteriorating health indicators and increased exposure to disease risk factors. Access to clean water, good hygiene, and adequate housing are sorely lacking in developing nations. As a result, waterborne infections such as cholera and other diarrheal diseases account for 90 percent of all infectious diseases in developing countries—and 40 percent of all deaths in some nations.【R4】 In both industrial and developing nations, incidences of a wide range of infectious diseases, including tuberculosis, diarrheal diseases, and HIV/AIDS, are considerably higher in urban slums— where poverty and compromised health define the way of life—than in the rest of the city.【R5】__A. Key disease carriers, such as insects and rats, thrive in crowded urban settings, further facilitating spread.B. The unprecedented population densities in fourteenth-century Europe, for example, led to the plague outbreak that claimed the lives of one fourth of the population.C. Although these infections are easily preventable if adequate water and sanitation are available, the vast majority of the world’s population is lifelong victims.D. While new global markets have created unprecedented economic opportunities and growth, the health risks of our increasingly interconnected and fast-paced world continue to grow.E. Pathogens can more readily establish in large populations, since all infectious diseases require a critical number of vulnerable individuals in order to take root and spread.F. These areas can serve as a perpetual reservoir of disease or disease vectors, placing other parts of the city at risk of an outbreak and allowing the disease to continue evolving, often into a deadlier strain.【R2】

答案：正确答案：E

问答题

When an eight-lane steel-truss-arch bridge across the Mississippi River in Minneapolis collapsed during the evening rush hour on August 1st 2007, 13 people were killed and 145 were injured. There had been no warning. The bridge was 40 years old but had a life expectancy of 50 years. The central span suddenly gave way after the gusset plates that connected the steel beams buckled and fractured, dropping the bridge into the river. 【R6】The St Anthony Falls bridge, which opened on September 18th 2008 and replaces the collapsed structure, should do just that. It has an embedded early-warning system made of hundreds of sensors. They include wire and fibre-optic strain and displacement gauges, accelerometers, potentiometers and corrosion sensors that have been built into the span to monitor it for structural weaknesses, such as corroded concrete and overly strained joints. 【R7】Another example is the six-lane Charilaos Trikoupis bridge in Greece, which spans the Gulf of Corinth, linking the town of Rio on the Peloponnese peninsula to Antirrio on the mainland. This 3km-long bridge, which was opened in 2004, has roughly 300 sensors that alert its operators if an earthquake or high winds warrant it being shut to traffic, as well as monitoring its overall health. These sensors have already detected some abnormal vibrations in the cables holding the bridge.【R8】 The next generation of sensors to monitor bridge health will be even more sophisticated. For one thing, they will be wireless, which will make installing them a lot cheaper.【R9】 Dr Lynch is the chief researcher on a project intended to help design the next generation of monitoring systems for bridges. He and his colleagues are also looking at how to make a cement-based sensing skin that can detect excessive strain in bridges. Individual sensors, says Dr Lynch, are not ideal because the initial cracks in a bridge may not occur at the point the sensor is placed.【R10】__He is also exploring a paint-like substance made of carbon nanotubes that can be painted onto bridges to detect corrosion and cracks. Since carbon nanotubes conduct electricity, sending a current through the paint would help engineers to detect structural weakness through changes in the paint’s electrical properties.A. The new Minneapolis bridge joins a handful of "smart" bridges that have built-in sensors to monitor their health.B. The kilometers of wire needed to connect sensors to central computers can add significantly to the system’s cost, according to Jerome Lynch of the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor.C. By 2025 all bridges in American will have been equipped with this advanced technology.D. A continuous skin would solve this problem.E. In the wake of the catastrophe, there were calls to harness technology to avoid similar mishaps.F. Engineers then installed additional weights as dampeners.【R7】

答案：正确答案：A

问答题

Historically, the spread, prevalence, and very existence of contagious disease have wholly depended on the growth and concentration of human populations.【R1】And though the last century has witnessed substantial worldwide success in combating many past scourges—such as polio and smallpox—infectious diseases still claim more lives than any other group of diseases. The prevailing demographic trends continue to create a crowded human " medium" that both invites and is vulnerable to infection. The share of humanity living in cities with more than 1 million people has surged from less than 5 percent in 1900 to nearly 40 percent today, creating the ideal setting for the resurgence of old infectious diseases as well as the development of new ones.【R2】 Overcrowding—the increased proximity of susceptible individuals—is a principal risk factor for the incidence and spread of all major infectious diseases, including tuberculosis, dengue fever, malaria, and acute respiratory illnesses, which are unable to spread and survive in low population densities.【R3】 Aside from sheer growth and increasing density, the urbanization under way in developing nations is often accompanied by deteriorating health indicators and increased exposure to disease risk factors. Access to clean water, good hygiene, and adequate housing are sorely lacking in developing nations. As a result, waterborne infections such as cholera and other diarrheal diseases account for 90 percent of all infectious diseases in developing countries—and 40 percent of all deaths in some nations.【R4】 In both industrial and developing nations, incidences of a wide range of infectious diseases, including tuberculosis, diarrheal diseases, and HIV/AIDS, are considerably higher in urban slums— where poverty and compromised health define the way of life—than in the rest of the city.【R5】__A. Key disease carriers, such as insects and rats, thrive in crowded urban settings, further facilitating spread.B. The unprecedented population densities in fourteenth-century Europe, for example, led to the plague outbreak that claimed the lives of one fourth of the population.C. Although these infections are easily preventable if adequate water and sanitation are available, the vast majority of the world’s population is lifelong victims.D. While new global markets have created unprecedented economic opportunities and growth, the health risks of our increasingly interconnected and fast-paced world continue to grow.E. Pathogens can more readily establish in large populations, since all infectious diseases require a critical number of vulnerable individuals in order to take root and spread.F. These areas can serve as a perpetual reservoir of disease or disease vectors, placing other parts of the city at risk of an outbreak and allowing the disease to continue evolving, often into a deadlier strain.【R3】

答案：正确答案：A

问答题

When an eight-lane steel-truss-arch bridge across the Mississippi River in Minneapolis collapsed during the evening rush hour on August 1st 2007, 13 people were killed and 145 were injured. There had been no warning. The bridge was 40 years old but had a life expectancy of 50 years. The central span suddenly gave way after the gusset plates that connected the steel beams buckled and fractured, dropping the bridge into the river. 【R6】The St Anthony Falls bridge, which opened on September 18th 2008 and replaces the collapsed structure, should do just that. It has an embedded early-warning system made of hundreds of sensors. They include wire and fibre-optic strain and displacement gauges, accelerometers, potentiometers and corrosion sensors that have been built into the span to monitor it for structural weaknesses, such as corroded concrete and overly strained joints. 【R7】Another example is the six-lane Charilaos Trikoupis bridge in Greece, which spans the Gulf of Corinth, linking the town of Rio on the Peloponnese peninsula to Antirrio on the mainland. This 3km-long bridge, which was opened in 2004, has roughly 300 sensors that alert its operators if an earthquake or high winds warrant it being shut to traffic, as well as monitoring its overall health. These sensors have already detected some abnormal vibrations in the cables holding the bridge.【R8】 The next generation of sensors to monitor bridge health will be even more sophisticated. For one thing, they will be wireless, which will make installing them a lot cheaper.【R9】 Dr Lynch is the chief researcher on a project intended to help design the next generation of monitoring systems for bridges. He and his colleagues are also looking at how to make a cement-based sensing skin that can detect excessive strain in bridges. Individual sensors, says Dr Lynch, are not ideal because the initial cracks in a bridge may not occur at the point the sensor is placed.【R10】__He is also exploring a paint-like substance made of carbon nanotubes that can be painted onto bridges to detect corrosion and cracks. Since carbon nanotubes conduct electricity, sending a current through the paint would help engineers to detect structural weakness through changes in the paint’s electrical properties.A. The new Minneapolis bridge joins a handful of "smart" bridges that have built-in sensors to monitor their health.B. The kilometers of wire needed to connect sensors to central computers can add significantly to the system’s cost, according to Jerome Lynch of the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor.C. By 2025 all bridges in American will have been equipped with this advanced technology.D. A continuous skin would solve this problem.E. In the wake of the catastrophe, there were calls to harness technology to avoid similar mishaps.F. Engineers then installed additional weights as dampeners.【R8】

答案：正确答案：F

问答题

Historically, the spread, prevalence, and very existence of contagious disease have wholly depended on the growth and concentration of human populations.【R1】And though the last century has witnessed substantial worldwide success in combating many past scourges—such as polio and smallpox—infectious diseases still claim more lives than any other group of diseases. The prevailing demographic trends continue to create a crowded human " medium" that both invites and is vulnerable to infection. The share of humanity living in cities with more than 1 million people has surged from less than 5 percent in 1900 to nearly 40 percent today, creating the ideal setting for the resurgence of old infectious diseases as well as the development of new ones.【R2】 Overcrowding—the increased proximity of susceptible individuals—is a principal risk factor for the incidence and spread of all major infectious diseases, including tuberculosis, dengue fever, malaria, and acute respiratory illnesses, which are unable to spread and survive in low population densities.【R3】 Aside from sheer growth and increasing density, the urbanization under way in developing nations is often accompanied by deteriorating health indicators and increased exposure to disease risk factors. Access to clean water, good hygiene, and adequate housing are sorely lacking in developing nations. As a result, waterborne infections such as cholera and other diarrheal diseases account for 90 percent of all infectious diseases in developing countries—and 40 percent of all deaths in some nations.【R4】 In both industrial and developing nations, incidences of a wide range of infectious diseases, including tuberculosis, diarrheal diseases, and HIV/AIDS, are considerably higher in urban slums— where poverty and compromised health define the way of life—than in the rest of the city.【R5】__A. Key disease carriers, such as insects and rats, thrive in crowded urban settings, further facilitating spread.B. The unprecedented population densities in fourteenth-century Europe, for example, led to the plague outbreak that claimed the lives of one fourth of the population.C. Although these infections are easily preventable if adequate water and sanitation are available, the vast majority of the world’s population is lifelong victims.D. While new global markets have created unprecedented economic opportunities and growth, the health risks of our increasingly interconnected and fast-paced world continue to grow.E. Pathogens can more readily establish in large populations, since all infectious diseases require a critical number of vulnerable individuals in order to take root and spread.F. These areas can serve as a perpetual reservoir of disease or disease vectors, placing other parts of the city at risk of an outbreak and allowing the disease to continue evolving, often into a deadlier strain.【R4】

答案：正确答案：C

问答题

When an eight-lane steel-truss-arch bridge across the Mississippi River in Minneapolis collapsed during the evening rush hour on August 1st 2007, 13 people were killed and 145 were injured. There had been no warning. The bridge was 40 years old but had a life expectancy of 50 years. The central span suddenly gave way after the gusset plates that connected the steel beams buckled and fractured, dropping the bridge into the river. 【R6】The St Anthony Falls bridge, which opened on September 18th 2008 and replaces the collapsed structure, should do just that. It has an embedded early-warning system made of hundreds of sensors. They include wire and fibre-optic strain and displacement gauges, accelerometers, potentiometers and corrosion sensors that have been built into the span to monitor it for structural weaknesses, such as corroded concrete and overly strained joints. 【R7】Another example is the six-lane Charilaos Trikoupis bridge in Greece, which spans the Gulf of Corinth, linking the town of Rio on the Peloponnese peninsula to Antirrio on the mainland. This 3km-long bridge, which was opened in 2004, has roughly 300 sensors that alert its operators if an earthquake or high winds warrant it being shut to traffic, as well as monitoring its overall health. These sensors have already detected some abnormal vibrations in the cables holding the bridge.【R8】 The next generation of sensors to monitor bridge health will be even more sophisticated. For one thing, they will be wireless, which will make installing them a lot cheaper.【R9】 Dr Lynch is the chief researcher on a project intended to help design the next generation of monitoring systems for bridges. He and his colleagues are also looking at how to make a cement-based sensing skin that can detect excessive strain in bridges. Individual sensors, says Dr Lynch, are not ideal because the initial cracks in a bridge may not occur at the point the sensor is placed.【R10】__He is also exploring a paint-like substance made of carbon nanotubes that can be painted onto bridges to detect corrosion and cracks. Since carbon nanotubes conduct electricity, sending a current through the paint would help engineers to detect structural weakness through changes in the paint’s electrical properties.A. The new Minneapolis bridge joins a handful of "smart" bridges that have built-in sensors to monitor their health.B. The kilometers of wire needed to connect sensors to central computers can add significantly to the system’s cost, according to Jerome Lynch of the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor.C. By 2025 all bridges in American will have been equipped with this advanced technology.D. A continuous skin would solve this problem.E. In the wake of the catastrophe, there were calls to harness technology to avoid similar mishaps.F. Engineers then installed additional weights as dampeners.【R9】

答案：正确答案：B

问答题

Historically, the spread, prevalence, and very existence of contagious disease have wholly depended on the growth and concentration of human populations.【R1】And though the last century has witnessed substantial worldwide success in combating many past scourges—such as polio and smallpox—infectious diseases still claim more lives than any other group of diseases. The prevailing demographic trends continue to create a crowded human " medium" that both invites and is vulnerable to infection. The share of humanity living in cities with more than 1 million people has surged from less than 5 percent in 1900 to nearly 40 percent today, creating the ideal setting for the resurgence of old infectious diseases as well as the development of new ones.【R2】 Overcrowding—the increased proximity of susceptible individuals—is a principal risk factor for the incidence and spread of all major infectious diseases, including tuberculosis, dengue fever, malaria, and acute respiratory illnesses, which are unable to spread and survive in low population densities.【R3】 Aside from sheer growth and increasing density, the urbanization under way in developing nations is often accompanied by deteriorating health indicators and increased exposure to disease risk factors. Access to clean water, good hygiene, and adequate housing are sorely lacking in developing nations. As a result, waterborne infections such as cholera and other diarrheal diseases account for 90 percent of all infectious diseases in developing countries—and 40 percent of all deaths in some nations.【R4】 In both industrial and developing nations, incidences of a wide range of infectious diseases, including tuberculosis, diarrheal diseases, and HIV/AIDS, are considerably higher in urban slums— where poverty and compromised health define the way of life—than in the rest of the city.【R5】__A. Key disease carriers, such as insects and rats, thrive in crowded urban settings, further facilitating spread.B. The unprecedented population densities in fourteenth-century Europe, for example, led to the plague outbreak that claimed the lives of one fourth of the population.C. Although these infections are easily preventable if adequate water and sanitation are available, the vast majority of the world’s population is lifelong victims.D. While new global markets have created unprecedented economic opportunities and growth, the health risks of our increasingly interconnected and fast-paced world continue to grow.E. Pathogens can more readily establish in large populations, since all infectious diseases require a critical number of vulnerable individuals in order to take root and spread.F. These areas can serve as a perpetual reservoir of disease or disease vectors, placing other parts of the city at risk of an outbreak and allowing the disease to continue evolving, often into a deadlier strain.【R5】

答案：正确答案：F

问答题

When an eight-lane steel-truss-arch bridge across the Mississippi River in Minneapolis collapsed during the evening rush hour on August 1st 2007, 13 people were killed and 145 were injured. There had been no warning. The bridge was 40 years old but had a life expectancy of 50 years. The central span suddenly gave way after the gusset plates that connected the steel beams buckled and fractured, dropping the bridge into the river. 【R6】The St Anthony Falls bridge, which opened on September 18th 2008 and replaces the collapsed structure, should do just that. It has an embedded early-warning system made of hundreds of sensors. They include wire and fibre-optic strain and displacement gauges, accelerometers, potentiometers and corrosion sensors that have been built into the span to monitor it for structural weaknesses, such as corroded concrete and overly strained joints. 【R7】Another example is the six-lane Charilaos Trikoupis bridge in Greece, which spans the Gulf of Corinth, linking the town of Rio on the Peloponnese peninsula to Antirrio on the mainland. This 3km-long bridge, which was opened in 2004, has roughly 300 sensors that alert its operators if an earthquake or high winds warrant it being shut to traffic, as well as monitoring its overall health. These sensors have already detected some abnormal vibrations in the cables holding the bridge.【R8】 The next generation of sensors to monitor bridge health will be even more sophisticated. For one thing, they will be wireless, which will make installing them a lot cheaper.【R9】 Dr Lynch is the chief researcher on a project intended to help design the next generation of monitoring systems for bridges. He and his colleagues are also looking at how to make a cement-based sensing skin that can detect excessive strain in bridges. Individual sensors, says Dr Lynch, are not ideal because the initial cracks in a bridge may not occur at the point the sensor is placed.【R10】__He is also exploring a paint-like substance made of carbon nanotubes that can be painted onto bridges to detect corrosion and cracks. Since carbon nanotubes conduct electricity, sending a current through the paint would help engineers to detect structural weakness through changes in the paint’s electrical properties.A. The new Minneapolis bridge joins a handful of "smart" bridges that have built-in sensors to monitor their health.B. The kilometers of wire needed to connect sensors to central computers can add significantly to the system’s cost, according to Jerome Lynch of the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor.C. By 2025 all bridges in American will have been equipped with this advanced technology.D. A continuous skin would solve this problem.E. In the wake of the catastrophe, there were calls to harness technology to avoid similar mishaps.F. Engineers then installed additional weights as dampeners.【R10】

答案：正确答案：D

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