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Honey—Food or Medicine What do we know about honey It’s sweet and sticky, it tastes great on bread and in hot drinks, and it’s a pleasant alternative to sugar. However, there’s a lot more to honey than meets the eye, and one day it may replace many of the items in our medicine cabinets.
Doctors throughout history have appreciated the medicinal properties of honey. In Ancient Egypt it was used to treat cuts and burns. The Ancient Romans used it to help people with sleeping disorders and the Ancient Greek used it to cure skin diseases, ulcers and sores. More recently, German doctors mixed it with cod liver oil to treat battle wounds during WWI, and opera singers have been known to use it to boost their energy and soothe their throats. Today, as homeopathic medicine is becoming more popular, honey has been rediscovered as a natural remedy and is being used successfully to treat many ailments such as anaemia, arthritis, colds and stomach ulcers. It is particularly effective in the treatment of burns and wounds. Honey aerosol sprays have even been used to treat chronic bronchitis. The beauty industry has also recognized the natural benefits of honey and there are many cosmetic companies which use honey-based products. These include creams, lotions, soaps and face masks which claim to help heal blemishes, reduce the appearance of scars, moisturise the skin, soften wrinkles and make skin look younger and healthier. There are also a number of honey-based hair care products which claim to strengthen hair and make it softer, shinier and healthier. Honey and products containing honey have always been popular items in health food shops. Honey is sold in various forms as a remedy for sore throats, stomach ulcers and as a gentle, natural laxative. What is it then that makes honey such an effective natural remedy Well, after many years of research, biochemists still can’t say for certain. They have, however, managed to identify some of the healing properties in honey. Firstly, honey contains low levels of hydrogen peroxide, a chemical which kills bacteria. Secondly, it creates a moist environment when spread onto a wound which speeds up the natural healing process. Scientists have also found that certain types of honey act as antibiotics. In fact, honey is actually more effective than some of our current antibiotics because it works on certain microbes and bacteria that have developed a resistance to current antibiotic treatment. However, researchers have also found some types of honey are more beneficial than others. For example, honey containing nectar from the Australian jelly bush and the New Zealand tea tree plant have been found to possess more medicinal properties than other varieties.
Medical researchers are still working on identifying the role that honey could play in future medical practices, but they all agree that we should not be using the honey in our kitchen cupboards to treat ourselves. This is because many commercial brands of honey actually contain bacteria which could contaminate an open wound. They also agree, unfortunately, that simply eating honey has minimal health benefits. Questions 56 to 60Fill in the blanks below with information from the passage, using no more than three words for each blank.

答案：正确答案：cuts and burns

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Honey—Food or Medicine What do we know about honey It’s sweet and sticky, it tastes great on bread and in hot drinks, and it’s a pleasant alternative to sugar. However, there’s a lot more to honey than meets the eye, and one day it may replace many of the items in our medicine cabinets.
Doctors throughout history have appreciated the medicinal properties of honey. In Ancient Egypt it was used to treat cuts and burns. The Ancient Romans used it to help people with sleeping disorders and the Ancient Greek used it to cure skin diseases, ulcers and sores. More recently, German doctors mixed it with cod liver oil to treat battle wounds during WWI, and opera singers have been known to use it to boost their energy and soothe their throats. Today, as homeopathic medicine is becoming more popular, honey has been rediscovered as a natural remedy and is being used successfully to treat many ailments such as anaemia, arthritis, colds and stomach ulcers. It is particularly effective in the treatment of burns and wounds. Honey aerosol sprays have even been used to treat chronic bronchitis. The beauty industry has also recognized the natural benefits of honey and there are many cosmetic companies which use honey-based products. These include creams, lotions, soaps and face masks which claim to help heal blemishes, reduce the appearance of scars, moisturise the skin, soften wrinkles and make skin look younger and healthier. There are also a number of honey-based hair care products which claim to strengthen hair and make it softer, shinier and healthier. Honey and products containing honey have always been popular items in health food shops. Honey is sold in various forms as a remedy for sore throats, stomach ulcers and as a gentle, natural laxative. What is it then that makes honey such an effective natural remedy Well, after many years of research, biochemists still can’t say for certain. They have, however, managed to identify some of the healing properties in honey. Firstly, honey contains low levels of hydrogen peroxide, a chemical which kills bacteria. Secondly, it creates a moist environment when spread onto a wound which speeds up the natural healing process. Scientists have also found that certain types of honey act as antibiotics. In fact, honey is actually more effective than some of our current antibiotics because it works on certain microbes and bacteria that have developed a resistance to current antibiotic treatment. However, researchers have also found some types of honey are more beneficial than others. For example, honey containing nectar from the Australian jelly bush and the New Zealand tea tree plant have been found to possess more medicinal properties than other varieties.
Medical researchers are still working on identifying the role that honey could play in future medical practices, but they all agree that we should not be using the honey in our kitchen cupboards to treat ourselves. This is because many commercial brands of honey actually contain bacteria which could contaminate an open wound. They also agree, unfortunately, that simply eating honey has minimal health benefits. Questions 56 to 60Fill in the blanks below with information from the passage, using no more than three words for each blank.

答案：正确答案：cuts and burns

Honey—Food or Medicine What do we know about honey It’s sweet and sticky, it tastes great on bread and in hot drinks, and it’s a pleasant alternative to sugar. However, there’s a lot more to honey than meets the eye, and one day it may replace many of the items in our medicine cabinets.
Doctors throughout history have appreciated the medicinal properties of honey. In Ancient Egypt it was used to treat cuts and burns. The Ancient Romans used it to help people with sleeping disorders and the Ancient Greek used it to cure skin diseases, ulcers and sores. More recently, German doctors mixed it with cod liver oil to treat battle wounds during WWI, and opera singers have been known to use it to boost their energy and soothe their throats. Today, as homeopathic medicine is becoming more popular, honey has been rediscovered as a natural remedy and is being used successfully to treat many ailments such as anaemia, arthritis, colds and stomach ulcers. It is particularly effective in the treatment of burns and wounds. Honey aerosol sprays have even been used to treat chronic bronchitis. The beauty industry has also recognized the natural benefits of honey and there are many cosmetic companies which use honey-based products. These include creams, lotions, soaps and face masks which claim to help heal blemishes, reduce the appearance of scars, moisturise the skin, soften wrinkles and make skin look younger and healthier. There are also a number of honey-based hair care products which claim to strengthen hair and make it softer, shinier and healthier. Honey and products containing honey have always been popular items in health food shops. Honey is sold in various forms as a remedy for sore throats, stomach ulcers and as a gentle, natural laxative. What is it then that makes honey such an effective natural remedy Well, after many years of research, biochemists still can’t say for certain. They have, however, managed to identify some of the healing properties in honey. Firstly, honey contains low levels of hydrogen peroxide, a chemical which kills bacteria. Secondly, it creates a moist environment when spread onto a wound which speeds up the natural healing process. Scientists have also found that certain types of honey act as antibiotics. In fact, honey is actually more effective than some of our current antibiotics because it works on certain microbes and bacteria that have developed a resistance to current antibiotic treatment. However, researchers have also found some types of honey are more beneficial than others. For example, honey containing nectar from the Australian jelly bush and the New Zealand tea tree plant have been found to possess more medicinal properties than other varieties.
Medical researchers are still working on identifying the role that honey could play in future medical practices, but they all agree that we should not be using the honey in our kitchen cupboards to treat ourselves. This is because many commercial brands of honey actually contain bacteria which could contaminate an open wound. They also agree, unfortunately, that simply eating honey has minimal health benefits. Questions 56 to 60Fill in the blanks below with information from the passage, using no more than three words for each blank.

答案：正确答案：homeopathic medicine

Although French, German, American and British pioneers have all been credited with the invention of cinema, the British and the Germans played a relatively small role in its worldwide exploitation. It was above all the French, followed closely by the Americans, who were the most passionate exporters of the new invention, helping to start cinema in China, Japan, Latin America and Russia. In terms of artistic development it was again the French and the Americans who took the lead, though in the years before the First World War, Italy, Denmark and Russia also played a part. 【B1】By protecting their own market and pursuing a vigorous export policy, the Americans achieved a dominant position on the world market by the start of the First World War. The centre of film-making had moved westwards, to Hollywood, and it was films from these new Hollywood studios that flooded onto the world’s film markets in the years after the First World War, and have done so ever since. Faced with total Hollywood domination, few film industries proved competitive. The Italian industry, which had pioneered the feature film with spectacular films like Quo Vadis(1913)and Cabiria(1914), almost collapsed. In Scandinavia, the Swedish cinema had a brief period of glory, notably with powerful epic films and comedies. Even the French cinema found itself in a difficult position. In Europe, only Germany proved industrially capable, while in the new Soviet Union and in Japan, the development of the cinema took place in conditions of commercial isolation. 【B2】Hollywood films appealed because they had better-constructed narratives, their special effects were more impressive, and the star system added a new dimension to screen acting. If Hollywood did not have enough of its own resources, it had a great deal of money to buy up artists and technical innovations from Europe to ensure its continued dominance over present or future competition. 【B3】However, during this "Silent Film" era, animation, comedy, serials and dramatic features continued to thrive, along with factual films or documentaries, which acquired an increasing distinctiveness as the period progressed. It was also at this time that the avant-garde film first achieved commercial success, this time thanks almost exclusively to the French and the occasional German film. 【B4】Of these, the French displayed the most continuity, in spite of the war and postwar economic uncertainties. The German cinema, relatively insignificant in the pre-war years, exploded on to the world scene after 1919. Yet even they were both overshadowed by the Soviets after the 1917 Revolution. They turned their back on the past, leaving the style of the pre-war Russian cinema to the Emigres who fled westwards to escape the Revolution. 【B5】__For example, Britain had an interesting but undistinguished history in the silent period: Italy had a brief moment of international fame just before the war: the Scandinavian countries , particularly Denmark, played a role in the development of silent cinema quite out of proportion to their small population: and Japan’s cinemas developed based primarily on traditional theatrical and, to a lesser extent, other art forms and only gradually adapted to western influence. Questions 61 to 65Choose from the sentences A—G the one which best fits each gap of 61—65. There are two extra sentences which you do not need to use.A. In rencent years, more and more people enjoyed watching Hollywood films.B. Film style differs in different countries.C. Of the countries which developed and maintained distinctive national cinemas in the silent period , the most important were France, Germany and the Soviet Union.D. There are other countries whose cinemas changed dramatically.E. Hollywood took the lead artistically as well as industrially.F. In the end it was the United States that was to become, and remain, the largest single market for films.G. From early cinema, it was only American slapstick comedy that successfully developed in both short and feature format.【B1】

答案：正确答案：B

Honey—Food or Medicine What do we know about honey It’s sweet and sticky, it tastes great on bread and in hot drinks, and it’s a pleasant alternative to sugar. However, there’s a lot more to honey than meets the eye, and one day it may replace many of the items in our medicine cabinets.
Doctors throughout history have appreciated the medicinal properties of honey. In Ancient Egypt it was used to treat cuts and burns. The Ancient Romans used it to help people with sleeping disorders and the Ancient Greek used it to cure skin diseases, ulcers and sores. More recently, German doctors mixed it with cod liver oil to treat battle wounds during WWI, and opera singers have been known to use it to boost their energy and soothe their throats. Today, as homeopathic medicine is becoming more popular, honey has been rediscovered as a natural remedy and is being used successfully to treat many ailments such as anaemia, arthritis, colds and stomach ulcers. It is particularly effective in the treatment of burns and wounds. Honey aerosol sprays have even been used to treat chronic bronchitis. The beauty industry has also recognized the natural benefits of honey and there are many cosmetic companies which use honey-based products. These include creams, lotions, soaps and face masks which claim to help heal blemishes, reduce the appearance of scars, moisturise the skin, soften wrinkles and make skin look younger and healthier. There are also a number of honey-based hair care products which claim to strengthen hair and make it softer, shinier and healthier. Honey and products containing honey have always been popular items in health food shops. Honey is sold in various forms as a remedy for sore throats, stomach ulcers and as a gentle, natural laxative. What is it then that makes honey such an effective natural remedy Well, after many years of research, biochemists still can’t say for certain. They have, however, managed to identify some of the healing properties in honey. Firstly, honey contains low levels of hydrogen peroxide, a chemical which kills bacteria. Secondly, it creates a moist environment when spread onto a wound which speeds up the natural healing process. Scientists have also found that certain types of honey act as antibiotics. In fact, honey is actually more effective than some of our current antibiotics because it works on certain microbes and bacteria that have developed a resistance to current antibiotic treatment. However, researchers have also found some types of honey are more beneficial than others. For example, honey containing nectar from the Australian jelly bush and the New Zealand tea tree plant have been found to possess more medicinal properties than other varieties.
Medical researchers are still working on identifying the role that honey could play in future medical practices, but they all agree that we should not be using the honey in our kitchen cupboards to treat ourselves. This is because many commercial brands of honey actually contain bacteria which could contaminate an open wound. They also agree, unfortunately, that simply eating honey has minimal health benefits. Questions 56 to 60Fill in the blanks below with information from the passage, using no more than three words for each blank.

答案：正确答案：bacteria—killing

Although French, German, American and British pioneers have all been credited with the invention of cinema, the British and the Germans played a relatively small role in its worldwide exploitation. It was above all the French, followed closely by the Americans, who were the most passionate exporters of the new invention, helping to start cinema in China, Japan, Latin America and Russia. In terms of artistic development it was again the French and the Americans who took the lead, though in the years before the First World War, Italy, Denmark and Russia also played a part. 【B1】By protecting their own market and pursuing a vigorous export policy, the Americans achieved a dominant position on the world market by the start of the First World War. The centre of film-making had moved westwards, to Hollywood, and it was films from these new Hollywood studios that flooded onto the world’s film markets in the years after the First World War, and have done so ever since. Faced with total Hollywood domination, few film industries proved competitive. The Italian industry, which had pioneered the feature film with spectacular films like Quo Vadis(1913)and Cabiria(1914), almost collapsed. In Scandinavia, the Swedish cinema had a brief period of glory, notably with powerful epic films and comedies. Even the French cinema found itself in a difficult position. In Europe, only Germany proved industrially capable, while in the new Soviet Union and in Japan, the development of the cinema took place in conditions of commercial isolation. 【B2】Hollywood films appealed because they had better-constructed narratives, their special effects were more impressive, and the star system added a new dimension to screen acting. If Hollywood did not have enough of its own resources, it had a great deal of money to buy up artists and technical innovations from Europe to ensure its continued dominance over present or future competition. 【B3】However, during this "Silent Film" era, animation, comedy, serials and dramatic features continued to thrive, along with factual films or documentaries, which acquired an increasing distinctiveness as the period progressed. It was also at this time that the avant-garde film first achieved commercial success, this time thanks almost exclusively to the French and the occasional German film. 【B4】Of these, the French displayed the most continuity, in spite of the war and postwar economic uncertainties. The German cinema, relatively insignificant in the pre-war years, exploded on to the world scene after 1919. Yet even they were both overshadowed by the Soviets after the 1917 Revolution. They turned their back on the past, leaving the style of the pre-war Russian cinema to the Emigres who fled westwards to escape the Revolution. 【B5】__For example, Britain had an interesting but undistinguished history in the silent period: Italy had a brief moment of international fame just before the war: the Scandinavian countries , particularly Denmark, played a role in the development of silent cinema quite out of proportion to their small population: and Japan’s cinemas developed based primarily on traditional theatrical and, to a lesser extent, other art forms and only gradually adapted to western influence. Questions 61 to 65Choose from the sentences A—G the one which best fits each gap of 61—65. There are two extra sentences which you do not need to use.A. In rencent years, more and more people enjoyed watching Hollywood films.B. Film style differs in different countries.C. Of the countries which developed and maintained distinctive national cinemas in the silent period , the most important were France, Germany and the Soviet Union.D. There are other countries whose cinemas changed dramatically.E. Hollywood took the lead artistically as well as industrially.F. In the end it was the United States that was to become, and remain, the largest single market for films.G. From early cinema, it was only American slapstick comedy that successfully developed in both short and feature format.【B2】

答案：正确答案：E

Honey—Food or Medicine What do we know about honey It’s sweet and sticky, it tastes great on bread and in hot drinks, and it’s a pleasant alternative to sugar. However, there’s a lot more to honey than meets the eye, and one day it may replace many of the items in our medicine cabinets.
Doctors throughout history have appreciated the medicinal properties of honey. In Ancient Egypt it was used to treat cuts and burns. The Ancient Romans used it to help people with sleeping disorders and the Ancient Greek used it to cure skin diseases, ulcers and sores. More recently, German doctors mixed it with cod liver oil to treat battle wounds during WWI, and opera singers have been known to use it to boost their energy and soothe their throats. Today, as homeopathic medicine is becoming more popular, honey has been rediscovered as a natural remedy and is being used successfully to treat many ailments such as anaemia, arthritis, colds and stomach ulcers. It is particularly effective in the treatment of burns and wounds. Honey aerosol sprays have even been used to treat chronic bronchitis. The beauty industry has also recognized the natural benefits of honey and there are many cosmetic companies which use honey-based products. These include creams, lotions, soaps and face masks which claim to help heal blemishes, reduce the appearance of scars, moisturise the skin, soften wrinkles and make skin look younger and healthier. There are also a number of honey-based hair care products which claim to strengthen hair and make it softer, shinier and healthier. Honey and products containing honey have always been popular items in health food shops. Honey is sold in various forms as a remedy for sore throats, stomach ulcers and as a gentle, natural laxative. What is it then that makes honey such an effective natural remedy Well, after many years of research, biochemists still can’t say for certain. They have, however, managed to identify some of the healing properties in honey. Firstly, honey contains low levels of hydrogen peroxide, a chemical which kills bacteria. Secondly, it creates a moist environment when spread onto a wound which speeds up the natural healing process. Scientists have also found that certain types of honey act as antibiotics. In fact, honey is actually more effective than some of our current antibiotics because it works on certain microbes and bacteria that have developed a resistance to current antibiotic treatment. However, researchers have also found some types of honey are more beneficial than others. For example, honey containing nectar from the Australian jelly bush and the New Zealand tea tree plant have been found to possess more medicinal properties than other varieties.
Medical researchers are still working on identifying the role that honey could play in future medical practices, but they all agree that we should not be using the honey in our kitchen cupboards to treat ourselves. This is because many commercial brands of honey actually contain bacteria which could contaminate an open wound. They also agree, unfortunately, that simply eating honey has minimal health benefits. Questions 56 to 60Fill in the blanks below with information from the passage, using no more than three words for each blank.

答案：正确答案：varieties

Although French, German, American and British pioneers have all been credited with the invention of cinema, the British and the Germans played a relatively small role in its worldwide exploitation. It was above all the French, followed closely by the Americans, who were the most passionate exporters of the new invention, helping to start cinema in China, Japan, Latin America and Russia. In terms of artistic development it was again the French and the Americans who took the lead, though in the years before the First World War, Italy, Denmark and Russia also played a part. 【B1】By protecting their own market and pursuing a vigorous export policy, the Americans achieved a dominant position on the world market by the start of the First World War. The centre of film-making had moved westwards, to Hollywood, and it was films from these new Hollywood studios that flooded onto the world’s film markets in the years after the First World War, and have done so ever since. Faced with total Hollywood domination, few film industries proved competitive. The Italian industry, which had pioneered the feature film with spectacular films like Quo Vadis(1913)and Cabiria(1914), almost collapsed. In Scandinavia, the Swedish cinema had a brief period of glory, notably with powerful epic films and comedies. Even the French cinema found itself in a difficult position. In Europe, only Germany proved industrially capable, while in the new Soviet Union and in Japan, the development of the cinema took place in conditions of commercial isolation. 【B2】Hollywood films appealed because they had better-constructed narratives, their special effects were more impressive, and the star system added a new dimension to screen acting. If Hollywood did not have enough of its own resources, it had a great deal of money to buy up artists and technical innovations from Europe to ensure its continued dominance over present or future competition. 【B3】However, during this "Silent Film" era, animation, comedy, serials and dramatic features continued to thrive, along with factual films or documentaries, which acquired an increasing distinctiveness as the period progressed. It was also at this time that the avant-garde film first achieved commercial success, this time thanks almost exclusively to the French and the occasional German film. 【B4】Of these, the French displayed the most continuity, in spite of the war and postwar economic uncertainties. The German cinema, relatively insignificant in the pre-war years, exploded on to the world scene after 1919. Yet even they were both overshadowed by the Soviets after the 1917 Revolution. They turned their back on the past, leaving the style of the pre-war Russian cinema to the Emigres who fled westwards to escape the Revolution. 【B5】__For example, Britain had an interesting but undistinguished history in the silent period: Italy had a brief moment of international fame just before the war: the Scandinavian countries , particularly Denmark, played a role in the development of silent cinema quite out of proportion to their small population: and Japan’s cinemas developed based primarily on traditional theatrical and, to a lesser extent, other art forms and only gradually adapted to western influence. Questions 61 to 65Choose from the sentences A—G the one which best fits each gap of 61—65. There are two extra sentences which you do not need to use.A. In rencent years, more and more people enjoyed watching Hollywood films.B. Film style differs in different countries.C. Of the countries which developed and maintained distinctive national cinemas in the silent period , the most important were France, Germany and the Soviet Union.D. There are other countries whose cinemas changed dramatically.E. Hollywood took the lead artistically as well as industrially.F. In the end it was the United States that was to become, and remain, the largest single market for films.G. From early cinema, it was only American slapstick comedy that successfully developed in both short and feature format.【B3】

答案：正确答案：G

Honey—Food or Medicine What do we know about honey It’s sweet and sticky, it tastes great on bread and in hot drinks, and it’s a pleasant alternative to sugar. However, there’s a lot more to honey than meets the eye, and one day it may replace many of the items in our medicine cabinets.
Doctors throughout history have appreciated the medicinal properties of honey. In Ancient Egypt it was used to treat cuts and burns. The Ancient Romans used it to help people with sleeping disorders and the Ancient Greek used it to cure skin diseases, ulcers and sores. More recently, German doctors mixed it with cod liver oil to treat battle wounds during WWI, and opera singers have been known to use it to boost their energy and soothe their throats. Today, as homeopathic medicine is becoming more popular, honey has been rediscovered as a natural remedy and is being used successfully to treat many ailments such as anaemia, arthritis, colds and stomach ulcers. It is particularly effective in the treatment of burns and wounds. Honey aerosol sprays have even been used to treat chronic bronchitis. The beauty industry has also recognized the natural benefits of honey and there are many cosmetic companies which use honey-based products. These include creams, lotions, soaps and face masks which claim to help heal blemishes, reduce the appearance of scars, moisturise the skin, soften wrinkles and make skin look younger and healthier. There are also a number of honey-based hair care products which claim to strengthen hair and make it softer, shinier and healthier. Honey and products containing honey have always been popular items in health food shops. Honey is sold in various forms as a remedy for sore throats, stomach ulcers and as a gentle, natural laxative. What is it then that makes honey such an effective natural remedy Well, after many years of research, biochemists still can’t say for certain. They have, however, managed to identify some of the healing properties in honey. Firstly, honey contains low levels of hydrogen peroxide, a chemical which kills bacteria. Secondly, it creates a moist environment when spread onto a wound which speeds up the natural healing process. Scientists have also found that certain types of honey act as antibiotics. In fact, honey is actually more effective than some of our current antibiotics because it works on certain microbes and bacteria that have developed a resistance to current antibiotic treatment. However, researchers have also found some types of honey are more beneficial than others. For example, honey containing nectar from the Australian jelly bush and the New Zealand tea tree plant have been found to possess more medicinal properties than other varieties.
Medical researchers are still working on identifying the role that honey could play in future medical practices, but they all agree that we should not be using the honey in our kitchen cupboards to treat ourselves. This is because many commercial brands of honey actually contain bacteria which could contaminate an open wound. They also agree, unfortunately, that simply eating honey has minimal health benefits. Questions 56 to 60Fill in the blanks below with information from the passage, using no more than three words for each blank.

答案：正确答案：minimal health benefits

Although French, German, American and British pioneers have all been credited with the invention of cinema, the British and the Germans played a relatively small role in its worldwide exploitation. It was above all the French, followed closely by the Americans, who were the most passionate exporters of the new invention, helping to start cinema in China, Japan, Latin America and Russia. In terms of artistic development it was again the French and the Americans who took the lead, though in the years before the First World War, Italy, Denmark and Russia also played a part. 【B1】By protecting their own market and pursuing a vigorous export policy, the Americans achieved a dominant position on the world market by the start of the First World War. The centre of film-making had moved westwards, to Hollywood, and it was films from these new Hollywood studios that flooded onto the world’s film markets in the years after the First World War, and have done so ever since. Faced with total Hollywood domination, few film industries proved competitive. The Italian industry, which had pioneered the feature film with spectacular films like Quo Vadis(1913)and Cabiria(1914), almost collapsed. In Scandinavia, the Swedish cinema had a brief period of glory, notably with powerful epic films and comedies. Even the French cinema found itself in a difficult position. In Europe, only Germany proved industrially capable, while in the new Soviet Union and in Japan, the development of the cinema took place in conditions of commercial isolation. 【B2】Hollywood films appealed because they had better-constructed narratives, their special effects were more impressive, and the star system added a new dimension to screen acting. If Hollywood did not have enough of its own resources, it had a great deal of money to buy up artists and technical innovations from Europe to ensure its continued dominance over present or future competition. 【B3】However, during this "Silent Film" era, animation, comedy, serials and dramatic features continued to thrive, along with factual films or documentaries, which acquired an increasing distinctiveness as the period progressed. It was also at this time that the avant-garde film first achieved commercial success, this time thanks almost exclusively to the French and the occasional German film. 【B4】Of these, the French displayed the most continuity, in spite of the war and postwar economic uncertainties. The German cinema, relatively insignificant in the pre-war years, exploded on to the world scene after 1919. Yet even they were both overshadowed by the Soviets after the 1917 Revolution. They turned their back on the past, leaving the style of the pre-war Russian cinema to the Emigres who fled westwards to escape the Revolution. 【B5】__For example, Britain had an interesting but undistinguished history in the silent period: Italy had a brief moment of international fame just before the war: the Scandinavian countries , particularly Denmark, played a role in the development of silent cinema quite out of proportion to their small population: and Japan’s cinemas developed based primarily on traditional theatrical and, to a lesser extent, other art forms and only gradually adapted to western influence. Questions 61 to 65Choose from the sentences A—G the one which best fits each gap of 61—65. There are two extra sentences which you do not need to use.A. In rencent years, more and more people enjoyed watching Hollywood films.B. Film style differs in different countries.C. Of the countries which developed and maintained distinctive national cinemas in the silent period , the most important were France, Germany and the Soviet Union.D. There are other countries whose cinemas changed dramatically.E. Hollywood took the lead artistically as well as industrially.F. In the end it was the United States that was to become, and remain, the largest single market for films.G. From early cinema, it was only American slapstick comedy that successfully developed in both short and feature format.【B4】

答案：正确答案：C

If you could go on vacation as anyone you wanted, who would you choose Joel Stain decided he’d make a great Ricky Martin. Welcome to Fantasy Island. It’s an offer worthy of Mr. Roarke: Wyndham El San Juan Hotel & Casino, in Puerto Rico, has developed a three-night package in which you check in as a Celebrity. The hotel puts no constraints on which name you choose, though President Clinton, Dracula, and Boy George have all been rejected.(Two men were permitted to come as Rodgers and Hart, so I’m not sure what the problem with George was.)I almost picked someone I admired, until I realized that a weekend as Wallace Shawn might not be a Dionysian romp. Instead I chose Ricky Martin, because he’s big in Puerto Rico, and my girlfriend chose Jennifer Lopez, because I told her to.(It seemed more legitimate than when I make her pretend to be Jennifer Lopez at home.)I didn’t know much about Martin, so on the flight down I read ’ Entertainment Weekly’. I wasn’t happy about what I found out, and I don’t mean the meditation stuff. Upon landing we were greeted by a hotel publicist and a driver, each holding a piece of paper that read Mr. Ricky Martin and Ms. Jennifer Lopez. The pomp was so unimpressive that no one at the Airport expected Ricky and J. Lo. The lack of a crowd was a lucky break, since the hotel had also sent a photographer who kept asking us to hold our placards and smile. Never have the words, ’ Ricky Martin’ and ’ giant loser’ seemed so interchangeable. On the five-minute drive to the hotel, the driver told us to sit back, relax, and reach into the white limo’s fridge for a cold can of Medalla Light. Celebrities really do live better. At the hotel the publicist whisked us to the Texas-themed restaurant, the Ranch, built with real Connecticut barn wood. Nothing submerges you into the relaxing Caribbean lifestyle as much as Texan attitude and Northeastern barn wood. The manager gave us a complimentary platter of rattlesnake sausage and jalapeno poppers, which, I believe, are known as the food of celebrities. He blasted Martin’s song ’ She Bangs’ and made five waiters run over and ask me to dance, an unpleasant thing to demand of a celebrity, much less of someone pretending to be one. Then they led me to the mechanical bull, which I rode until I fell off... Questions 66 to 70 Answer the following questions with the information given in the passage.Where does this ad want us to go for a vacation

答案：正确答案：Wyndham El San Juan Hotel&Casino in Puerto Rico．

If you could go on vacation as anyone you wanted, who would you choose Joel Stain decided he’d make a great Ricky Martin. Welcome to Fantasy Island. It’s an offer worthy of Mr. Roarke: Wyndham El San Juan Hotel & Casino, in Puerto Rico, has developed a three-night package in which you check in as a Celebrity. The hotel puts no constraints on which name you choose, though President Clinton, Dracula, and Boy George have all been rejected.(Two men were permitted to come as Rodgers and Hart, so I’m not sure what the problem with George was.)I almost picked someone I admired, until I realized that a weekend as Wallace Shawn might not be a Dionysian romp. Instead I chose Ricky Martin, because he’s big in Puerto Rico, and my girlfriend chose Jennifer Lopez, because I told her to.(It seemed more legitimate than when I make her pretend to be Jennifer Lopez at home.)I didn’t know much about Martin, so on the flight down I read ’ Entertainment Weekly’. I wasn’t happy about what I found out, and I don’t mean the meditation stuff. Upon landing we were greeted by a hotel publicist and a driver, each holding a piece of paper that read Mr. Ricky Martin and Ms. Jennifer Lopez. The pomp was so unimpressive that no one at the Airport expected Ricky and J. Lo. The lack of a crowd was a lucky break, since the hotel had also sent a photographer who kept asking us to hold our placards and smile. Never have the words, ’ Ricky Martin’ and ’ giant loser’ seemed so interchangeable. On the five-minute drive to the hotel, the driver told us to sit back, relax, and reach into the white limo’s fridge for a cold can of Medalla Light. Celebrities really do live better. At the hotel the publicist whisked us to the Texas-themed restaurant, the Ranch, built with real Connecticut barn wood. Nothing submerges you into the relaxing Caribbean lifestyle as much as Texan attitude and Northeastern barn wood. The manager gave us a complimentary platter of rattlesnake sausage and jalapeno poppers, which, I believe, are known as the food of celebrities. He blasted Martin’s song ’ She Bangs’ and made five waiters run over and ask me to dance, an unpleasant thing to demand of a celebrity, much less of someone pretending to be one. Then they led me to the mechanical bull, which I rode until I fell off... Questions 66 to 70 Answer the following questions with the information given in the passage.Who is Ricky Martin

答案：正确答案：A super singer in Puerto Rico．

Although French, German, American and British pioneers have all been credited with the invention of cinema, the British and the Germans played a relatively small role in its worldwide exploitation. It was above all the French, followed closely by the Americans, who were the most passionate exporters of the new invention, helping to start cinema in China, Japan, Latin America and Russia. In terms of artistic development it was again the French and the Americans who took the lead, though in the years before the First World War, Italy, Denmark and Russia also played a part. 【B1】By protecting their own market and pursuing a vigorous export policy, the Americans achieved a dominant position on the world market by the start of the First World War. The centre of film-making had moved westwards, to Hollywood, and it was films from these new Hollywood studios that flooded onto the world’s film markets in the years after the First World War, and have done so ever since. Faced with total Hollywood domination, few film industries proved competitive. The Italian industry, which had pioneered the feature film with spectacular films like Quo Vadis(1913)and Cabiria(1914), almost collapsed. In Scandinavia, the Swedish cinema had a brief period of glory, notably with powerful epic films and comedies. Even the French cinema found itself in a difficult position. In Europe, only Germany proved industrially capable, while in the new Soviet Union and in Japan, the development of the cinema took place in conditions of commercial isolation. 【B2】Hollywood films appealed because they had better-constructed narratives, their special effects were more impressive, and the star system added a new dimension to screen acting. If Hollywood did not have enough of its own resources, it had a great deal of money to buy up artists and technical innovations from Europe to ensure its continued dominance over present or future competition. 【B3】However, during this "Silent Film" era, animation, comedy, serials and dramatic features continued to thrive, along with factual films or documentaries, which acquired an increasing distinctiveness as the period progressed. It was also at this time that the avant-garde film first achieved commercial success, this time thanks almost exclusively to the French and the occasional German film. 【B4】Of these, the French displayed the most continuity, in spite of the war and postwar economic uncertainties. The German cinema, relatively insignificant in the pre-war years, exploded on to the world scene after 1919. Yet even they were both overshadowed by the Soviets after the 1917 Revolution. They turned their back on the past, leaving the style of the pre-war Russian cinema to the Emigres who fled westwards to escape the Revolution. 【B5】__For example, Britain had an interesting but undistinguished history in the silent period: Italy had a brief moment of international fame just before the war: the Scandinavian countries , particularly Denmark, played a role in the development of silent cinema quite out of proportion to their small population: and Japan’s cinemas developed based primarily on traditional theatrical and, to a lesser extent, other art forms and only gradually adapted to western influence. Questions 61 to 65Choose from the sentences A—G the one which best fits each gap of 61—65. There are two extra sentences which you do not need to use.A. In rencent years, more and more people enjoyed watching Hollywood films.B. Film style differs in different countries.C. Of the countries which developed and maintained distinctive national cinemas in the silent period , the most important were France, Germany and the Soviet Union.D. There are other countries whose cinemas changed dramatically.E. Hollywood took the lead artistically as well as industrially.F. In the end it was the United States that was to become, and remain, the largest single market for films.G. From early cinema, it was only American slapstick comedy that successfully developed in both short and feature format.【B5】

答案：正确答案：D

As every schoolboy knows, insects pollinate flowers, while birds and mammals disperse seeds by eating fruits or transporting burs on their feathers and fur. These are examples of co-evolution, a phenomenon first described by Charles Darwin in The Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex, published in 1871. Co-evolution, in which two species have evolved together in response to adaptations that each has imposed on the other, can be extremely subtle. For instance, some animals may help to transfer pollen from one plant to another without acting directly as the carrier themselves. Instead, they make it easier for the pollen to be dispersed by other creatures. Mats Olsson and Richard Shine, of the University of Sydney, and Elisabeth Bak-Olsson, of the University of Gothenburg in Sweden, have discovered, apparently for the first time, such a mutually beneficial arrangement between a reptile and a plant. For most of the year the Tasmanian snow skink lizard confined to mountain tops in that island is catholic in what it eats. But when the honey-bush is in bloom, the skinks make a point of tearing off the tough, red petals that enclose the rest of the flower. They chew them to extract the nectar and spit out what is left. At first sight, this skink-savaging may not seem all that helpful to the honey-bush. But it is. It exposes the reproductive parts of the flowers, thereby allowing pollinating insects to get at them. Dr. Olsson and his colleagues found that flowers with the petals left intact never produced seed. But, according to their paper in the Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 87% of flowers with the petals torn off did so. To check that it was the skinks alone that were the plants’ little helpers, the researchers placed cages around some honey-bushes. Virtually all of the petals were removed from the flowers on bushes without cages. Only 16% of the caged bushes had their petals ripped off, possibly by high winds battering them. Dr. Olsson found no evidence of pollen being carried on a skink and so concluded that the lizards play no role in transporting honey-bush pollen from one flower to another. But he did see a range of insects: wasps, flies, bumble-bees and others feeding from honey-bush flowers that had no petals covering them. Without the petals removed, it was impossible for insects to do any pollinating. Question 71 to 75Complete the summary below with information from the passage, using three words or fewer for each blank. Co-evolution is【R1】described by Charles Darwin in The Descent of Man. In the process of co-evolution, two species may have to respond to adaptations they have imposed on each other. For example, some animals may not carry【R2】from one plant to another. They may help by making it easier for other creatures to disperse the pollen from one plant to another. Such an arrangement seems【R3】to both species. In Tasmania, the skink lizards chew the red petals of【R4】and spit out what is left. In doing so, they expose the reproductive parts of the flower and enable pollinating insects to reach them. It was discovered that 87% of these flowers produced seeds. Conversely, flowers with petals remaining【R5】__never did.【R1】

答案：正确答案：a phenomenon

If you could go on vacation as anyone you wanted, who would you choose Joel Stain decided he’d make a great Ricky Martin. Welcome to Fantasy Island. It’s an offer worthy of Mr. Roarke: Wyndham El San Juan Hotel & Casino, in Puerto Rico, has developed a three-night package in which you check in as a Celebrity. The hotel puts no constraints on which name you choose, though President Clinton, Dracula, and Boy George have all been rejected.(Two men were permitted to come as Rodgers and Hart, so I’m not sure what the problem with George was.)I almost picked someone I admired, until I realized that a weekend as Wallace Shawn might not be a Dionysian romp. Instead I chose Ricky Martin, because he’s big in Puerto Rico, and my girlfriend chose Jennifer Lopez, because I told her to.(It seemed more legitimate than when I make her pretend to be Jennifer Lopez at home.)I didn’t know much about Martin, so on the flight down I read ’ Entertainment Weekly’. I wasn’t happy about what I found out, and I don’t mean the meditation stuff. Upon landing we were greeted by a hotel publicist and a driver, each holding a piece of paper that read Mr. Ricky Martin and Ms. Jennifer Lopez. The pomp was so unimpressive that no one at the Airport expected Ricky and J. Lo. The lack of a crowd was a lucky break, since the hotel had also sent a photographer who kept asking us to hold our placards and smile. Never have the words, ’ Ricky Martin’ and ’ giant loser’ seemed so interchangeable. On the five-minute drive to the hotel, the driver told us to sit back, relax, and reach into the white limo’s fridge for a cold can of Medalla Light. Celebrities really do live better. At the hotel the publicist whisked us to the Texas-themed restaurant, the Ranch, built with real Connecticut barn wood. Nothing submerges you into the relaxing Caribbean lifestyle as much as Texan attitude and Northeastern barn wood. The manager gave us a complimentary platter of rattlesnake sausage and jalapeno poppers, which, I believe, are known as the food of celebrities. He blasted Martin’s song ’ She Bangs’ and made five waiters run over and ask me to dance, an unpleasant thing to demand of a celebrity, much less of someone pretending to be one. Then they led me to the mechanical bull, which I rode until I fell off... Questions 66 to 70 Answer the following questions with the information given in the passage.Are all conceivable names possible for checking in

答案：正确答案：No．

As every schoolboy knows, insects pollinate flowers, while birds and mammals disperse seeds by eating fruits or transporting burs on their feathers and fur. These are examples of co-evolution, a phenomenon first described by Charles Darwin in The Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex, published in 1871. Co-evolution, in which two species have evolved together in response to adaptations that each has imposed on the other, can be extremely subtle. For instance, some animals may help to transfer pollen from one plant to another without acting directly as the carrier themselves. Instead, they make it easier for the pollen to be dispersed by other creatures. Mats Olsson and Richard Shine, of the University of Sydney, and Elisabeth Bak-Olsson, of the University of Gothenburg in Sweden, have discovered, apparently for the first time, such a mutually beneficial arrangement between a reptile and a plant. For most of the year the Tasmanian snow skink lizard confined to mountain tops in that island is catholic in what it eats. But when the honey-bush is in bloom, the skinks make a point of tearing off the tough, red petals that enclose the rest of the flower. They chew them to extract the nectar and spit out what is left. At first sight, this skink-savaging may not seem all that helpful to the honey-bush. But it is. It exposes the reproductive parts of the flowers, thereby allowing pollinating insects to get at them. Dr. Olsson and his colleagues found that flowers with the petals left intact never produced seed. But, according to their paper in the Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 87% of flowers with the petals torn off did so. To check that it was the skinks alone that were the plants’ little helpers, the researchers placed cages around some honey-bushes. Virtually all of the petals were removed from the flowers on bushes without cages. Only 16% of the caged bushes had their petals ripped off, possibly by high winds battering them. Dr. Olsson found no evidence of pollen being carried on a skink and so concluded that the lizards play no role in transporting honey-bush pollen from one flower to another. But he did see a range of insects: wasps, flies, bumble-bees and others feeding from honey-bush flowers that had no petals covering them. Without the petals removed, it was impossible for insects to do any pollinating. Question 71 to 75Complete the summary below with information from the passage, using three words or fewer for each blank. Co-evolution is【R1】described by Charles Darwin in The Descent of Man. In the process of co-evolution, two species may have to respond to adaptations they have imposed on each other. For example, some animals may not carry【R2】from one plant to another. They may help by making it easier for other creatures to disperse the pollen from one plant to another. Such an arrangement seems【R3】to both species. In Tasmania, the skink lizards chew the red petals of【R4】and spit out what is left. In doing so, they expose the reproductive parts of the flower and enable pollinating insects to reach them. It was discovered that 87% of these flowers produced seeds. Conversely, flowers with petals remaining【R5】__never did.【R2】

答案：正确答案：Pollen

If you could go on vacation as anyone you wanted, who would you choose Joel Stain decided he’d make a great Ricky Martin. Welcome to Fantasy Island. It’s an offer worthy of Mr. Roarke: Wyndham El San Juan Hotel & Casino, in Puerto Rico, has developed a three-night package in which you check in as a Celebrity. The hotel puts no constraints on which name you choose, though President Clinton, Dracula, and Boy George have all been rejected.(Two men were permitted to come as Rodgers and Hart, so I’m not sure what the problem with George was.)I almost picked someone I admired, until I realized that a weekend as Wallace Shawn might not be a Dionysian romp. Instead I chose Ricky Martin, because he’s big in Puerto Rico, and my girlfriend chose Jennifer Lopez, because I told her to.(It seemed more legitimate than when I make her pretend to be Jennifer Lopez at home.)I didn’t know much about Martin, so on the flight down I read ’ Entertainment Weekly’. I wasn’t happy about what I found out, and I don’t mean the meditation stuff. Upon landing we were greeted by a hotel publicist and a driver, each holding a piece of paper that read Mr. Ricky Martin and Ms. Jennifer Lopez. The pomp was so unimpressive that no one at the Airport expected Ricky and J. Lo. The lack of a crowd was a lucky break, since the hotel had also sent a photographer who kept asking us to hold our placards and smile. Never have the words, ’ Ricky Martin’ and ’ giant loser’ seemed so interchangeable. On the five-minute drive to the hotel, the driver told us to sit back, relax, and reach into the white limo’s fridge for a cold can of Medalla Light. Celebrities really do live better. At the hotel the publicist whisked us to the Texas-themed restaurant, the Ranch, built with real Connecticut barn wood. Nothing submerges you into the relaxing Caribbean lifestyle as much as Texan attitude and Northeastern barn wood. The manager gave us a complimentary platter of rattlesnake sausage and jalapeno poppers, which, I believe, are known as the food of celebrities. He blasted Martin’s song ’ She Bangs’ and made five waiters run over and ask me to dance, an unpleasant thing to demand of a celebrity, much less of someone pretending to be one. Then they led me to the mechanical bull, which I rode until I fell off... Questions 66 to 70 Answer the following questions with the information given in the passage.What does the driver’s white limo suggest

答案：正确答案：It suggests that celebrities really do live better．

If you could go on vacation as anyone you wanted, who would you choose Joel Stain decided he’d make a great Ricky Martin. Welcome to Fantasy Island. It’s an offer worthy of Mr. Roarke: Wyndham El San Juan Hotel & Casino, in Puerto Rico, has developed a three-night package in which you check in as a Celebrity. The hotel puts no constraints on which name you choose, though President Clinton, Dracula, and Boy George have all been rejected.(Two men were permitted to come as Rodgers and Hart, so I’m not sure what the problem with George was.)I almost picked someone I admired, until I realized that a weekend as Wallace Shawn might not be a Dionysian romp. Instead I chose Ricky Martin, because he’s big in Puerto Rico, and my girlfriend chose Jennifer Lopez, because I told her to.(It seemed more legitimate than when I make her pretend to be Jennifer Lopez at home.)I didn’t know much about Martin, so on the flight down I read ’ Entertainment Weekly’. I wasn’t happy about what I found out, and I don’t mean the meditation stuff. Upon landing we were greeted by a hotel publicist and a driver, each holding a piece of paper that read Mr. Ricky Martin and Ms. Jennifer Lopez. The pomp was so unimpressive that no one at the Airport expected Ricky and J. Lo. The lack of a crowd was a lucky break, since the hotel had also sent a photographer who kept asking us to hold our placards and smile. Never have the words, ’ Ricky Martin’ and ’ giant loser’ seemed so interchangeable. On the five-minute drive to the hotel, the driver told us to sit back, relax, and reach into the white limo’s fridge for a cold can of Medalla Light. Celebrities really do live better. At the hotel the publicist whisked us to the Texas-themed restaurant, the Ranch, built with real Connecticut barn wood. Nothing submerges you into the relaxing Caribbean lifestyle as much as Texan attitude and Northeastern barn wood. The manager gave us a complimentary platter of rattlesnake sausage and jalapeno poppers, which, I believe, are known as the food of celebrities. He blasted Martin’s song ’ She Bangs’ and made five waiters run over and ask me to dance, an unpleasant thing to demand of a celebrity, much less of someone pretending to be one. Then they led me to the mechanical bull, which I rode until I fell off... Questions 66 to 70 Answer the following questions with the information given in the passage.What does the description of the restaurant suggest Section D(10 marks)

答案：正确答案：It suggests that the restaurant is of top grade and gue...

As every schoolboy knows, insects pollinate flowers, while birds and mammals disperse seeds by eating fruits or transporting burs on their feathers and fur. These are examples of co-evolution, a phenomenon first described by Charles Darwin in The Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex, published in 1871. Co-evolution, in which two species have evolved together in response to adaptations that each has imposed on the other, can be extremely subtle. For instance, some animals may help to transfer pollen from one plant to another without acting directly as the carrier themselves. Instead, they make it easier for the pollen to be dispersed by other creatures. Mats Olsson and Richard Shine, of the University of Sydney, and Elisabeth Bak-Olsson, of the University of Gothenburg in Sweden, have discovered, apparently for the first time, such a mutually beneficial arrangement between a reptile and a plant. For most of the year the Tasmanian snow skink lizard confined to mountain tops in that island is catholic in what it eats. But when the honey-bush is in bloom, the skinks make a point of tearing off the tough, red petals that enclose the rest of the flower. They chew them to extract the nectar and spit out what is left. At first sight, this skink-savaging may not seem all that helpful to the honey-bush. But it is. It exposes the reproductive parts of the flowers, thereby allowing pollinating insects to get at them. Dr. Olsson and his colleagues found that flowers with the petals left intact never produced seed. But, according to their paper in the Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 87% of flowers with the petals torn off did so. To check that it was the skinks alone that were the plants’ little helpers, the researchers placed cages around some honey-bushes. Virtually all of the petals were removed from the flowers on bushes without cages. Only 16% of the caged bushes had their petals ripped off, possibly by high winds battering them. Dr. Olsson found no evidence of pollen being carried on a skink and so concluded that the lizards play no role in transporting honey-bush pollen from one flower to another. But he did see a range of insects: wasps, flies, bumble-bees and others feeding from honey-bush flowers that had no petals covering them. Without the petals removed, it was impossible for insects to do any pollinating. Question 71 to 75Complete the summary below with information from the passage, using three words or fewer for each blank. Co-evolution is【R1】described by Charles Darwin in The Descent of Man. In the process of co-evolution, two species may have to respond to adaptations they have imposed on each other. For example, some animals may not carry【R2】from one plant to another. They may help by making it easier for other creatures to disperse the pollen from one plant to another. Such an arrangement seems【R3】to both species. In Tasmania, the skink lizards chew the red petals of【R4】and spit out what is left. In doing so, they expose the reproductive parts of the flower and enable pollinating insects to reach them. It was discovered that 87% of these flowers produced seeds. Conversely, flowers with petals remaining【R5】__never did.【R3】

答案：正确答案：beneficial

As every schoolboy knows, insects pollinate flowers, while birds and mammals disperse seeds by eating fruits or transporting burs on their feathers and fur. These are examples of co-evolution, a phenomenon first described by Charles Darwin in The Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex, published in 1871. Co-evolution, in which two species have evolved together in response to adaptations that each has imposed on the other, can be extremely subtle. For instance, some animals may help to transfer pollen from one plant to another without acting directly as the carrier themselves. Instead, they make it easier for the pollen to be dispersed by other creatures. Mats Olsson and Richard Shine, of the University of Sydney, and Elisabeth Bak-Olsson, of the University of Gothenburg in Sweden, have discovered, apparently for the first time, such a mutually beneficial arrangement between a reptile and a plant. For most of the year the Tasmanian snow skink lizard confined to mountain tops in that island is catholic in what it eats. But when the honey-bush is in bloom, the skinks make a point of tearing off the tough, red petals that enclose the rest of the flower. They chew them to extract the nectar and spit out what is left. At first sight, this skink-savaging may not seem all that helpful to the honey-bush. But it is. It exposes the reproductive parts of the flowers, thereby allowing pollinating insects to get at them. Dr. Olsson and his colleagues found that flowers with the petals left intact never produced seed. But, according to their paper in the Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 87% of flowers with the petals torn off did so. To check that it was the skinks alone that were the plants’ little helpers, the researchers placed cages around some honey-bushes. Virtually all of the petals were removed from the flowers on bushes without cages. Only 16% of the caged bushes had their petals ripped off, possibly by high winds battering them. Dr. Olsson found no evidence of pollen being carried on a skink and so concluded that the lizards play no role in transporting honey-bush pollen from one flower to another. But he did see a range of insects: wasps, flies, bumble-bees and others feeding from honey-bush flowers that had no petals covering them. Without the petals removed, it was impossible for insects to do any pollinating. Question 71 to 75Complete the summary below with information from the passage, using three words or fewer for each blank. Co-evolution is【R1】described by Charles Darwin in The Descent of Man. In the process of co-evolution, two species may have to respond to adaptations they have imposed on each other. For example, some animals may not carry【R2】from one plant to another. They may help by making it easier for other creatures to disperse the pollen from one plant to another. Such an arrangement seems【R3】to both species. In Tasmania, the skink lizards chew the red petals of【R4】and spit out what is left. In doing so, they expose the reproductive parts of the flower and enable pollinating insects to reach them. It was discovered that 87% of these flowers produced seeds. Conversely, flowers with petals remaining【R5】__never did.【R4】

答案：正确答案：the honey—bush

As every schoolboy knows, insects pollinate flowers, while birds and mammals disperse seeds by eating fruits or transporting burs on their feathers and fur. These are examples of co-evolution, a phenomenon first described by Charles Darwin in The Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex, published in 1871. Co-evolution, in which two species have evolved together in response to adaptations that each has imposed on the other, can be extremely subtle. For instance, some animals may help to transfer pollen from one plant to another without acting directly as the carrier themselves. Instead, they make it easier for the pollen to be dispersed by other creatures. Mats Olsson and Richard Shine, of the University of Sydney, and Elisabeth Bak-Olsson, of the University of Gothenburg in Sweden, have discovered, apparently for the first time, such a mutually beneficial arrangement between a reptile and a plant. For most of the year the Tasmanian snow skink lizard confined to mountain tops in that island is catholic in what it eats. But when the honey-bush is in bloom, the skinks make a point of tearing off the tough, red petals that enclose the rest of the flower. They chew them to extract the nectar and spit out what is left. At first sight, this skink-savaging may not seem all that helpful to the honey-bush. But it is. It exposes the reproductive parts of the flowers, thereby allowing pollinating insects to get at them. Dr. Olsson and his colleagues found that flowers with the petals left intact never produced seed. But, according to their paper in the Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 87% of flowers with the petals torn off did so. To check that it was the skinks alone that were the plants’ little helpers, the researchers placed cages around some honey-bushes. Virtually all of the petals were removed from the flowers on bushes without cages. Only 16% of the caged bushes had their petals ripped off, possibly by high winds battering them. Dr. Olsson found no evidence of pollen being carried on a skink and so concluded that the lizards play no role in transporting honey-bush pollen from one flower to another. But he did see a range of insects: wasps, flies, bumble-bees and others feeding from honey-bush flowers that had no petals covering them. Without the petals removed, it was impossible for insects to do any pollinating. Question 71 to 75Complete the summary below with information from the passage, using three words or fewer for each blank. Co-evolution is【R1】described by Charles Darwin in The Descent of Man. In the process of co-evolution, two species may have to respond to adaptations they have imposed on each other. For example, some animals may not carry【R2】from one plant to another. They may help by making it easier for other creatures to disperse the pollen from one plant to another. Such an arrangement seems【R3】to both species. In Tasmania, the skink lizards chew the red petals of【R4】and spit out what is left. In doing so, they expose the reproductive parts of the flower and enable pollinating insects to reach them. It was discovered that 87% of these flowers produced seeds. Conversely, flowers with petals remaining【R5】__never did.【R5】

答案：正确答案：intact