The main idea of Paragraphs 2, 3 and 4...

Passage 4

All of us communicate with one another non-verbally, as well as with words. Most of the time we’re not aware that we’re doing it. We gesture with eyebrows or a hand, meet someone else’s eyes and look away, shift positions in a chair. These actions we assume are random and incidental. But researchers have discovered in recent years that there is a sys- tem to them almost as consistent and comprehensible as language.
Every culture has its own body language, and children absorb its nuances along with spoken language. A Frenchman talks and moves in French. The way an Englishman crosses his legs is nothing like the way a male American does it. In talking, Americans are apt to end a statement with a droop of the head or hand, a lowering of the eyelids. They wind up a question with a lift of the hand, a lift of the chin or a widening of the eyes. With a future-tense verb they often gesture with a forward movement.
There are regional idioms too. An expert can sometimes pick out a native of Wisconsin just by the way he uses his eyebrows during conversation. Your sex, ethnic background, social class and personal style all influence your body language. Nevertheless, you move and gesture within the American idiom.
The person who is truly bilingual is also bilingual in body language. New York’s famous mayor, Fiorello La Guardia, politicked in English, Italian and Yiddish. When films of his speeches are run without sound, it’s not too difficult to identify from his gestures the language he was speaking. One of the reasons English-dubbed foreign films often seem flat is that the gestures don’t match the language.
Usually, the wordless communication acts to qualify the words. What the nonverbal elements express very often, and very efficiently, is the emotional side of the message. When a person feels liked or disliked, often it’s a case of "not what he said but the way he said it." Psychologist Albert Mehrabian has devised this formula, total impact of a message=7 percent verbal+38 percent vocal+55 percent facial. The importance of the voice can be seen when you consider that even the words "I hate you" can be made to sound sexy.
Experts in kinetics--the study of communication through body movement--are not prepared to spell out a precise vocabulary of gestures. When an American rubs his nose, it may mean he is disagreeing with someone or rejecting something: But there are other possible interpretations, too. Another example; When a strident in conversation with a professor holds the older man’s eyes a little longer than is usual, it can be a sign of respect and affection; it can be a subtle challenge to the professor’s authority; or it can be something else entirely. The expert looks for patterns in the context, not for an isolated meaningful gesture.
According to linguists, people’s gestures are ______.

A．random and incidental
B．consistent and comprehensible
C．subtle and isolated
D．precise and sexy

Passage 1

Two main techniques have been used for training elephants, which we may call respectively the tough and the gentle. The former method simply consists of setting an elephant to work and beating him until he does what is expected of him. Apart from any moral considerations this is a stupid method of training, for it produces a resentful animal who at a later stage may well turn man-killer. The gentle method requires more patience in the early stages, but produces a cheerful, good-tempered elephant who will give many years of loyal service.
The first essential in elephant training is to assign to the animal a single mahout who will be entirely responsible for the job. Elephants like to have one master just as dogs do, and are capable of a considerable degree of personal affection. There are even stories of half- trained elephant calves who have refused to feed and pained to death when by some unavoidable circumstance they have been deprived of their own trainer. Such extreme cases must probably be taken with a grain of salt, but they do underline the general principle that the relationship between elephant and mahout is the key to successful training.
The most economical age to capture an elephant for training is between fifteen and twenty years, for it is then almost ready to undertake heavy work and can begin to earn its keep straight away. But animals of this age do not easily become subservient to man, and a very firm hand must be employed in the early stages. The captive elephant, still roped to a tree, plunges and screams every time a man approaches, and for several days will probably refuse all food through anger, and fear. Sometimes a tame elephant is tethered nearby to give the wild one confidence, and in most cases the captive gradually quietens down and begins to accept its food. The next stage is to get the elephant to the training establishment, a ticklish business which is achieved with the aid of two tame elephants roped to the captive on either side.
When several elephants are being trained at one time, it is customary for the new arrival to be placed between the stalls of two captives whose training is already well advanced. It is then left completely undisturbed with plenty of food and water so that it can absorb the atmosphere of its new home and see that nothing particularly alarming is happening to its companions. When it is eating normally, its own training begins. The trainer stands in front of the elephant holding a long stick with a sharp metal point. Two assistants, mounted on tame elephants, control the captive from either side, while others rub their hands over his skin to the accompaniment of a monotonous and soothing chant. This is supposed to induce pleasurable sensations in the elephant, and its effects are reinforced by the use of endearing epithets, such as "ho! my son", or "ho! my father", or "my mother", according to the age and sex of the captive. The elephant is not immediately susceptible to such blandishments, however, and usually lashes fiercely with its trunk in all directions. These movements are controlled by the trainer with the metal-pointed stick, and the trunk eventually becomes so sore that the elephant curls it up and seldom afterwards uses it for offensive purposes.
The ill-treatment of an elephant during training ______.

A．can have unpleasant consequences later
B．is the most effective method available
C．increases the time it takes to tram the animal
D．ensures loyal service for years to come

单项选择题

Passage 2

Men have often been praised by being told that they were as smart as a Philadelphia lawyer. No one knows why there is something special about Philadelphia lawyers, but the expression "smart as a Philadelphia lawyer" seems to have come from a famous trial early in the 18th century.
An Englishman, William S. Cosby arrived in New York as the royal governor of the province. He was a tyrant. He wanted to make money quickly and he ruled the province with no thought for the law or the rights of the people. Among those who opposed his rule was John Peter Zinger who came to America from Germany. Mr. Zinger started a newspaper which praised liberty and sharply criticized the governor. Governor Cosby arrested Mr. Zinger, charged him with slander and kept him in prison for 9 months. Mr. Zinger could not find a New York lawyer to defend him because of the governor’s power. But a leading lawyer from Philadelphia agreed to defend Mr. Zinger. He was Andrew Hamilton, white-haired and almost 80 years old.
The trial opened, the jury chosen and charges read. At that time, the law on slander said that jury could decide only if the person accused published in the newspaper named in the charges. The question of whether words published were true or not was to be decided by the judge. Mr. Zinger told the court he was innocent. Then the lawyer from Philadelphia rose, admitted that Mr. Zinger did publish the newspaper as charged. But Mr. Hamilton continued. The publishing of a newspaper does not make a person guilty of slander. He said that words themselves must be proved false or slanderous; Otherwise Mr. Zinger is innocent. The judge warned Mr. Hamilton that he, the judge, would decide if the words were slanderous or not. Mr. Hamilton quickly turned to the jury and asked them to decide. He said that it was their right to decide whether the alleged slander was in fact the truth. In his final statement to the jury, Mr. Hamilton said the question was much bigger than the charges against Mr. Zinger. He said the question was liberty and right of people to oppose dishonesty and tyranny by speaking and writing the truth. After a brief discussion the jury declared that Mr. Zinger was not guilty and cheers broke out in the courtroom. The decision established the principle of freedom of the press in the American Colonies. Mr. Hamilton was praised as a hero. Through the years the fame of Mr; Zinger trial and praise for Mr. Hamilton has spread throughout the country. Anti so it is believed that the expression "as smart as a Philadelphia lawyer" honors the man from Philadelphia who successfully de- fended the freedom of the press to print the truth.
Many people opposed Governor Cosby’s rule because ______.

A．he wanted to make money quickly
B．he was the royal governor
C．he was a tyrant
D．they were biased

单项选择题

Passage 3

For scientists who study human evolution, fossil remains provide the only direct evidence of our ancient ancestors. Access to these paleoanthropological Rosetta stones, how- ever, is limited by protective curators who are often reluctant to lend the fragile fossils. And in the case of fossil skulls, nature preserves critical information in the largely in- accessible interior. But help is on the way. At the annual meeting of the American Association of Physical Anthropologists in Salt Lake City this past April, researchers discussed how medical imaging, virtual reality and computer-controlled modelling technologies get around these obstacles noninvasively.
Three-dimensional medical imaging based on computed tomography (CT) scans was developed in the early 1980s. On a computer, surgeons could electronically remove the patient’s soft tissue and then explore the virtual skull inside and out before operating. It wasn’t long before Glenn Conroy of Washington University and his colleagues demonstrated that these same techniques could also be applied to fossils, in which sediments take the place of soft tissue.
With advances in computer graphics and computational power, paleoanthropologists can now perform on their computers a wide range of investigations that are impossible to attempt on the original fossil. Missing features on one Side of the skull can be re-created by mirroring the preserved features (postmortem deformations can be similarly rectified) and tiny, hidden structures such as the inner ear can be magnified for closer examination. Moreover, as Christoph P. E. Zollikofer and Marcias Ponce de Leon of the University of Zurich and others have shown, anthropologists can reconstruct fragmented fossils on-screen.
The standard repertoire of measurements can also be made virtually, in most cases with the same degree of accuracy afforded by handheld calipers. And with the creation of a virtual "endocast", brain volume can be determined reliably. In fact, Conroy’s recent re- Search has revealed a major discrepancy between the estimated and actual brain volume of an early hominid called Stw 505 (or Mr. Pies). Conroy suspects that the estimated cranial capacity of some other fossils might also be incorrect--a hunch that, if substantiated, could have important implications for our understanding of brain evolution.
The article could be entitled

A．Human Evolution
B．Virtual Fossil Skull
C．Three-dimensional Medical Imaging
D．Virtual Anthropology

单项选择题

Passage 4

All of us communicate with one another non-verbally, as well as with words. Most of the time we’re not aware that we’re doing it. We gesture with eyebrows or a hand, meet someone else’s eyes and look away, shift positions in a chair. These actions we assume are random and incidental. But researchers have discovered in recent years that there is a sys- tem to them almost as consistent and comprehensible as language.
Every culture has its own body language, and children absorb its nuances along with spoken language. A Frenchman talks and moves in French. The way an Englishman crosses his legs is nothing like the way a male American does it. In talking, Americans are apt to end a statement with a droop of the head or hand, a lowering of the eyelids. They wind up a question with a lift of the hand, a lift of the chin or a widening of the eyes. With a future-tense verb they often gesture with a forward movement.
There are regional idioms too. An expert can sometimes pick out a native of Wisconsin just by the way he uses his eyebrows during conversation. Your sex, ethnic background, social class and personal style all influence your body language. Nevertheless, you move and gesture within the American idiom.
The person who is truly bilingual is also bilingual in body language. New York’s famous mayor, Fiorello La Guardia, politicked in English, Italian and Yiddish. When films of his speeches are run without sound, it’s not too difficult to identify from his gestures the language he was speaking. One of the reasons English-dubbed foreign films often seem flat is that the gestures don’t match the language.
Usually, the wordless communication acts to qualify the words. What the nonverbal elements express very often, and very efficiently, is the emotional side of the message. When a person feels liked or disliked, often it’s a case of "not what he said but the way he said it." Psychologist Albert Mehrabian has devised this formula, total impact of a message=7 percent verbal+38 percent vocal+55 percent facial. The importance of the voice can be seen when you consider that even the words "I hate you" can be made to sound sexy.
Experts in kinetics--the study of communication through body movement--are not prepared to spell out a precise vocabulary of gestures. When an American rubs his nose, it may mean he is disagreeing with someone or rejecting something: But there are other possible interpretations, too. Another example; When a strident in conversation with a professor holds the older man’s eyes a little longer than is usual, it can be a sign of respect and affection; it can be a subtle challenge to the professor’s authority; or it can be something else entirely. The expert looks for patterns in the context, not for an isolated meaningful gesture.
The main idea of Paragraphs 2, 3 and 4 is that ______.

A．body language differs in each culture
B．Americans communicate differently from Frenchmen
C．it is difficult to dub a foreign film into English
D．a bilingual person is also bilingual in body language

单项选择题

Passage 4

All of us communicate with one another non-verbally, as well as with words. Most of the time we’re not aware that we’re doing it. We gesture with eyebrows or a hand, meet someone else’s eyes and look away, shift positions in a chair. These actions we assume are random and incidental. But researchers have discovered in recent years that there is a sys- tem to them almost as consistent and comprehensible as language.
Every culture has its own body language, and children absorb its nuances along with spoken language. A Frenchman talks and moves in French. The way an Englishman crosses his legs is nothing like the way a male American does it. In talking, Americans are apt to end a statement with a droop of the head or hand, a lowering of the eyelids. They wind up a question with a lift of the hand, a lift of the chin or a widening of the eyes. With a future-tense verb they often gesture with a forward movement.
There are regional idioms too. An expert can sometimes pick out a native of Wisconsin just by the way he uses his eyebrows during conversation. Your sex, ethnic background, social class and personal style all influence your body language. Nevertheless, you move and gesture within the American idiom.
The person who is truly bilingual is also bilingual in body language. New York’s famous mayor, Fiorello La Guardia, politicked in English, Italian and Yiddish. When films of his speeches are run without sound, it’s not too difficult to identify from his gestures the language he was speaking. One of the reasons English-dubbed foreign films often seem flat is that the gestures don’t match the language.
Usually, the wordless communication acts to qualify the words. What the nonverbal elements express very often, and very efficiently, is the emotional side of the message. When a person feels liked or disliked, often it’s a case of "not what he said but the way he said it." Psychologist Albert Mehrabian has devised this formula, total impact of a message=7 percent verbal+38 percent vocal+55 percent facial. The importance of the voice can be seen when you consider that even the words "I hate you" can be made to sound sexy.
Experts in kinetics--the study of communication through body movement--are not prepared to spell out a precise vocabulary of gestures. When an American rubs his nose, it may mean he is disagreeing with someone or rejecting something: But there are other possible interpretations, too. Another example; When a strident in conversation with a professor holds the older man’s eyes a little longer than is usual, it can be a sign of respect and affection; it can be a subtle challenge to the professor’s authority; or it can be something else entirely. The expert looks for patterns in the context, not for an isolated meaningful gesture.
The non-verbal communication ______.

A．always expresses the message efficiently
B．shows the speaker’s true emotions
C．isolates a meaning
D．usually does not match the language

单项选择题

Passage 1

Two main techniques have been used for training elephants, which we may call respectively the tough and the gentle. The former method simply consists of setting an elephant to work and beating him until he does what is expected of him. Apart from any moral considerations this is a stupid method of training, for it produces a resentful animal who at a later stage may well turn man-killer. The gentle method requires more patience in the early stages, but produces a cheerful, good-tempered elephant who will give many years of loyal service.
The first essential in elephant training is to assign to the animal a single mahout who will be entirely responsible for the job. Elephants like to have one master just as dogs do, and are capable of a considerable degree of personal affection. There are even stories of half- trained elephant calves who have refused to feed and pained to death when by some unavoidable circumstance they have been deprived of their own trainer. Such extreme cases must probably be taken with a grain of salt, but they do underline the general principle that the relationship between elephant and mahout is the key to successful training.
The most economical age to capture an elephant for training is between fifteen and twenty years, for it is then almost ready to undertake heavy work and can begin to earn its keep straight away. But animals of this age do not easily become subservient to man, and a very firm hand must be employed in the early stages. The captive elephant, still roped to a tree, plunges and screams every time a man approaches, and for several days will probably refuse all food through anger, and fear. Sometimes a tame elephant is tethered nearby to give the wild one confidence, and in most cases the captive gradually quietens down and begins to accept its food. The next stage is to get the elephant to the training establishment, a ticklish business which is achieved with the aid of two tame elephants roped to the captive on either side.
When several elephants are being trained at one time, it is customary for the new arrival to be placed between the stalls of two captives whose training is already well advanced. It is then left completely undisturbed with plenty of food and water so that it can absorb the atmosphere of its new home and see that nothing particularly alarming is happening to its companions. When it is eating normally, its own training begins. The trainer stands in front of the elephant holding a long stick with a sharp metal point. Two assistants, mounted on tame elephants, control the captive from either side, while others rub their hands over his skin to the accompaniment of a monotonous and soothing chant. This is supposed to induce pleasurable sensations in the elephant, and its effects are reinforced by the use of endearing epithets, such as "ho! my son", or "ho! my father", or "my mother", according to the age and sex of the captive. The elephant is not immediately susceptible to such blandishments, however, and usually lashes fiercely with its trunk in all directions. These movements are controlled by the trainer with the metal-pointed stick, and the trunk eventually becomes so sore that the elephant curls it up and seldom afterwards uses it for offensive purposes.
An elephant will only be trained successfully if ______.

A．the mahout is a responsible person
B．elephant calves don’t refuse to feed
C．the mahout and the elephant get on well together
D．several trainers are assigned to the job

单项选择题

Passage 2

Men have often been praised by being told that they were as smart as a Philadelphia lawyer. No one knows why there is something special about Philadelphia lawyers, but the expression "smart as a Philadelphia lawyer" seems to have come from a famous trial early in the 18th century.
An Englishman, William S. Cosby arrived in New York as the royal governor of the province. He was a tyrant. He wanted to make money quickly and he ruled the province with no thought for the law or the rights of the people. Among those who opposed his rule was John Peter Zinger who came to America from Germany. Mr. Zinger started a newspaper which praised liberty and sharply criticized the governor. Governor Cosby arrested Mr. Zinger, charged him with slander and kept him in prison for 9 months. Mr. Zinger could not find a New York lawyer to defend him because of the governor’s power. But a leading lawyer from Philadelphia agreed to defend Mr. Zinger. He was Andrew Hamilton, white-haired and almost 80 years old.
The trial opened, the jury chosen and charges read. At that time, the law on slander said that jury could decide only if the person accused published in the newspaper named in the charges. The question of whether words published were true or not was to be decided by the judge. Mr. Zinger told the court he was innocent. Then the lawyer from Philadelphia rose, admitted that Mr. Zinger did publish the newspaper as charged. But Mr. Hamilton continued. The publishing of a newspaper does not make a person guilty of slander. He said that words themselves must be proved false or slanderous; Otherwise Mr. Zinger is innocent. The judge warned Mr. Hamilton that he, the judge, would decide if the words were slanderous or not. Mr. Hamilton quickly turned to the jury and asked them to decide. He said that it was their right to decide whether the alleged slander was in fact the truth. In his final statement to the jury, Mr. Hamilton said the question was much bigger than the charges against Mr. Zinger. He said the question was liberty and right of people to oppose dishonesty and tyranny by speaking and writing the truth. After a brief discussion the jury declared that Mr. Zinger was not guilty and cheers broke out in the courtroom. The decision established the principle of freedom of the press in the American Colonies. Mr. Hamilton was praised as a hero. Through the years the fame of Mr; Zinger trial and praise for Mr. Hamilton has spread throughout the country. Anti so it is believed that the expression "as smart as a Philadelphia lawyer" honors the man from Philadelphia who successfully de- fended the freedom of the press to print the truth.
John Zinger was arrested ______.

A．because he was smart as a Philadelphia lawyer
B．because he criticized the Governor in the newspaper
C．because of his stupidity
D．because the Governor was powerful

单项选择题

Passage 3

For scientists who study human evolution, fossil remains provide the only direct evidence of our ancient ancestors. Access to these paleoanthropological Rosetta stones, how- ever, is limited by protective curators who are often reluctant to lend the fragile fossils. And in the case of fossil skulls, nature preserves critical information in the largely in- accessible interior. But help is on the way. At the annual meeting of the American Association of Physical Anthropologists in Salt Lake City this past April, researchers discussed how medical imaging, virtual reality and computer-controlled modelling technologies get around these obstacles noninvasively.
Three-dimensional medical imaging based on computed tomography (CT) scans was developed in the early 1980s. On a computer, surgeons could electronically remove the patient’s soft tissue and then explore the virtual skull inside and out before operating. It wasn’t long before Glenn Conroy of Washington University and his colleagues demonstrated that these same techniques could also be applied to fossils, in which sediments take the place of soft tissue.
With advances in computer graphics and computational power, paleoanthropologists can now perform on their computers a wide range of investigations that are impossible to attempt on the original fossil. Missing features on one Side of the skull can be re-created by mirroring the preserved features (postmortem deformations can be similarly rectified) and tiny, hidden structures such as the inner ear can be magnified for closer examination. Moreover, as Christoph P. E. Zollikofer and Marcias Ponce de Leon of the University of Zurich and others have shown, anthropologists can reconstruct fragmented fossils on-screen.
The standard repertoire of measurements can also be made virtually, in most cases with the same degree of accuracy afforded by handheld calipers. And with the creation of a virtual "endocast", brain volume can be determined reliably. In fact, Conroy’s recent re- Search has revealed a major discrepancy between the estimated and actual brain volume of an early hominid called Stw 505 (or Mr. Pies). Conroy suspects that the estimated cranial capacity of some other fossils might also be incorrect--a hunch that, if substantiated, could have important implications for our understanding of brain evolution.
Why virtual reality and other technology are used in studying human evolution

A．Researchers discussed them and decided to develop these technologies in research.
B．Internet is widely used and the need for communicating via computers is becoming urgent.
C．Limited access to original stones and hidden information in inaccessible interior made it necessary.
D．It will be cheaper and more convenient.

单项选择题

Passage 4

All of us communicate with one another non-verbally, as well as with words. Most of the time we’re not aware that we’re doing it. We gesture with eyebrows or a hand, meet someone else’s eyes and look away, shift positions in a chair. These actions we assume are random and incidental. But researchers have discovered in recent years that there is a sys- tem to them almost as consistent and comprehensible as language.
Every culture has its own body language, and children absorb its nuances along with spoken language. A Frenchman talks and moves in French. The way an Englishman crosses his legs is nothing like the way a male American does it. In talking, Americans are apt to end a statement with a droop of the head or hand, a lowering of the eyelids. They wind up a question with a lift of the hand, a lift of the chin or a widening of the eyes. With a future-tense verb they often gesture with a forward movement.
There are regional idioms too. An expert can sometimes pick out a native of Wisconsin just by the way he uses his eyebrows during conversation. Your sex, ethnic background, social class and personal style all influence your body language. Nevertheless, you move and gesture within the American idiom.
The person who is truly bilingual is also bilingual in body language. New York’s famous mayor, Fiorello La Guardia, politicked in English, Italian and Yiddish. When films of his speeches are run without sound, it’s not too difficult to identify from his gestures the language he was speaking. One of the reasons English-dubbed foreign films often seem flat is that the gestures don’t match the language.
Usually, the wordless communication acts to qualify the words. What the nonverbal elements express very often, and very efficiently, is the emotional side of the message. When a person feels liked or disliked, often it’s a case of "not what he said but the way he said it." Psychologist Albert Mehrabian has devised this formula, total impact of a message=7 percent verbal+38 percent vocal+55 percent facial. The importance of the voice can be seen when you consider that even the words "I hate you" can be made to sound sexy.
Experts in kinetics--the study of communication through body movement--are not prepared to spell out a precise vocabulary of gestures. When an American rubs his nose, it may mean he is disagreeing with someone or rejecting something: But there are other possible interpretations, too. Another example; When a strident in conversation with a professor holds the older man’s eyes a little longer than is usual, it can be a sign of respect and affection; it can be a subtle challenge to the professor’s authority; or it can be something else entirely. The expert looks for patterns in the context, not for an isolated meaningful gesture.
Which of the following actions may NOT be considered as a way of non-verbal communication

A．Gazing at a person longer than usual.
B．Shifting positions in a chair.
C．Crossing one’s legs.
D．Yawning in public

单项选择题

Passage 2

Men have often been praised by being told that they were as smart as a Philadelphia lawyer. No one knows why there is something special about Philadelphia lawyers, but the expression "smart as a Philadelphia lawyer" seems to have come from a famous trial early in the 18th century.
An Englishman, William S. Cosby arrived in New York as the royal governor of the province. He was a tyrant. He wanted to make money quickly and he ruled the province with no thought for the law or the rights of the people. Among those who opposed his rule was John Peter Zinger who came to America from Germany. Mr. Zinger started a newspaper which praised liberty and sharply criticized the governor. Governor Cosby arrested Mr. Zinger, charged him with slander and kept him in prison for 9 months. Mr. Zinger could not find a New York lawyer to defend him because of the governor’s power. But a leading lawyer from Philadelphia agreed to defend Mr. Zinger. He was Andrew Hamilton, white-haired and almost 80 years old.
The trial opened, the jury chosen and charges read. At that time, the law on slander said that jury could decide only if the person accused published in the newspaper named in the charges. The question of whether words published were true or not was to be decided by the judge. Mr. Zinger told the court he was innocent. Then the lawyer from Philadelphia rose, admitted that Mr. Zinger did publish the newspaper as charged. But Mr. Hamilton continued. The publishing of a newspaper does not make a person guilty of slander. He said that words themselves must be proved false or slanderous; Otherwise Mr. Zinger is innocent. The judge warned Mr. Hamilton that he, the judge, would decide if the words were slanderous or not. Mr. Hamilton quickly turned to the jury and asked them to decide. He said that it was their right to decide whether the alleged slander was in fact the truth. In his final statement to the jury, Mr. Hamilton said the question was much bigger than the charges against Mr. Zinger. He said the question was liberty and right of people to oppose dishonesty and tyranny by speaking and writing the truth. After a brief discussion the jury declared that Mr. Zinger was not guilty and cheers broke out in the courtroom. The decision established the principle of freedom of the press in the American Colonies. Mr. Hamilton was praised as a hero. Through the years the fame of Mr; Zinger trial and praise for Mr. Hamilton has spread throughout the country. Anti so it is believed that the expression "as smart as a Philadelphia lawyer" honors the man from Philadelphia who successfully de- fended the freedom of the press to print the truth.
Which of the following statements is true

A．In Mr. Hamilton’s opinion, only when the words are proved slanderous can the writer of the words proved guilty of slander.
B．Mr. Zinger was proved innocent because he criticized the tyrannical governor.
C．Mr. Zinger made up stories about the governor in the newspaper.
D．Nobody wanted to defend Mr. Zinger because he had come from Germany.

单项选择题

Passage 1

Two main techniques have been used for training elephants, which we may call respectively the tough and the gentle. The former method simply consists of setting an elephant to work and beating him until he does what is expected of him. Apart from any moral considerations this is a stupid method of training, for it produces a resentful animal who at a later stage may well turn man-killer. The gentle method requires more patience in the early stages, but produces a cheerful, good-tempered elephant who will give many years of loyal service.
The first essential in elephant training is to assign to the animal a single mahout who will be entirely responsible for the job. Elephants like to have one master just as dogs do, and are capable of a considerable degree of personal affection. There are even stories of half- trained elephant calves who have refused to feed and pained to death when by some unavoidable circumstance they have been deprived of their own trainer. Such extreme cases must probably be taken with a grain of salt, but they do underline the general principle that the relationship between elephant and mahout is the key to successful training.
The most economical age to capture an elephant for training is between fifteen and twenty years, for it is then almost ready to undertake heavy work and can begin to earn its keep straight away. But animals of this age do not easily become subservient to man, and a very firm hand must be employed in the early stages. The captive elephant, still roped to a tree, plunges and screams every time a man approaches, and for several days will probably refuse all food through anger, and fear. Sometimes a tame elephant is tethered nearby to give the wild one confidence, and in most cases the captive gradually quietens down and begins to accept its food. The next stage is to get the elephant to the training establishment, a ticklish business which is achieved with the aid of two tame elephants roped to the captive on either side.
When several elephants are being trained at one time, it is customary for the new arrival to be placed between the stalls of two captives whose training is already well advanced. It is then left completely undisturbed with plenty of food and water so that it can absorb the atmosphere of its new home and see that nothing particularly alarming is happening to its companions. When it is eating normally, its own training begins. The trainer stands in front of the elephant holding a long stick with a sharp metal point. Two assistants, mounted on tame elephants, control the captive from either side, while others rub their hands over his skin to the accompaniment of a monotonous and soothing chant. This is supposed to induce pleasurable sensations in the elephant, and its effects are reinforced by the use of endearing epithets, such as "ho! my son", or "ho! my father", or "my mother", according to the age and sex of the captive. The elephant is not immediately susceptible to such blandishments, however, and usually lashes fiercely with its trunk in all directions. These movements are controlled by the trainer with the metal-pointed stick, and the trunk eventually becomes so sore that the elephant curls it up and seldom afterwards uses it for offensive purposes.
The main attraction of training mature elephants is ______.

A．early financial returns
B．their willingness to obey their trainers
C．the avoidance of anxiety in the elephant
D．that elephants are difficult to keep

单项选择题

Passage 3

For scientists who study human evolution, fossil remains provide the only direct evidence of our ancient ancestors. Access to these paleoanthropological Rosetta stones, how- ever, is limited by protective curators who are often reluctant to lend the fragile fossils. And in the case of fossil skulls, nature preserves critical information in the largely in- accessible interior. But help is on the way. At the annual meeting of the American Association of Physical Anthropologists in Salt Lake City this past April, researchers discussed how medical imaging, virtual reality and computer-controlled modelling technologies get around these obstacles noninvasively.
Three-dimensional medical imaging based on computed tomography (CT) scans was developed in the early 1980s. On a computer, surgeons could electronically remove the patient’s soft tissue and then explore the virtual skull inside and out before operating. It wasn’t long before Glenn Conroy of Washington University and his colleagues demonstrated that these same techniques could also be applied to fossils, in which sediments take the place of soft tissue.
With advances in computer graphics and computational power, paleoanthropologists can now perform on their computers a wide range of investigations that are impossible to attempt on the original fossil. Missing features on one Side of the skull can be re-created by mirroring the preserved features (postmortem deformations can be similarly rectified) and tiny, hidden structures such as the inner ear can be magnified for closer examination. Moreover, as Christoph P. E. Zollikofer and Marcias Ponce de Leon of the University of Zurich and others have shown, anthropologists can reconstruct fragmented fossils on-screen.
The standard repertoire of measurements can also be made virtually, in most cases with the same degree of accuracy afforded by handheld calipers. And with the creation of a virtual "endocast", brain volume can be determined reliably. In fact, Conroy’s recent re- Search has revealed a major discrepancy between the estimated and actual brain volume of an early hominid called Stw 505 (or Mr. Pies). Conroy suspects that the estimated cranial capacity of some other fossils might also be incorrect--a hunch that, if substantiated, could have important implications for our understanding of brain evolution.
Which of the following is not among the advantages that three-dimensional images have over the original fossils

A．Researchers won’t need to persuade the reluctant curators to lend them the fossils.
B．It can free researchers from the bad or even poisonous smell of the fossils.
C．Missing features on one side can be re-created, and hidden structures can be magnified.
D．Anthropologists can reconstruct fragmented fossils.

单项选择题

Passage 4

All of us communicate with one another non-verbally, as well as with words. Most of the time we’re not aware that we’re doing it. We gesture with eyebrows or a hand, meet someone else’s eyes and look away, shift positions in a chair. These actions we assume are random and incidental. But researchers have discovered in recent years that there is a sys- tem to them almost as consistent and comprehensible as language.
Every culture has its own body language, and children absorb its nuances along with spoken language. A Frenchman talks and moves in French. The way an Englishman crosses his legs is nothing like the way a male American does it. In talking, Americans are apt to end a statement with a droop of the head or hand, a lowering of the eyelids. They wind up a question with a lift of the hand, a lift of the chin or a widening of the eyes. With a future-tense verb they often gesture with a forward movement.
There are regional idioms too. An expert can sometimes pick out a native of Wisconsin just by the way he uses his eyebrows during conversation. Your sex, ethnic background, social class and personal style all influence your body language. Nevertheless, you move and gesture within the American idiom.
The person who is truly bilingual is also bilingual in body language. New York’s famous mayor, Fiorello La Guardia, politicked in English, Italian and Yiddish. When films of his speeches are run without sound, it’s not too difficult to identify from his gestures the language he was speaking. One of the reasons English-dubbed foreign films often seem flat is that the gestures don’t match the language.
Usually, the wordless communication acts to qualify the words. What the nonverbal elements express very often, and very efficiently, is the emotional side of the message. When a person feels liked or disliked, often it’s a case of "not what he said but the way he said it." Psychologist Albert Mehrabian has devised this formula, total impact of a message=7 percent verbal+38 percent vocal+55 percent facial. The importance of the voice can be seen when you consider that even the words "I hate you" can be made to sound sexy.
Experts in kinetics--the study of communication through body movement--are not prepared to spell out a precise vocabulary of gestures. When an American rubs his nose, it may mean he is disagreeing with someone or rejecting something: But there are other possible interpretations, too. Another example; When a strident in conversation with a professor holds the older man’s eyes a little longer than is usual, it can be a sign of respect and affection; it can be a subtle challenge to the professor’s authority; or it can be something else entirely. The expert looks for patterns in the context, not for an isolated meaningful gesture.
According to the author the article is written to explain ______.

A．the body language differs in each area
B．the body language can express the people’s mind
C．people’s gestures represent the people’s character
D．the body language is the same as the language

单项选择题

Passage 2

Men have often been praised by being told that they were as smart as a Philadelphia lawyer. No one knows why there is something special about Philadelphia lawyers, but the expression "smart as a Philadelphia lawyer" seems to have come from a famous trial early in the 18th century.
An Englishman, William S. Cosby arrived in New York as the royal governor of the province. He was a tyrant. He wanted to make money quickly and he ruled the province with no thought for the law or the rights of the people. Among those who opposed his rule was John Peter Zinger who came to America from Germany. Mr. Zinger started a newspaper which praised liberty and sharply criticized the governor. Governor Cosby arrested Mr. Zinger, charged him with slander and kept him in prison for 9 months. Mr. Zinger could not find a New York lawyer to defend him because of the governor’s power. But a leading lawyer from Philadelphia agreed to defend Mr. Zinger. He was Andrew Hamilton, white-haired and almost 80 years old.
The trial opened, the jury chosen and charges read. At that time, the law on slander said that jury could decide only if the person accused published in the newspaper named in the charges. The question of whether words published were true or not was to be decided by the judge. Mr. Zinger told the court he was innocent. Then the lawyer from Philadelphia rose, admitted that Mr. Zinger did publish the newspaper as charged. But Mr. Hamilton continued. The publishing of a newspaper does not make a person guilty of slander. He said that words themselves must be proved false or slanderous; Otherwise Mr. Zinger is innocent. The judge warned Mr. Hamilton that he, the judge, would decide if the words were slanderous or not. Mr. Hamilton quickly turned to the jury and asked them to decide. He said that it was their right to decide whether the alleged slander was in fact the truth. In his final statement to the jury, Mr. Hamilton said the question was much bigger than the charges against Mr. Zinger. He said the question was liberty and right of people to oppose dishonesty and tyranny by speaking and writing the truth. After a brief discussion the jury declared that Mr. Zinger was not guilty and cheers broke out in the courtroom. The decision established the principle of freedom of the press in the American Colonies. Mr. Hamilton was praised as a hero. Through the years the fame of Mr; Zinger trial and praise for Mr. Hamilton has spread throughout the country. Anti so it is believed that the expression "as smart as a Philadelphia lawyer" honors the man from Philadelphia who successfully de- fended the freedom of the press to print the truth.
Mr. Hamilton was considered as a hero because ______.

A．he taught the cruel Governor Cosby a lesson
B．his successful defence in the trial
C．he defended the freedom of the press to print the truth
D．his courage to defend for John Zinger in spite of the tyrannical Governor

单项选择题

Passage 1

Two main techniques have been used for training elephants, which we may call respectively the tough and the gentle. The former method simply consists of setting an elephant to work and beating him until he does what is expected of him. Apart from any moral considerations this is a stupid method of training, for it produces a resentful animal who at a later stage may well turn man-killer. The gentle method requires more patience in the early stages, but produces a cheerful, good-tempered elephant who will give many years of loyal service.
The first essential in elephant training is to assign to the animal a single mahout who will be entirely responsible for the job. Elephants like to have one master just as dogs do, and are capable of a considerable degree of personal affection. There are even stories of half- trained elephant calves who have refused to feed and pained to death when by some unavoidable circumstance they have been deprived of their own trainer. Such extreme cases must probably be taken with a grain of salt, but they do underline the general principle that the relationship between elephant and mahout is the key to successful training.
The most economical age to capture an elephant for training is between fifteen and twenty years, for it is then almost ready to undertake heavy work and can begin to earn its keep straight away. But animals of this age do not easily become subservient to man, and a very firm hand must be employed in the early stages. The captive elephant, still roped to a tree, plunges and screams every time a man approaches, and for several days will probably refuse all food through anger, and fear. Sometimes a tame elephant is tethered nearby to give the wild one confidence, and in most cases the captive gradually quietens down and begins to accept its food. The next stage is to get the elephant to the training establishment, a ticklish business which is achieved with the aid of two tame elephants roped to the captive on either side.
When several elephants are being trained at one time, it is customary for the new arrival to be placed between the stalls of two captives whose training is already well advanced. It is then left completely undisturbed with plenty of food and water so that it can absorb the atmosphere of its new home and see that nothing particularly alarming is happening to its companions. When it is eating normally, its own training begins. The trainer stands in front of the elephant holding a long stick with a sharp metal point. Two assistants, mounted on tame elephants, control the captive from either side, while others rub their hands over his skin to the accompaniment of a monotonous and soothing chant. This is supposed to induce pleasurable sensations in the elephant, and its effects are reinforced by the use of endearing epithets, such as "ho! my son", or "ho! my father", or "my mother", according to the age and sex of the captive. The elephant is not immediately susceptible to such blandishments, however, and usually lashes fiercely with its trunk in all directions. These movements are controlled by the trainer with the metal-pointed stick, and the trunk eventually becomes so sore that the elephant curls it up and seldom afterwards uses it for offensive purposes.
A mature elephant is only subjected to training when ______.

A．it is with other elephants
B．the mahout has established a good relationship with it
C．the animal is feeding normally
D．it needs to be controlled with a sharp pointed stick

单项选择题

Passage 3

For scientists who study human evolution, fossil remains provide the only direct evidence of our ancient ancestors. Access to these paleoanthropological Rosetta stones, how- ever, is limited by protective curators who are often reluctant to lend the fragile fossils. And in the case of fossil skulls, nature preserves critical information in the largely in- accessible interior. But help is on the way. At the annual meeting of the American Association of Physical Anthropologists in Salt Lake City this past April, researchers discussed how medical imaging, virtual reality and computer-controlled modelling technologies get around these obstacles noninvasively.
Three-dimensional medical imaging based on computed tomography (CT) scans was developed in the early 1980s. On a computer, surgeons could electronically remove the patient’s soft tissue and then explore the virtual skull inside and out before operating. It wasn’t long before Glenn Conroy of Washington University and his colleagues demonstrated that these same techniques could also be applied to fossils, in which sediments take the place of soft tissue.
With advances in computer graphics and computational power, paleoanthropologists can now perform on their computers a wide range of investigations that are impossible to attempt on the original fossil. Missing features on one Side of the skull can be re-created by mirroring the preserved features (postmortem deformations can be similarly rectified) and tiny, hidden structures such as the inner ear can be magnified for closer examination. Moreover, as Christoph P. E. Zollikofer and Marcias Ponce de Leon of the University of Zurich and others have shown, anthropologists can reconstruct fragmented fossils on-screen.
The standard repertoire of measurements can also be made virtually, in most cases with the same degree of accuracy afforded by handheld calipers. And with the creation of a virtual "endocast", brain volume can be determined reliably. In fact, Conroy’s recent re- Search has revealed a major discrepancy between the estimated and actual brain volume of an early hominid called Stw 505 (or Mr. Pies). Conroy suspects that the estimated cranial capacity of some other fossils might also be incorrect--a hunch that, if substantiated, could have important implications for our understanding of brain evolution.
Which of the following is NOT true

A．It was Glenn Conroy and his colleagues who developed three-dimensional medical imaging based on CT.
B．Conroy discovered the estimated brain volume of Mr. Pies was incorrect.
C．Fossil has always been the only direct evidence of our ancient ancestors.
D．Standard repertories of measurements made virtually have the same degree of accuracy with handheld calipers.

单项选择题

Passage 3

For scientists who study human evolution, fossil remains provide the only direct evidence of our ancient ancestors. Access to these paleoanthropological Rosetta stones, how- ever, is limited by protective curators who are often reluctant to lend the fragile fossils. And in the case of fossil skulls, nature preserves critical information in the largely in- accessible interior. But help is on the way. At the annual meeting of the American Association of Physical Anthropologists in Salt Lake City this past April, researchers discussed how medical imaging, virtual reality and computer-controlled modelling technologies get around these obstacles noninvasively.
Three-dimensional medical imaging based on computed tomography (CT) scans was developed in the early 1980s. On a computer, surgeons could electronically remove the patient’s soft tissue and then explore the virtual skull inside and out before operating. It wasn’t long before Glenn Conroy of Washington University and his colleagues demonstrated that these same techniques could also be applied to fossils, in which sediments take the place of soft tissue.
With advances in computer graphics and computational power, paleoanthropologists can now perform on their computers a wide range of investigations that are impossible to attempt on the original fossil. Missing features on one Side of the skull can be re-created by mirroring the preserved features (postmortem deformations can be similarly rectified) and tiny, hidden structures such as the inner ear can be magnified for closer examination. Moreover, as Christoph P. E. Zollikofer and Marcias Ponce de Leon of the University of Zurich and others have shown, anthropologists can reconstruct fragmented fossils on-screen.
The standard repertoire of measurements can also be made virtually, in most cases with the same degree of accuracy afforded by handheld calipers. And with the creation of a virtual "endocast", brain volume can be determined reliably. In fact, Conroy’s recent re- Search has revealed a major discrepancy between the estimated and actual brain volume of an early hominid called Stw 505 (or Mr. Pies). Conroy suspects that the estimated cranial capacity of some other fossils might also be incorrect--a hunch that, if substantiated, could have important implications for our understanding of brain evolution.
Toward the passage, the writer’s attitude can be said to be

A．optimistic
B．objective
C．pessimistic
D．biased

单项选择题

Passage 2

Men have often been praised by being told that they were as smart as a Philadelphia lawyer. No one knows why there is something special about Philadelphia lawyers, but the expression "smart as a Philadelphia lawyer" seems to have come from a famous trial early in the 18th century.
An Englishman, William S. Cosby arrived in New York as the royal governor of the province. He was a tyrant. He wanted to make money quickly and he ruled the province with no thought for the law or the rights of the people. Among those who opposed his rule was John Peter Zinger who came to America from Germany. Mr. Zinger started a newspaper which praised liberty and sharply criticized the governor. Governor Cosby arrested Mr. Zinger, charged him with slander and kept him in prison for 9 months. Mr. Zinger could not find a New York lawyer to defend him because of the governor’s power. But a leading lawyer from Philadelphia agreed to defend Mr. Zinger. He was Andrew Hamilton, white-haired and almost 80 years old.
The trial opened, the jury chosen and charges read. At that time, the law on slander said that jury could decide only if the person accused published in the newspaper named in the charges. The question of whether words published were true or not was to be decided by the judge. Mr. Zinger told the court he was innocent. Then the lawyer from Philadelphia rose, admitted that Mr. Zinger did publish the newspaper as charged. But Mr. Hamilton continued. The publishing of a newspaper does not make a person guilty of slander. He said that words themselves must be proved false or slanderous; Otherwise Mr. Zinger is innocent. The judge warned Mr. Hamilton that he, the judge, would decide if the words were slanderous or not. Mr. Hamilton quickly turned to the jury and asked them to decide. He said that it was their right to decide whether the alleged slander was in fact the truth. In his final statement to the jury, Mr. Hamilton said the question was much bigger than the charges against Mr. Zinger. He said the question was liberty and right of people to oppose dishonesty and tyranny by speaking and writing the truth. After a brief discussion the jury declared that Mr. Zinger was not guilty and cheers broke out in the courtroom. The decision established the principle of freedom of the press in the American Colonies. Mr. Hamilton was praised as a hero. Through the years the fame of Mr; Zinger trial and praise for Mr. Hamilton has spread throughout the country. Anti so it is believed that the expression "as smart as a Philadelphia lawyer" honors the man from Philadelphia who successfully de- fended the freedom of the press to print the truth.
The purpose of this passage is ______.

A．to tell people how the principle of freedom of press was established
B．to show the significance of the trial
C．to tell people where the expression "as smart as a Philadelphia lawyer" comes from
D．to tell people something special about the Philadelphia lawyer

单项选择题

Passage 1

Two main techniques have been used for training elephants, which we may call respectively the tough and the gentle. The former method simply consists of setting an elephant to work and beating him until he does what is expected of him. Apart from any moral considerations this is a stupid method of training, for it produces a resentful animal who at a later stage may well turn man-killer. The gentle method requires more patience in the early stages, but produces a cheerful, good-tempered elephant who will give many years of loyal service.
The first essential in elephant training is to assign to the animal a single mahout who will be entirely responsible for the job. Elephants like to have one master just as dogs do, and are capable of a considerable degree of personal affection. There are even stories of half- trained elephant calves who have refused to feed and pained to death when by some unavoidable circumstance they have been deprived of their own trainer. Such extreme cases must probably be taken with a grain of salt, but they do underline the general principle that the relationship between elephant and mahout is the key to successful training.
The most economical age to capture an elephant for training is between fifteen and twenty years, for it is then almost ready to undertake heavy work and can begin to earn its keep straight away. But animals of this age do not easily become subservient to man, and a very firm hand must be employed in the early stages. The captive elephant, still roped to a tree, plunges and screams every time a man approaches, and for several days will probably refuse all food through anger, and fear. Sometimes a tame elephant is tethered nearby to give the wild one confidence, and in most cases the captive gradually quietens down and begins to accept its food. The next stage is to get the elephant to the training establishment, a ticklish business which is achieved with the aid of two tame elephants roped to the captive on either side.
When several elephants are being trained at one time, it is customary for the new arrival to be placed between the stalls of two captives whose training is already well advanced. It is then left completely undisturbed with plenty of food and water so that it can absorb the atmosphere of its new home and see that nothing particularly alarming is happening to its companions. When it is eating normally, its own training begins. The trainer stands in front of the elephant holding a long stick with a sharp metal point. Two assistants, mounted on tame elephants, control the captive from either side, while others rub their hands over his skin to the accompaniment of a monotonous and soothing chant. This is supposed to induce pleasurable sensations in the elephant, and its effects are reinforced by the use of endearing epithets, such as "ho! my son", or "ho! my father", or "my mother", according to the age and sex of the captive. The elephant is not immediately susceptible to such blandishments, however, and usually lashes fiercely with its trunk in all directions. These movements are controlled by the trainer with the metal-pointed stick, and the trunk eventually becomes so sore that the elephant curls it up and seldom afterwards uses it for offensive purposes.
This passage mainly discusses ______.

A．two techniques used for training elephants
B．the unhumane method used in training elephants
C．how to train the elephant
D．through the tough method we cannot train the elephant successfully

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