单项选择题

Section A
There is one passage in this section with 7 questions. For each question, there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. You should decide on the best choice. Then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the centre.

Questions 51 -57 are based on the following passage.
When Ruth Redding, an account manager, was sent on a management training course to improve her relationships with her colleagues by learning how to communicate with them more effectively, instead of being asked to address her boss or her peers, she found herself talking to a horse. In fact, during the course, which is organised by Manchester University Business School, Redding found herself standing in a pen whispering to an animal and communicating in a non-aggressive way. This form of communication, which is the subject of the best-selling novel The Horse Whisperer, later filmed with Robert Redford in the starring role, might appear bizarre on a stud farm, let alone a management training course. But horse whispering is among a number of unusual activities now being used to teach staff about every aspect of working life, from self-confidence to communication.
In the 1980s and 1990s, it became fashionable to dump executives on a remote mountainside, or windswept Scottish isle, and leave them to survive a weekend in order to develop initiative, build team spirit and promote leadership skills. An alternative to the classic "chalk and talk" format, with the lecturer and obedient staff seated round a table, it all seemed wild and rather outlandish.
Today, by comparison, it looks increasingly tame. A new generation of management training gurus are adopting a different approach. In Italy, stressed executives have been dressing up as gladiators to confront each other as their ancient forebears did, and in America, sales-people are herding cattle, while in Britain, one supermarket reportedly put its executives in Native American teepees for a weekend to develop a spirit of co-operation. Naturally, the originators of these new courses claim to have respectable psychological theories to back them up.
Tudor Rickards, a professor at Manchester, was intrigued when he heard about the work done by the famous horse whisperer, Monty Roberts. "The idea is that instead of ’breaking’ the horse, you co-operate with it. Traditionally, you would coax a horse into a box and then reward it by slamming the door shut. Monty leads the horse in and out of the box and offers it a reward," explains Professor Rickards. "Monty’s approach is founded on the recognition of a foal’s instinctive desire to be part of the herd. " He matched this with research from the Industrial Society, which revealed that often the difference between a successful and unsuccessful leader is trust. "As they observe the way horses react to certain behavior, participants think about how they themselves or other colleagues react to different management styles," explains Professor Rickards. "The discussion often leads to one about experiences of bullying and abusive behavior, a discussion that might not otherwise surface in a leadership course. We’vefound this helps the participants draw fine distinctions between being tough, being assertive, being supportive and being soft. "
Team building is also the aim of murder mystery days run by a company called Corporate Pursuits. Actors mingle with participants and play out a scene until someone is found "murdered" Clues, such as photographs, personal items or a cryptic message, are arranged around the room, and small teams, often pitted against each other, will work to solve the mystery under the gaze of trained observers.
Although fun and a sense of release is important, managing director Mandie Chester Bristow admits that this type of corporate clue do occasionally meets with skepticism among clients. "On one occasion, people were messing around and not taking it seriously at all, so I had to say to them, ’You’re behaving like a bunch of school children. ’ " Another challenge can be reporting the observers’ findings. "We would never say, ’You’ve failed, ’ if they didn’t identify the murderer correctly. Instead, we would praise them for the progress they made and how they worked together as a team. "
"There are lots of gimmicks in training and headline-grabbing courses at the moment, but what they deliver is often variable," says Nick Isles of the Industrial Society. "People often say afterwards that they enjoyed the event, but it’s very difficult to measure how much they’ve actually learned from it. " He argues that ongoing training in the work place, or courses that last months, are a better way of improving aspects of business such as productivity and customer service.
Questions:
What comment does Mandie Chester Bristow make about course participants in paragraph 6

A．They enjoy indulging in games they played in their childhood.
B．Those who "lose" the game feel they have underachieved.
C．They sometimes need convincing of the value of the activities.
D．They are happy in the knowledge that they are being freed from stress.

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单项选择题

Section A
There is one passage in this section with 7 questions. For each question, there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. You should decide on the best choice. Then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the centre.

Questions 51 -57 are based on the following passage.
When Ruth Redding, an account manager, was sent on a management training course to improve her relationships with her colleagues by learning how to communicate with them more effectively, instead of being asked to address her boss or her peers, she found herself talking to a horse. In fact, during the course, which is organised by Manchester University Business School, Redding found herself standing in a pen whispering to an animal and communicating in a non-aggressive way. This form of communication, which is the subject of the best-selling novel The Horse Whisperer, later filmed with Robert Redford in the starring role, might appear bizarre on a stud farm, let alone a management training course. But horse whispering is among a number of unusual activities now being used to teach staff about every aspect of working life, from self-confidence to communication.
In the 1980s and 1990s, it became fashionable to dump executives on a remote mountainside, or windswept Scottish isle, and leave them to survive a weekend in order to develop initiative, build team spirit and promote leadership skills. An alternative to the classic "chalk and talk" format, with the lecturer and obedient staff seated round a table, it all seemed wild and rather outlandish.
Today, by comparison, it looks increasingly tame. A new generation of management training gurus are adopting a different approach. In Italy, stressed executives have been dressing up as gladiators to confront each other as their ancient forebears did, and in America, sales-people are herding cattle, while in Britain, one supermarket reportedly put its executives in Native American teepees for a weekend to develop a spirit of co-operation. Naturally, the originators of these new courses claim to have respectable psychological theories to back them up.
Tudor Rickards, a professor at Manchester, was intrigued when he heard about the work done by the famous horse whisperer, Monty Roberts. "The idea is that instead of ’breaking’ the horse, you co-operate with it. Traditionally, you would coax a horse into a box and then reward it by slamming the door shut. Monty leads the horse in and out of the box and offers it a reward," explains Professor Rickards. "Monty’s approach is founded on the recognition of a foal’s instinctive desire to be part of the herd. " He matched this with research from the Industrial Society, which revealed that often the difference between a successful and unsuccessful leader is trust. "As they observe the way horses react to certain behavior, participants think about how they themselves or other colleagues react to different management styles," explains Professor Rickards. "The discussion often leads to one about experiences of bullying and abusive behavior, a discussion that might not otherwise surface in a leadership course. We’vefound this helps the participants draw fine distinctions between being tough, being assertive, being supportive and being soft. "
Team building is also the aim of murder mystery days run by a company called Corporate Pursuits. Actors mingle with participants and play out a scene until someone is found "murdered" Clues, such as photographs, personal items or a cryptic message, are arranged around the room, and small teams, often pitted against each other, will work to solve the mystery under the gaze of trained observers.
Although fun and a sense of release is important, managing director Mandie Chester Bristow admits that this type of corporate clue do occasionally meets with skepticism among clients. "On one occasion, people were messing around and not taking it seriously at all, so I had to say to them, ’You’re behaving like a bunch of school children. ’ " Another challenge can be reporting the observers’ findings. "We would never say, ’You’ve failed, ’ if they didn’t identify the murderer correctly. Instead, we would praise them for the progress they made and how they worked together as a team. "
"There are lots of gimmicks in training and headline-grabbing courses at the moment, but what they deliver is often variable," says Nick Isles of the Industrial Society. "People often say afterwards that they enjoyed the event, but it’s very difficult to measure how much they’ve actually learned from it. " He argues that ongoing training in the work place, or courses that last months, are a better way of improving aspects of business such as productivity and customer service.
Questions:
In the first paragraph, what does the writer say about the technique Ruth Redding found herself practising.9

A．It is a way of learning how to address your boss properly.
B．It is designed to help managers relax.
C．It is perfectly acceptable in its original context.
D．It is popular despite its eccentricity.

Section D
In this section, there is one passage followed by 5 questions or unfinished statements. Read the passage carefully, then answer each question or complete each statement in a maximum of 10 words. Remember to write the answers on the Answer Sheet.
Questions 71-75 are based on the following passage.
A massive dinosaur hatchery containing thousands of fossilized eggs and dozens of embryos has been discovered in the Patagonia region of Argentina, a find that should give researchers their first insight into the embryonic development of these fascinating animals.

The eggs were laid by sauropods-placid, plant-eating dinosaurs with long necks and tails and a small head-over an area of at least a square mile along ancient stream beds, an American and Argentine team said at a news conference in Washington, DC.
The find represents the first embryonic fossils containing remnants of skin, the first sauropod embryos and the first dinosaur embryos found in the Southern Hemisphere.
Perhaps more importantly, the deposit contains embryos with a broad cross-section of gestational ages and should thus provide paleontologists with their first good look at how the creatures developed during their early stages of life.
"There are more than 200 sites around the world with fossils of dinosaur eggs, but only a half-dozen that contain embryos," said paleontologist Philip Currie of the Royal Tyrrell Museum in Alberta. "And these are the most spectacular embryos ever found. "
The team members literally stumbled across the specimens. On the second day of their expedition last year, they found the site, which was littered with fossils of egg shells. "You couldn’t take a step without walking on shell fragments," said Luis M. Chiappe, of the American Museum of Natural History in New York City, co-leader of the expedition.
The team named the site Auca Mahuevo for its tremendous abundance of eggs ( huevos in Spanish). The eggs were round, about 5 to 6 inches in diameter. Had they hatched, the baby dinosaurs inside would have started life a mere 15 inches long, but grown to a length of 45 feet.
Many of the eggs contained not only fossils of the bones of the embryonic dinosaurs, but also fossils of skin fragments. "That is remarkable because the skin is such a delicate structure and is very rarely preserved in fossil form," Chiappe said. "The skin of a dinosaur embryo has never been discovered before. "
Because the team has discovered specimens of different gestational ages, researchers will be able to chart the growth of the embryos within the eggs, measuring the growth rate of bones, for example, and the order in which various organs formed.
"We can know the pattern of development of dinosaurs that lived millions of years ago and compare it to modern reptiles," Chiappe said. " That has not been possible with any other dinosaurs. " The team does not know yet precisely which type of sauropod dinosaur produced the eggs, but the discovery of tiny teeth in some eggs provides an intriguing clue. One embryo alone has at least 32 individual, pencil-shaped teeth, each small enough to fit easily into the capital "O" at the beginning of this sentence.
The only sauropod dinosaurs with teeth this shape that were alive during the period when the fossils were formed were titanosaurs. The remains of titanosaurs are common near Auca Mahuevo, making it very likely that the embryos belong to this group.
Questions:

Where were those dinosaur eggs found

答案： in the Patagonia region of Argentina(文章第一句明确提到恐龙蛋化石是在阿根廷的巴塔哥...

Section B
In this section, there is one passage followed by 7 statements. Go over the passage quickly and mark the answers on the Answer Sheet.
For questions 58-64, mark
Y (for Yes) if the statement agrees with the information given in the passage;
N (for No) if the statement contradicts the information given in the passage;
NG (for Not Given) if the information is not given in the passage.
Questions 58-64 are based on the following passage.
For the first century or so of the industrial revolution, increased productivity led to decreases in working hours. Employees who had been putting in 12-hour days, six days a week, found their time on the job shrinking to 10 hours daily, then, finally, to eight hours, five days a week. Only a generation ago social planners worried about what people would do with all this new-found free time. In the U. S. , at least, it seems they need not have bothered.
Although the output per hour of work has more than doubled since 1945, leisure seems reserved largely for the unemployed and underemployed. Those who work full-time spend as much time on the job as they did at the end of World War II. In fact, working hours have increased noticeably since 1970--perhaps because real wages have stagnated since that year. Bookstores now abound with manuals describing how to manage time and cope with stress.
There are several reasons for lost leisure. Since 1979, companies have responded to improvements in the business climate by having employees work overtime rather than by hiring extra personnel, says economist Juliet B. Schor of Harvard University. Indeed, the current economic recovery has gained a certain amount of notoriety for its "jobless" nature: increased production has been almost entirely decoupled from employment. Some firms are even downsizing as their profits climb. "All things being equal, we’d be better off spreading around the work, " observes labour economist Ronald G. Ehrenberg of Cornell University.
Yet a host of factors pushes employers to hire fewer workers for more hours and, at the same time, compels workers to spend more time on the job. Most of those incentives involve what Ehrenberg calls the structure of compensation: quirks in the way salaries and benefits are organised that make it more profitable to ask 40 employees to labour an extra hour each than to hire one more worker to do the same 40-hour job.
Professional and managerial employees supply the most obvious lesson along these lines. Once people are on salary, their cost to a firm is the same whether they spend 35 hours a week in the office or 70. Diminishing returns may eventually set in as overworked employees lose efficiency or leave for more arable pastures. But in the short run, the employer’s incentive is clear.
Even hourly employees receive benefits--such as pension contributions and medical insurance-that are not tied to the number of hours they work. Therefore, it is more profitable for employers to work their existing employees harder.
For all that employees complain about long hours, they, too, have reasons not to trade money for leisure. "People who work reduced hours pay a huge penalty in career terms," Schor maintains. "It’s taken as a negative signal about their commitment to the firm. " [Lotte] Bailyn [of Massachusetts Institute of Technology] adds that many corporate managers find it difficult to measure the contribution of their underlings to a firm’s wellbeing, so they use the number of hours worked as a proxy for output. "Employees know this," she says, and they adjust their behavior accordingly.
"Although the image of the good worker is the one whose life belongs to the company," Bailyn says, "it doesn’t fit the facts. " She cites both quantitative and qualitative studies that show increased productivity for part-time workers: they make better use of the time they have, and they are less likely to succumb to fatigue in stressful jobs. Companies that employ more workers for less time also gain from the resulting redundancy, she asserts. "The extra people can cover the contingencies that you know are going to happen, such as when crises take people away from the workplace. " Positive experiences with reduced hours have begun to change the more-is-better culture at some companies, Schor reports.
Larger firms, in particular, appear to be more willing to experiment with flexible working arrangements...
It may take even more than changes in the financial and cultural structures of employment for workers successfully to trade increased productivity and money for leisure time, Schor contends. She says the U. S. market for goods has become skewed by the assumption of full-time, two-career households. Automobile makers no longer manufacture cheap models, and developers do not build the tiny bungalows that served the first postwar generation of home buyers. Not even the humblest household object is made without a microprocessor. As Schor notes, the situation is a curious inversion of the "appropriate technology" vision that designers have had for developing countries: U. S. goods are appropriate only for high incomes and long hours.
Statements:During the industrial revolution people worked harder.

答案： NG

Section E
In this section, there is one passage followed by a summary. Read the passage carefully and complete the summary below by choosing a maximum of three words from the passage to fill in the spaces 76-80. Remember to write the answers on the Answer Sheet.
Questions 76-80 are based on the following passage.
Paper is different from other waste produce because it comes from a sustainable resource: trees. Unlike the minerals and oil used to make plastics and metals, trees are replaceable. Paper is also biodegradable, so it does not pose as much threat to the environment when it is discarded. While 45 out of every 100 tonnes of wood fibre used to make paper in Australia comes from waste paper, the rest comes directly from virgin fibre from forests and plantations. By world standards this is a good performance since the worldwide average is 33 per cent waste paper. Governments have encouraged waste paper collection and sorting schemes and, at the same time, the paper industry has responded by developing new recycling technologies that have paved the way for even greater utilization of used fibre. As a result, industry’s use of recycled fibres is expected to increase at twice the rate of virgin fibre over the coming years.
Already, waste paper constitutes 70% of paper used for packaging, and advances in the technology required to remove ink from the paper have allowed a higher recycled content in newsprint and writing paper. To achieve the benefits of recycling, the community must also contribute. We need to accept a change in the quality of paper products; for example stationery may be less white and of a rougher texture. There also needs to be support from the community for waste paper collection programs. Not only do we need to make the paper available to collectors but it also needs to be separated into different types and sorted from contaminants such as staples, paperclips, string and other miscellaneous items.
There are technical limitations to the amount of paper which can be recycled and some paper products cannot be collected for re-use. These include paper in the form of books and permanent records, photographic paper and paper which is badly contaminated. The four most common sources of paper for recycling are factories and retail stores which gather large amounts of packaging material in which goods are delivered, also offices which have unwanted business documents and computer output, paper converters and printers and lastly households which discard newspapers and packaging material. The paper manufacturer pays a price for the paper and may also incur the collection cost.
Once collected, the paper has to be sorted by hand by people trained to recognize various types of paper. This is necessary because some types of paper can only he made from particular kinds of recycled fibre. The sorted paper then has to be repulped or mixed with water and broken down into its individual fibres. This mixture is called stock and may contain a wide variety of contaminating materials, particularly if it is made from mixed waste paper which has had little sorting. Various machinery is used to remove other materials from the stock. After passing through the repulping process, the fibres from printed waste paper are grey in colour because the printing ink has soaked into the individual fibres. This recycled material can only be used in products where the grey colour does not matter, such as cardboard boxes but if the grey colour is not acceptable, the fibres must be de-inked. This involves adding chemicals such as caustic soda or other alkalis, soaps and detergents, water-hardening agents such as calcium chloride, frothing agents and bleaching agents. Before the recycled fibres can be made into paper they must be refined or treated in such a way that they bond together.
Most paper products must contain some virgin fibre as well as recycled fibres and unlike glass, paper cannot be recycled indefinitely. Most paper is down-cycled which means that a product made from recycled paper is of an inferior quality to the original paper. Recycling paper is beneficial in that it saves some of the energy, labour and capital that goes into producing virgin pulp. However, recycling requires the use of fossil fuel, a nonrenewable energy source, to collect the waste paper from the community and to process it to produce new paper. And the recycling process still creates emissions which require treatment before they can be disposed of safely. Nevertheless, paper recycling is an important economical and environmental practice but one which must be carried out in a rational and viable manner for it to be useful to both industry and the community.
Summary:
From the point of view of recycling, paper has two advantages over minerals and oil in that firstly it comes from a resource which is (76) and secondly it is less threatening to our environment when we throw it away because it is (77) . Although Australia’s record in the re-use of waste paper is good, it is still necessary to use a combination of recycled fibre and (78) to make new paper. The paper industry has contributed positively and people have also been encouraged by the government to collect their waste on a regular basis. One major difficulty is the removal of (79) from used paper but advances are being made in this area. However, we need to learn to accept paper which is generally of a lower quality than before and to sort our waste paper by removing (80) before discarding it for collection.

答案： sustainable/replaceable

Section B
In this section, there is one passage followed by 7 statements. Go over the passage quickly and mark the answers on the Answer Sheet.
For questions 58-64, mark
Y (for Yes) if the statement agrees with the information given in the passage;
N (for No) if the statement contradicts the information given in the passage;
NG (for Not Given) if the information is not given in the passage.
Questions 58-64 are based on the following passage.
For the first century or so of the industrial revolution, increased productivity led to decreases in working hours. Employees who had been putting in 12-hour days, six days a week, found their time on the job shrinking to 10 hours daily, then, finally, to eight hours, five days a week. Only a generation ago social planners worried about what people would do with all this new-found free time. In the U. S. , at least, it seems they need not have bothered.
Although the output per hour of work has more than doubled since 1945, leisure seems reserved largely for the unemployed and underemployed. Those who work full-time spend as much time on the job as they did at the end of World War II. In fact, working hours have increased noticeably since 1970--perhaps because real wages have stagnated since that year. Bookstores now abound with manuals describing how to manage time and cope with stress.
There are several reasons for lost leisure. Since 1979, companies have responded to improvements in the business climate by having employees work overtime rather than by hiring extra personnel, says economist Juliet B. Schor of Harvard University. Indeed, the current economic recovery has gained a certain amount of notoriety for its "jobless" nature: increased production has been almost entirely decoupled from employment. Some firms are even downsizing as their profits climb. "All things being equal, we’d be better off spreading around the work, " observes labour economist Ronald G. Ehrenberg of Cornell University.
Yet a host of factors pushes employers to hire fewer workers for more hours and, at the same time, compels workers to spend more time on the job. Most of those incentives involve what Ehrenberg calls the structure of compensation: quirks in the way salaries and benefits are organised that make it more profitable to ask 40 employees to labour an extra hour each than to hire one more worker to do the same 40-hour job.
Professional and managerial employees supply the most obvious lesson along these lines. Once people are on salary, their cost to a firm is the same whether they spend 35 hours a week in the office or 70. Diminishing returns may eventually set in as overworked employees lose efficiency or leave for more arable pastures. But in the short run, the employer’s incentive is clear.
Even hourly employees receive benefits--such as pension contributions and medical insurance-that are not tied to the number of hours they work. Therefore, it is more profitable for employers to work their existing employees harder.
For all that employees complain about long hours, they, too, have reasons not to trade money for leisure. "People who work reduced hours pay a huge penalty in career terms," Schor maintains. "It’s taken as a negative signal about their commitment to the firm. " [Lotte] Bailyn [of Massachusetts Institute of Technology] adds that many corporate managers find it difficult to measure the contribution of their underlings to a firm’s wellbeing, so they use the number of hours worked as a proxy for output. "Employees know this," she says, and they adjust their behavior accordingly.
"Although the image of the good worker is the one whose life belongs to the company," Bailyn says, "it doesn’t fit the facts. " She cites both quantitative and qualitative studies that show increased productivity for part-time workers: they make better use of the time they have, and they are less likely to succumb to fatigue in stressful jobs. Companies that employ more workers for less time also gain from the resulting redundancy, she asserts. "The extra people can cover the contingencies that you know are going to happen, such as when crises take people away from the workplace. " Positive experiences with reduced hours have begun to change the more-is-better culture at some companies, Schor reports.
Larger firms, in particular, appear to be more willing to experiment with flexible working arrangements...
It may take even more than changes in the financial and cultural structures of employment for workers successfully to trade increased productivity and money for leisure time, Schor contends. She says the U. S. market for goods has become skewed by the assumption of full-time, two-career households. Automobile makers no longer manufacture cheap models, and developers do not build the tiny bungalows that served the first postwar generation of home buyers. Not even the humblest household object is made without a microprocessor. As Schor notes, the situation is a curious inversion of the "appropriate technology" vision that designers have had for developing countries: U. S. goods are appropriate only for high incomes and long hours.
Statements:Today, employees are facing a reduction in working hours.

答案： N

Section E
In this section, there is one passage followed by a summary. Read the passage carefully and complete the summary below by choosing a maximum of three words from the passage to fill in the spaces 76-80. Remember to write the answers on the Answer Sheet.
Questions 76-80 are based on the following passage.
Paper is different from other waste produce because it comes from a sustainable resource: trees. Unlike the minerals and oil used to make plastics and metals, trees are replaceable. Paper is also biodegradable, so it does not pose as much threat to the environment when it is discarded. While 45 out of every 100 tonnes of wood fibre used to make paper in Australia comes from waste paper, the rest comes directly from virgin fibre from forests and plantations. By world standards this is a good performance since the worldwide average is 33 per cent waste paper. Governments have encouraged waste paper collection and sorting schemes and, at the same time, the paper industry has responded by developing new recycling technologies that have paved the way for even greater utilization of used fibre. As a result, industry’s use of recycled fibres is expected to increase at twice the rate of virgin fibre over the coming years.
Already, waste paper constitutes 70% of paper used for packaging, and advances in the technology required to remove ink from the paper have allowed a higher recycled content in newsprint and writing paper. To achieve the benefits of recycling, the community must also contribute. We need to accept a change in the quality of paper products; for example stationery may be less white and of a rougher texture. There also needs to be support from the community for waste paper collection programs. Not only do we need to make the paper available to collectors but it also needs to be separated into different types and sorted from contaminants such as staples, paperclips, string and other miscellaneous items.
There are technical limitations to the amount of paper which can be recycled and some paper products cannot be collected for re-use. These include paper in the form of books and permanent records, photographic paper and paper which is badly contaminated. The four most common sources of paper for recycling are factories and retail stores which gather large amounts of packaging material in which goods are delivered, also offices which have unwanted business documents and computer output, paper converters and printers and lastly households which discard newspapers and packaging material. The paper manufacturer pays a price for the paper and may also incur the collection cost.
Once collected, the paper has to be sorted by hand by people trained to recognize various types of paper. This is necessary because some types of paper can only he made from particular kinds of recycled fibre. The sorted paper then has to be repulped or mixed with water and broken down into its individual fibres. This mixture is called stock and may contain a wide variety of contaminating materials, particularly if it is made from mixed waste paper which has had little sorting. Various machinery is used to remove other materials from the stock. After passing through the repulping process, the fibres from printed waste paper are grey in colour because the printing ink has soaked into the individual fibres. This recycled material can only be used in products where the grey colour does not matter, such as cardboard boxes but if the grey colour is not acceptable, the fibres must be de-inked. This involves adding chemicals such as caustic soda or other alkalis, soaps and detergents, water-hardening agents such as calcium chloride, frothing agents and bleaching agents. Before the recycled fibres can be made into paper they must be refined or treated in such a way that they bond together.
Most paper products must contain some virgin fibre as well as recycled fibres and unlike glass, paper cannot be recycled indefinitely. Most paper is down-cycled which means that a product made from recycled paper is of an inferior quality to the original paper. Recycling paper is beneficial in that it saves some of the energy, labour and capital that goes into producing virgin pulp. However, recycling requires the use of fossil fuel, a nonrenewable energy source, to collect the waste paper from the community and to process it to produce new paper. And the recycling process still creates emissions which require treatment before they can be disposed of safely. Nevertheless, paper recycling is an important economical and environmental practice but one which must be carried out in a rational and viable manner for it to be useful to both industry and the community.
Summary:
From the point of view of recycling, paper has two advantages over minerals and oil in that firstly it comes from a resource which is (76) and secondly it is less threatening to our environment when we throw it away because it is (77) . Although Australia’s record in the re-use of waste paper is good, it is still necessary to use a combination of recycled fibre and (78) to make new paper. The paper industry has contributed positively and people have also been encouraged by the government to collect their waste on a regular basis. One major difficulty is the removal of (79) from used paper but advances are being made in this area. However, we need to learn to accept paper which is generally of a lower quality than before and to sort our waste paper by removing (80) before discarding it for collection.

答案： biodegradable

单项选择题

Section A
There is one passage in this section with 7 questions. For each question, there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. You should decide on the best choice. Then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the centre.

Questions 51 -57 are based on the following passage.
When Ruth Redding, an account manager, was sent on a management training course to improve her relationships with her colleagues by learning how to communicate with them more effectively, instead of being asked to address her boss or her peers, she found herself talking to a horse. In fact, during the course, which is organised by Manchester University Business School, Redding found herself standing in a pen whispering to an animal and communicating in a non-aggressive way. This form of communication, which is the subject of the best-selling novel The Horse Whisperer, later filmed with Robert Redford in the starring role, might appear bizarre on a stud farm, let alone a management training course. But horse whispering is among a number of unusual activities now being used to teach staff about every aspect of working life, from self-confidence to communication.
In the 1980s and 1990s, it became fashionable to dump executives on a remote mountainside, or windswept Scottish isle, and leave them to survive a weekend in order to develop initiative, build team spirit and promote leadership skills. An alternative to the classic "chalk and talk" format, with the lecturer and obedient staff seated round a table, it all seemed wild and rather outlandish.
Today, by comparison, it looks increasingly tame. A new generation of management training gurus are adopting a different approach. In Italy, stressed executives have been dressing up as gladiators to confront each other as their ancient forebears did, and in America, sales-people are herding cattle, while in Britain, one supermarket reportedly put its executives in Native American teepees for a weekend to develop a spirit of co-operation. Naturally, the originators of these new courses claim to have respectable psychological theories to back them up.
Tudor Rickards, a professor at Manchester, was intrigued when he heard about the work done by the famous horse whisperer, Monty Roberts. "The idea is that instead of ’breaking’ the horse, you co-operate with it. Traditionally, you would coax a horse into a box and then reward it by slamming the door shut. Monty leads the horse in and out of the box and offers it a reward," explains Professor Rickards. "Monty’s approach is founded on the recognition of a foal’s instinctive desire to be part of the herd. " He matched this with research from the Industrial Society, which revealed that often the difference between a successful and unsuccessful leader is trust. "As they observe the way horses react to certain behavior, participants think about how they themselves or other colleagues react to different management styles," explains Professor Rickards. "The discussion often leads to one about experiences of bullying and abusive behavior, a discussion that might not otherwise surface in a leadership course. We’vefound this helps the participants draw fine distinctions between being tough, being assertive, being supportive and being soft. "
Team building is also the aim of murder mystery days run by a company called Corporate Pursuits. Actors mingle with participants and play out a scene until someone is found "murdered" Clues, such as photographs, personal items or a cryptic message, are arranged around the room, and small teams, often pitted against each other, will work to solve the mystery under the gaze of trained observers.
Although fun and a sense of release is important, managing director Mandie Chester Bristow admits that this type of corporate clue do occasionally meets with skepticism among clients. "On one occasion, people were messing around and not taking it seriously at all, so I had to say to them, ’You’re behaving like a bunch of school children. ’ " Another challenge can be reporting the observers’ findings. "We would never say, ’You’ve failed, ’ if they didn’t identify the murderer correctly. Instead, we would praise them for the progress they made and how they worked together as a team. "
"There are lots of gimmicks in training and headline-grabbing courses at the moment, but what they deliver is often variable," says Nick Isles of the Industrial Society. "People often say afterwards that they enjoyed the event, but it’s very difficult to measure how much they’ve actually learned from it. " He argues that ongoing training in the work place, or courses that last months, are a better way of improving aspects of business such as productivity and customer service.
Questions:
According to the writer, management training techniques in the late 1900s were regarded as ______.

A．undesirable
B．innovative
C．effective
D．demoralising

Section C
You are going to read an article from a newspaper. Six paragraphs have been removed from the article. Choose from the paragraphs (A-G) the one which fits each gap (65-70). There is one extra paragraph which you do not need to use. Mark your answers on the Answer Sheet.
Questions 65-70 are based on the following passage.
Cruising may not be everyone’s idea of entertainment yet it would hardly be the same without its traditional British teatime. There is no better way of breaking down social barriers either. Or so I found when I enjoyed a cup of tea with an anonymous-looking passenger aboard the smart ship I had joined.
65.
Sharing tea with a celebrity may not be a normal cruising experience, but the Seabourn Spirit is no run-of-the-mill vessel. Nor aboard most cruise ships are you served high-quality leaf tea--it is usually tea-bags, even if it is in a silver pot.
66.
And with due reverence to the clientele, it was personal treatment all the way. With a passenger-crew ratio of almost one-to-one, there was never any chance of the delays you might experience on other craft. Nor do you find many lines where the staff are so quick and keen to learn your particular tastes.
67.
In what other ship, I wonder, would the cabin stewardess put a marker in your paperback so you would not lose your place A small detail--but little pleasures add up to give maximum satisfaction. Yet such high standards might daunt some, fearing that it will be far from relaxing having to live up to them. But I have not often been on such a happy-go-lucky cruise. Be we president or pleb, we were all treated as equals, and I have been on much less distinguished ships with more marked social mores.
Just to illustrate my point: aboard Seabourn Spirit, there were just three formal dinners, and not all the men wore dinner jackets. Most evenings were casual or informal.
Full silver service meals were available in your cabin as part of the 24-hour waiter service. Passengers could also choose between the main dining room and the veranda care. The cuisine was worthy of such a ship and, if it was too nouvelle for some, at least it made eating those cream cakes at tea less of a worry.
68.
If there was any problem, it was overcoming the temptation to become a seagoing hermit. All the cabins have broad picture windows and living areas with settee, soft chairs, table and desk. And there is plenty of room for the queen-size bed. The marble bathrooms are a good size with a decent tub-shower and double wash-basins. Most convenient is a closet with enough wooden coat hangers for a debutante’s ball and plenty of room for luggage.
69.
A highlight of our tour was a visit to the scenic resort of Yalta and the Livadiya Palace, where Churchill, Roosevelt and Stalin held their famous conference in 1945 that decided much of the fate of post-war Europe. And we paid a rare cruise ship call to Sevastopol. Mooring near a flotilla of heavily armed warships in what is still a big naval base was one of the more thought-provoking experiences.
70.
The main port brought back the smiles--a chance at last to indulge in that cruise essential, shopping, but with a touch of culture. As a mark of the special attention given to the passengers, the line booked the opera house for an exclusive ballet performance. Even if cruising is not your cup of tea, this is almost certainly the ship to change your mind.
Paragraphs :
A. The passenger clearly seemed to be enjoying the occasion. During a gale, however, he might have wished he was back in port. Seasickness can afflict anyone. A good pair of sea legs is one of the few comforts not provided on a ship where every effort is made to satisfy passengers’ whims.
B. Yet nothing moved our emotions more than when we were driven to the site of the Valley of Death. Today, it is a sylvan scene. Had it not been for Olga, our guide, the horror of it would have remained hidden. In perfect English, she recited Tennyson’s Charge of the Light Brigade. I saw the American woman beside me shed a tear. She was not the only one.
C. A more potent concern, even before boarding, was not over-eating but overdrinking. One reason for such high fares is that drinks are included without extra charge. But the mainly elderly passengers stayed as sober as judges--as several were, in fact.
D. Although under 10,000 tons, a midget of the ocean waves, what it lacks in size it makes up for in quality. "Luxury" is a much abused word, yet this ship deserves the description. "Exclusive" may be a better word if you reckon on the ability to pay an average of more than ￡ 550 a day for the pleasure of being there. It was not surprising, therefore, that the majority of the 188 passengers on our 12-night jaunt from Istanbul to the Black Sea and Aegean came from the richer golden lodes of the social strata.
E. My fridge, too, was stocked to the gunnels. As another compulsion to remain in blissful isolation, the television also relays the ship’ s daily lectures on port news and travel subjects. There were half a dozen grander suites with separate rooms and a balcony. If you could tear yourself away from the room or felt like a more academic pastime, the ship also had its own library, but it would take a world cruise at least to read through the edition of Encyclopaedia Britannica that was included.
F. Nothing boosts egos more, or makes one feel more at home, than having the steward know without being reminded that your breakfast croissants should be only slightly warm and that you prefer Orange Pekoe to Darjeeling.
G. Sipping from his cup English-style (with milk) with obvious pleasure, he told me: "I enjoy it very much although we do grow excellent tea in my country, Indonesia. It’s called Col Para. Did you know that it is a favourite kind of your Queen" This surprised me but then who am I to dispute a former president of his country

答案： G

Section B
In this section, there is one passage followed by 7 statements. Go over the passage quickly and mark the answers on the Answer Sheet.
For questions 58-64, mark
Y (for Yes) if the statement agrees with the information given in the passage;
N (for No) if the statement contradicts the information given in the passage;
NG (for Not Given) if the information is not given in the passage.
Questions 58-64 are based on the following passage.
For the first century or so of the industrial revolution, increased productivity led to decreases in working hours. Employees who had been putting in 12-hour days, six days a week, found their time on the job shrinking to 10 hours daily, then, finally, to eight hours, five days a week. Only a generation ago social planners worried about what people would do with all this new-found free time. In the U. S. , at least, it seems they need not have bothered.
Although the output per hour of work has more than doubled since 1945, leisure seems reserved largely for the unemployed and underemployed. Those who work full-time spend as much time on the job as they did at the end of World War II. In fact, working hours have increased noticeably since 1970--perhaps because real wages have stagnated since that year. Bookstores now abound with manuals describing how to manage time and cope with stress.
There are several reasons for lost leisure. Since 1979, companies have responded to improvements in the business climate by having employees work overtime rather than by hiring extra personnel, says economist Juliet B. Schor of Harvard University. Indeed, the current economic recovery has gained a certain amount of notoriety for its "jobless" nature: increased production has been almost entirely decoupled from employment. Some firms are even downsizing as their profits climb. "All things being equal, we’d be better off spreading around the work, " observes labour economist Ronald G. Ehrenberg of Cornell University.
Yet a host of factors pushes employers to hire fewer workers for more hours and, at the same time, compels workers to spend more time on the job. Most of those incentives involve what Ehrenberg calls the structure of compensation: quirks in the way salaries and benefits are organised that make it more profitable to ask 40 employees to labour an extra hour each than to hire one more worker to do the same 40-hour job.
Professional and managerial employees supply the most obvious lesson along these lines. Once people are on salary, their cost to a firm is the same whether they spend 35 hours a week in the office or 70. Diminishing returns may eventually set in as overworked employees lose efficiency or leave for more arable pastures. But in the short run, the employer’s incentive is clear.
Even hourly employees receive benefits--such as pension contributions and medical insurance-that are not tied to the number of hours they work. Therefore, it is more profitable for employers to work their existing employees harder.
For all that employees complain about long hours, they, too, have reasons not to trade money for leisure. "People who work reduced hours pay a huge penalty in career terms," Schor maintains. "It’s taken as a negative signal about their commitment to the firm. " [Lotte] Bailyn [of Massachusetts Institute of Technology] adds that many corporate managers find it difficult to measure the contribution of their underlings to a firm’s wellbeing, so they use the number of hours worked as a proxy for output. "Employees know this," she says, and they adjust their behavior accordingly.
"Although the image of the good worker is the one whose life belongs to the company," Bailyn says, "it doesn’t fit the facts. " She cites both quantitative and qualitative studies that show increased productivity for part-time workers: they make better use of the time they have, and they are less likely to succumb to fatigue in stressful jobs. Companies that employ more workers for less time also gain from the resulting redundancy, she asserts. "The extra people can cover the contingencies that you know are going to happen, such as when crises take people away from the workplace. " Positive experiences with reduced hours have begun to change the more-is-better culture at some companies, Schor reports.
Larger firms, in particular, appear to be more willing to experiment with flexible working arrangements...
It may take even more than changes in the financial and cultural structures of employment for workers successfully to trade increased productivity and money for leisure time, Schor contends. She says the U. S. market for goods has become skewed by the assumption of full-time, two-career households. Automobile makers no longer manufacture cheap models, and developers do not build the tiny bungalows that served the first postwar generation of home buyers. Not even the humblest household object is made without a microprocessor. As Schor notes, the situation is a curious inversion of the "appropriate technology" vision that designers have had for developing countries: U. S. goods are appropriate only for high incomes and long hours.
Statements:Social planners have been consulted about U. S. employment figures.

答案： NG

单项选择题

Section A
There is one passage in this section with 7 questions. For each question, there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. You should decide on the best choice. Then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the centre.

Questions 51 -57 are based on the following passage.
When Ruth Redding, an account manager, was sent on a management training course to improve her relationships with her colleagues by learning how to communicate with them more effectively, instead of being asked to address her boss or her peers, she found herself talking to a horse. In fact, during the course, which is organised by Manchester University Business School, Redding found herself standing in a pen whispering to an animal and communicating in a non-aggressive way. This form of communication, which is the subject of the best-selling novel The Horse Whisperer, later filmed with Robert Redford in the starring role, might appear bizarre on a stud farm, let alone a management training course. But horse whispering is among a number of unusual activities now being used to teach staff about every aspect of working life, from self-confidence to communication.
In the 1980s and 1990s, it became fashionable to dump executives on a remote mountainside, or windswept Scottish isle, and leave them to survive a weekend in order to develop initiative, build team spirit and promote leadership skills. An alternative to the classic "chalk and talk" format, with the lecturer and obedient staff seated round a table, it all seemed wild and rather outlandish.
Today, by comparison, it looks increasingly tame. A new generation of management training gurus are adopting a different approach. In Italy, stressed executives have been dressing up as gladiators to confront each other as their ancient forebears did, and in America, sales-people are herding cattle, while in Britain, one supermarket reportedly put its executives in Native American teepees for a weekend to develop a spirit of co-operation. Naturally, the originators of these new courses claim to have respectable psychological theories to back them up.
Tudor Rickards, a professor at Manchester, was intrigued when he heard about the work done by the famous horse whisperer, Monty Roberts. "The idea is that instead of ’breaking’ the horse, you co-operate with it. Traditionally, you would coax a horse into a box and then reward it by slamming the door shut. Monty leads the horse in and out of the box and offers it a reward," explains Professor Rickards. "Monty’s approach is founded on the recognition of a foal’s instinctive desire to be part of the herd. " He matched this with research from the Industrial Society, which revealed that often the difference between a successful and unsuccessful leader is trust. "As they observe the way horses react to certain behavior, participants think about how they themselves or other colleagues react to different management styles," explains Professor Rickards. "The discussion often leads to one about experiences of bullying and abusive behavior, a discussion that might not otherwise surface in a leadership course. We’vefound this helps the participants draw fine distinctions between being tough, being assertive, being supportive and being soft. "
Team building is also the aim of murder mystery days run by a company called Corporate Pursuits. Actors mingle with participants and play out a scene until someone is found "murdered" Clues, such as photographs, personal items or a cryptic message, are arranged around the room, and small teams, often pitted against each other, will work to solve the mystery under the gaze of trained observers.
Although fun and a sense of release is important, managing director Mandie Chester Bristow admits that this type of corporate clue do occasionally meets with skepticism among clients. "On one occasion, people were messing around and not taking it seriously at all, so I had to say to them, ’You’re behaving like a bunch of school children. ’ " Another challenge can be reporting the observers’ findings. "We would never say, ’You’ve failed, ’ if they didn’t identify the murderer correctly. Instead, we would praise them for the progress they made and how they worked together as a team. "
"There are lots of gimmicks in training and headline-grabbing courses at the moment, but what they deliver is often variable," says Nick Isles of the Industrial Society. "People often say afterwards that they enjoyed the event, but it’s very difficult to measure how much they’ve actually learned from it. " He argues that ongoing training in the work place, or courses that last months, are a better way of improving aspects of business such as productivity and customer service.
Questions:
What does the writer imply about modern management training schemes in the third paragraph

A．They have a tendency to be more exciting.
B．Their content can actually create stress.
C．Their creators are convinced of their effectiveness.
D．They were developed in a spirit of co-operation.

Section E
In this section, there is one passage followed by a summary. Read the passage carefully and complete the summary below by choosing a maximum of three words from the passage to fill in the spaces 76-80. Remember to write the answers on the Answer Sheet.
Questions 76-80 are based on the following passage.
Paper is different from other waste produce because it comes from a sustainable resource: trees. Unlike the minerals and oil used to make plastics and metals, trees are replaceable. Paper is also biodegradable, so it does not pose as much threat to the environment when it is discarded. While 45 out of every 100 tonnes of wood fibre used to make paper in Australia comes from waste paper, the rest comes directly from virgin fibre from forests and plantations. By world standards this is a good performance since the worldwide average is 33 per cent waste paper. Governments have encouraged waste paper collection and sorting schemes and, at the same time, the paper industry has responded by developing new recycling technologies that have paved the way for even greater utilization of used fibre. As a result, industry’s use of recycled fibres is expected to increase at twice the rate of virgin fibre over the coming years.
Already, waste paper constitutes 70% of paper used for packaging, and advances in the technology required to remove ink from the paper have allowed a higher recycled content in newsprint and writing paper. To achieve the benefits of recycling, the community must also contribute. We need to accept a change in the quality of paper products; for example stationery may be less white and of a rougher texture. There also needs to be support from the community for waste paper collection programs. Not only do we need to make the paper available to collectors but it also needs to be separated into different types and sorted from contaminants such as staples, paperclips, string and other miscellaneous items.
There are technical limitations to the amount of paper which can be recycled and some paper products cannot be collected for re-use. These include paper in the form of books and permanent records, photographic paper and paper which is badly contaminated. The four most common sources of paper for recycling are factories and retail stores which gather large amounts of packaging material in which goods are delivered, also offices which have unwanted business documents and computer output, paper converters and printers and lastly households which discard newspapers and packaging material. The paper manufacturer pays a price for the paper and may also incur the collection cost.
Once collected, the paper has to be sorted by hand by people trained to recognize various types of paper. This is necessary because some types of paper can only he made from particular kinds of recycled fibre. The sorted paper then has to be repulped or mixed with water and broken down into its individual fibres. This mixture is called stock and may contain a wide variety of contaminating materials, particularly if it is made from mixed waste paper which has had little sorting. Various machinery is used to remove other materials from the stock. After passing through the repulping process, the fibres from printed waste paper are grey in colour because the printing ink has soaked into the individual fibres. This recycled material can only be used in products where the grey colour does not matter, such as cardboard boxes but if the grey colour is not acceptable, the fibres must be de-inked. This involves adding chemicals such as caustic soda or other alkalis, soaps and detergents, water-hardening agents such as calcium chloride, frothing agents and bleaching agents. Before the recycled fibres can be made into paper they must be refined or treated in such a way that they bond together.
Most paper products must contain some virgin fibre as well as recycled fibres and unlike glass, paper cannot be recycled indefinitely. Most paper is down-cycled which means that a product made from recycled paper is of an inferior quality to the original paper. Recycling paper is beneficial in that it saves some of the energy, labour and capital that goes into producing virgin pulp. However, recycling requires the use of fossil fuel, a nonrenewable energy source, to collect the waste paper from the community and to process it to produce new paper. And the recycling process still creates emissions which require treatment before they can be disposed of safely. Nevertheless, paper recycling is an important economical and environmental practice but one which must be carried out in a rational and viable manner for it to be useful to both industry and the community.
Summary:
From the point of view of recycling, paper has two advantages over minerals and oil in that firstly it comes from a resource which is (76) and secondly it is less threatening to our environment when we throw it away because it is (77) . Although Australia’s record in the re-use of waste paper is good, it is still necessary to use a combination of recycled fibre and (78) to make new paper. The paper industry has contributed positively and people have also been encouraged by the government to collect their waste on a regular basis. One major difficulty is the removal of (79) from used paper but advances are being made in this area. However, we need to learn to accept paper which is generally of a lower quality than before and to sort our waste paper by removing (80) before discarding it for collection.

答案： virgin fibre

Section C
You are going to read an article from a newspaper. Six paragraphs have been removed from the article. Choose from the paragraphs (A-G) the one which fits each gap (65-70). There is one extra paragraph which you do not need to use. Mark your answers on the Answer Sheet.
Questions 65-70 are based on the following passage.
Cruising may not be everyone’s idea of entertainment yet it would hardly be the same without its traditional British teatime. There is no better way of breaking down social barriers either. Or so I found when I enjoyed a cup of tea with an anonymous-looking passenger aboard the smart ship I had joined.
65.
Sharing tea with a celebrity may not be a normal cruising experience, but the Seabourn Spirit is no run-of-the-mill vessel. Nor aboard most cruise ships are you served high-quality leaf tea--it is usually tea-bags, even if it is in a silver pot.
66.
And with due reverence to the clientele, it was personal treatment all the way. With a passenger-crew ratio of almost one-to-one, there was never any chance of the delays you might experience on other craft. Nor do you find many lines where the staff are so quick and keen to learn your particular tastes.
67.
In what other ship, I wonder, would the cabin stewardess put a marker in your paperback so you would not lose your place A small detail--but little pleasures add up to give maximum satisfaction. Yet such high standards might daunt some, fearing that it will be far from relaxing having to live up to them. But I have not often been on such a happy-go-lucky cruise. Be we president or pleb, we were all treated as equals, and I have been on much less distinguished ships with more marked social mores.
Just to illustrate my point: aboard Seabourn Spirit, there were just three formal dinners, and not all the men wore dinner jackets. Most evenings were casual or informal.
Full silver service meals were available in your cabin as part of the 24-hour waiter service. Passengers could also choose between the main dining room and the veranda care. The cuisine was worthy of such a ship and, if it was too nouvelle for some, at least it made eating those cream cakes at tea less of a worry.
68.
If there was any problem, it was overcoming the temptation to become a seagoing hermit. All the cabins have broad picture windows and living areas with settee, soft chairs, table and desk. And there is plenty of room for the queen-size bed. The marble bathrooms are a good size with a decent tub-shower and double wash-basins. Most convenient is a closet with enough wooden coat hangers for a debutante’s ball and plenty of room for luggage.
69.
A highlight of our tour was a visit to the scenic resort of Yalta and the Livadiya Palace, where Churchill, Roosevelt and Stalin held their famous conference in 1945 that decided much of the fate of post-war Europe. And we paid a rare cruise ship call to Sevastopol. Mooring near a flotilla of heavily armed warships in what is still a big naval base was one of the more thought-provoking experiences.
70.
The main port brought back the smiles--a chance at last to indulge in that cruise essential, shopping, but with a touch of culture. As a mark of the special attention given to the passengers, the line booked the opera house for an exclusive ballet performance. Even if cruising is not your cup of tea, this is almost certainly the ship to change your mind.
Paragraphs :
A. The passenger clearly seemed to be enjoying the occasion. During a gale, however, he might have wished he was back in port. Seasickness can afflict anyone. A good pair of sea legs is one of the few comforts not provided on a ship where every effort is made to satisfy passengers’ whims.
B. Yet nothing moved our emotions more than when we were driven to the site of the Valley of Death. Today, it is a sylvan scene. Had it not been for Olga, our guide, the horror of it would have remained hidden. In perfect English, she recited Tennyson’s Charge of the Light Brigade. I saw the American woman beside me shed a tear. She was not the only one.
C. A more potent concern, even before boarding, was not over-eating but overdrinking. One reason for such high fares is that drinks are included without extra charge. But the mainly elderly passengers stayed as sober as judges--as several were, in fact.
D. Although under 10,000 tons, a midget of the ocean waves, what it lacks in size it makes up for in quality. "Luxury" is a much abused word, yet this ship deserves the description. "Exclusive" may be a better word if you reckon on the ability to pay an average of more than ￡ 550 a day for the pleasure of being there. It was not surprising, therefore, that the majority of the 188 passengers on our 12-night jaunt from Istanbul to the Black Sea and Aegean came from the richer golden lodes of the social strata.
E. My fridge, too, was stocked to the gunnels. As another compulsion to remain in blissful isolation, the television also relays the ship’ s daily lectures on port news and travel subjects. There were half a dozen grander suites with separate rooms and a balcony. If you could tear yourself away from the room or felt like a more academic pastime, the ship also had its own library, but it would take a world cruise at least to read through the edition of Encyclopaedia Britannica that was included.
F. Nothing boosts egos more, or makes one feel more at home, than having the steward know without being reminded that your breakfast croissants should be only slightly warm and that you prefer Orange Pekoe to Darjeeling.
G. Sipping from his cup English-style (with milk) with obvious pleasure, he told me: "I enjoy it very much although we do grow excellent tea in my country, Indonesia. It’s called Col Para. Did you know that it is a favourite kind of your Queen" This surprised me but then who am I to dispute a former president of his country

答案： D

Section D
In this section, there is one passage followed by 5 questions or unfinished statements. Read the passage carefully, then answer each question or complete each statement in a maximum of 10 words. Remember to write the answers on the Answer Sheet.
Questions 71-75 are based on the following passage.
A massive dinosaur hatchery containing thousands of fossilized eggs and dozens of embryos has been discovered in the Patagonia region of Argentina, a find that should give researchers their first insight into the embryonic development of these fascinating animals.

The eggs were laid by sauropods-placid, plant-eating dinosaurs with long necks and tails and a small head-over an area of at least a square mile along ancient stream beds, an American and Argentine team said at a news conference in Washington, DC.
The find represents the first embryonic fossils containing remnants of skin, the first sauropod embryos and the first dinosaur embryos found in the Southern Hemisphere.
Perhaps more importantly, the deposit contains embryos with a broad cross-section of gestational ages and should thus provide paleontologists with their first good look at how the creatures developed during their early stages of life.
"There are more than 200 sites around the world with fossils of dinosaur eggs, but only a half-dozen that contain embryos," said paleontologist Philip Currie of the Royal Tyrrell Museum in Alberta. "And these are the most spectacular embryos ever found. "
The team members literally stumbled across the specimens. On the second day of their expedition last year, they found the site, which was littered with fossils of egg shells. "You couldn’t take a step without walking on shell fragments," said Luis M. Chiappe, of the American Museum of Natural History in New York City, co-leader of the expedition.
The team named the site Auca Mahuevo for its tremendous abundance of eggs ( huevos in Spanish). The eggs were round, about 5 to 6 inches in diameter. Had they hatched, the baby dinosaurs inside would have started life a mere 15 inches long, but grown to a length of 45 feet.
Many of the eggs contained not only fossils of the bones of the embryonic dinosaurs, but also fossils of skin fragments. "That is remarkable because the skin is such a delicate structure and is very rarely preserved in fossil form," Chiappe said. "The skin of a dinosaur embryo has never been discovered before. "
Because the team has discovered specimens of different gestational ages, researchers will be able to chart the growth of the embryos within the eggs, measuring the growth rate of bones, for example, and the order in which various organs formed.
"We can know the pattern of development of dinosaurs that lived millions of years ago and compare it to modern reptiles," Chiappe said. " That has not been possible with any other dinosaurs. " The team does not know yet precisely which type of sauropod dinosaur produced the eggs, but the discovery of tiny teeth in some eggs provides an intriguing clue. One embryo alone has at least 32 individual, pencil-shaped teeth, each small enough to fit easily into the capital "O" at the beginning of this sentence.
The only sauropod dinosaurs with teeth this shape that were alive during the period when the fossils were formed were titanosaurs. The remains of titanosaurs are common near Auca Mahuevo, making it very likely that the embryos belong to this group.
Questions:

The find represents ______, the first sauropod embryos and the first dinosaur embryos found in the Southern Hemisphere.

答案： the first embryonic fossils containing remnants of skin(参见文章...

Section B
In this section, there is one passage followed by 7 statements. Go over the passage quickly and mark the answers on the Answer Sheet.
For questions 58-64, mark
Y (for Yes) if the statement agrees with the information given in the passage;
N (for No) if the statement contradicts the information given in the passage;
NG (for Not Given) if the information is not given in the passage.
Questions 58-64 are based on the following passage.
For the first century or so of the industrial revolution, increased productivity led to decreases in working hours. Employees who had been putting in 12-hour days, six days a week, found their time on the job shrinking to 10 hours daily, then, finally, to eight hours, five days a week. Only a generation ago social planners worried about what people would do with all this new-found free time. In the U. S. , at least, it seems they need not have bothered.
Although the output per hour of work has more than doubled since 1945, leisure seems reserved largely for the unemployed and underemployed. Those who work full-time spend as much time on the job as they did at the end of World War II. In fact, working hours have increased noticeably since 1970--perhaps because real wages have stagnated since that year. Bookstores now abound with manuals describing how to manage time and cope with stress.
There are several reasons for lost leisure. Since 1979, companies have responded to improvements in the business climate by having employees work overtime rather than by hiring extra personnel, says economist Juliet B. Schor of Harvard University. Indeed, the current economic recovery has gained a certain amount of notoriety for its "jobless" nature: increased production has been almost entirely decoupled from employment. Some firms are even downsizing as their profits climb. "All things being equal, we’d be better off spreading around the work, " observes labour economist Ronald G. Ehrenberg of Cornell University.
Yet a host of factors pushes employers to hire fewer workers for more hours and, at the same time, compels workers to spend more time on the job. Most of those incentives involve what Ehrenberg calls the structure of compensation: quirks in the way salaries and benefits are organised that make it more profitable to ask 40 employees to labour an extra hour each than to hire one more worker to do the same 40-hour job.
Professional and managerial employees supply the most obvious lesson along these lines. Once people are on salary, their cost to a firm is the same whether they spend 35 hours a week in the office or 70. Diminishing returns may eventually set in as overworked employees lose efficiency or leave for more arable pastures. But in the short run, the employer’s incentive is clear.
Even hourly employees receive benefits--such as pension contributions and medical insurance-that are not tied to the number of hours they work. Therefore, it is more profitable for employers to work their existing employees harder.
For all that employees complain about long hours, they, too, have reasons not to trade money for leisure. "People who work reduced hours pay a huge penalty in career terms," Schor maintains. "It’s taken as a negative signal about their commitment to the firm. " [Lotte] Bailyn [of Massachusetts Institute of Technology] adds that many corporate managers find it difficult to measure the contribution of their underlings to a firm’s wellbeing, so they use the number of hours worked as a proxy for output. "Employees know this," she says, and they adjust their behavior accordingly.
"Although the image of the good worker is the one whose life belongs to the company," Bailyn says, "it doesn’t fit the facts. " She cites both quantitative and qualitative studies that show increased productivity for part-time workers: they make better use of the time they have, and they are less likely to succumb to fatigue in stressful jobs. Companies that employ more workers for less time also gain from the resulting redundancy, she asserts. "The extra people can cover the contingencies that you know are going to happen, such as when crises take people away from the workplace. " Positive experiences with reduced hours have begun to change the more-is-better culture at some companies, Schor reports.
Larger firms, in particular, appear to be more willing to experiment with flexible working arrangements...
It may take even more than changes in the financial and cultural structures of employment for workers successfully to trade increased productivity and money for leisure time, Schor contends. She says the U. S. market for goods has become skewed by the assumption of full-time, two-career households. Automobile makers no longer manufacture cheap models, and developers do not build the tiny bungalows that served the first postwar generation of home buyers. Not even the humblest household object is made without a microprocessor. As Schor notes, the situation is a curious inversion of the "appropriate technology" vision that designers have had for developing countries: U. S. goods are appropriate only for high incomes and long hours.
Statements:Real salaries have not risen significantly since the 1970s.

答案： Y

Section E
In this section, there is one passage followed by a summary. Read the passage carefully and complete the summary below by choosing a maximum of three words from the passage to fill in the spaces 76-80. Remember to write the answers on the Answer Sheet.
Questions 76-80 are based on the following passage.
Paper is different from other waste produce because it comes from a sustainable resource: trees. Unlike the minerals and oil used to make plastics and metals, trees are replaceable. Paper is also biodegradable, so it does not pose as much threat to the environment when it is discarded. While 45 out of every 100 tonnes of wood fibre used to make paper in Australia comes from waste paper, the rest comes directly from virgin fibre from forests and plantations. By world standards this is a good performance since the worldwide average is 33 per cent waste paper. Governments have encouraged waste paper collection and sorting schemes and, at the same time, the paper industry has responded by developing new recycling technologies that have paved the way for even greater utilization of used fibre. As a result, industry’s use of recycled fibres is expected to increase at twice the rate of virgin fibre over the coming years.
Already, waste paper constitutes 70% of paper used for packaging, and advances in the technology required to remove ink from the paper have allowed a higher recycled content in newsprint and writing paper. To achieve the benefits of recycling, the community must also contribute. We need to accept a change in the quality of paper products; for example stationery may be less white and of a rougher texture. There also needs to be support from the community for waste paper collection programs. Not only do we need to make the paper available to collectors but it also needs to be separated into different types and sorted from contaminants such as staples, paperclips, string and other miscellaneous items.
There are technical limitations to the amount of paper which can be recycled and some paper products cannot be collected for re-use. These include paper in the form of books and permanent records, photographic paper and paper which is badly contaminated. The four most common sources of paper for recycling are factories and retail stores which gather large amounts of packaging material in which goods are delivered, also offices which have unwanted business documents and computer output, paper converters and printers and lastly households which discard newspapers and packaging material. The paper manufacturer pays a price for the paper and may also incur the collection cost.
Once collected, the paper has to be sorted by hand by people trained to recognize various types of paper. This is necessary because some types of paper can only he made from particular kinds of recycled fibre. The sorted paper then has to be repulped or mixed with water and broken down into its individual fibres. This mixture is called stock and may contain a wide variety of contaminating materials, particularly if it is made from mixed waste paper which has had little sorting. Various machinery is used to remove other materials from the stock. After passing through the repulping process, the fibres from printed waste paper are grey in colour because the printing ink has soaked into the individual fibres. This recycled material can only be used in products where the grey colour does not matter, such as cardboard boxes but if the grey colour is not acceptable, the fibres must be de-inked. This involves adding chemicals such as caustic soda or other alkalis, soaps and detergents, water-hardening agents such as calcium chloride, frothing agents and bleaching agents. Before the recycled fibres can be made into paper they must be refined or treated in such a way that they bond together.
Most paper products must contain some virgin fibre as well as recycled fibres and unlike glass, paper cannot be recycled indefinitely. Most paper is down-cycled which means that a product made from recycled paper is of an inferior quality to the original paper. Recycling paper is beneficial in that it saves some of the energy, labour and capital that goes into producing virgin pulp. However, recycling requires the use of fossil fuel, a nonrenewable energy source, to collect the waste paper from the community and to process it to produce new paper. And the recycling process still creates emissions which require treatment before they can be disposed of safely. Nevertheless, paper recycling is an important economical and environmental practice but one which must be carried out in a rational and viable manner for it to be useful to both industry and the community.
Summary:
From the point of view of recycling, paper has two advantages over minerals and oil in that firstly it comes from a resource which is (76) and secondly it is less threatening to our environment when we throw it away because it is (77) . Although Australia’s record in the re-use of waste paper is good, it is still necessary to use a combination of recycled fibre and (78) to make new paper. The paper industry has contributed positively and people have also been encouraged by the government to collect their waste on a regular basis. One major difficulty is the removal of (79) from used paper but advances are being made in this area. However, we need to learn to accept paper which is generally of a lower quality than before and to sort our waste paper by removing (80) before discarding it for collection.

答案： ink

单项选择题

Section A
There is one passage in this section with 7 questions. For each question, there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. You should decide on the best choice. Then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the centre.

Questions 51 -57 are based on the following passage.
When Ruth Redding, an account manager, was sent on a management training course to improve her relationships with her colleagues by learning how to communicate with them more effectively, instead of being asked to address her boss or her peers, she found herself talking to a horse. In fact, during the course, which is organised by Manchester University Business School, Redding found herself standing in a pen whispering to an animal and communicating in a non-aggressive way. This form of communication, which is the subject of the best-selling novel The Horse Whisperer, later filmed with Robert Redford in the starring role, might appear bizarre on a stud farm, let alone a management training course. But horse whispering is among a number of unusual activities now being used to teach staff about every aspect of working life, from self-confidence to communication.
In the 1980s and 1990s, it became fashionable to dump executives on a remote mountainside, or windswept Scottish isle, and leave them to survive a weekend in order to develop initiative, build team spirit and promote leadership skills. An alternative to the classic "chalk and talk" format, with the lecturer and obedient staff seated round a table, it all seemed wild and rather outlandish.
Today, by comparison, it looks increasingly tame. A new generation of management training gurus are adopting a different approach. In Italy, stressed executives have been dressing up as gladiators to confront each other as their ancient forebears did, and in America, sales-people are herding cattle, while in Britain, one supermarket reportedly put its executives in Native American teepees for a weekend to develop a spirit of co-operation. Naturally, the originators of these new courses claim to have respectable psychological theories to back them up.
Tudor Rickards, a professor at Manchester, was intrigued when he heard about the work done by the famous horse whisperer, Monty Roberts. "The idea is that instead of ’breaking’ the horse, you co-operate with it. Traditionally, you would coax a horse into a box and then reward it by slamming the door shut. Monty leads the horse in and out of the box and offers it a reward," explains Professor Rickards. "Monty’s approach is founded on the recognition of a foal’s instinctive desire to be part of the herd. " He matched this with research from the Industrial Society, which revealed that often the difference between a successful and unsuccessful leader is trust. "As they observe the way horses react to certain behavior, participants think about how they themselves or other colleagues react to different management styles," explains Professor Rickards. "The discussion often leads to one about experiences of bullying and abusive behavior, a discussion that might not otherwise surface in a leadership course. We’vefound this helps the participants draw fine distinctions between being tough, being assertive, being supportive and being soft. "
Team building is also the aim of murder mystery days run by a company called Corporate Pursuits. Actors mingle with participants and play out a scene until someone is found "murdered" Clues, such as photographs, personal items or a cryptic message, are arranged around the room, and small teams, often pitted against each other, will work to solve the mystery under the gaze of trained observers.
Although fun and a sense of release is important, managing director Mandie Chester Bristow admits that this type of corporate clue do occasionally meets with skepticism among clients. "On one occasion, people were messing around and not taking it seriously at all, so I had to say to them, ’You’re behaving like a bunch of school children. ’ " Another challenge can be reporting the observers’ findings. "We would never say, ’You’ve failed, ’ if they didn’t identify the murderer correctly. Instead, we would praise them for the progress they made and how they worked together as a team. "
"There are lots of gimmicks in training and headline-grabbing courses at the moment, but what they deliver is often variable," says Nick Isles of the Industrial Society. "People often say afterwards that they enjoyed the event, but it’s very difficult to measure how much they’ve actually learned from it. " He argues that ongoing training in the work place, or courses that last months, are a better way of improving aspects of business such as productivity and customer service.
Questions:
Rickards found Monty Roberts’s ideas interesting because Roberts had ______.

A．based his methods on traditional horse-training techniques
B．recognised the importance of developing bonding techniques
C．dispensed with the idea of rewarding the horse he was training
D．worked tirelessly with others to come up with a new theory

Section B
In this section, there is one passage followed by 7 statements. Go over the passage quickly and mark the answers on the Answer Sheet.
For questions 58-64, mark
Y (for Yes) if the statement agrees with the information given in the passage;
N (for No) if the statement contradicts the information given in the passage;
NG (for Not Given) if the information is not given in the passage.
Questions 58-64 are based on the following passage.
For the first century or so of the industrial revolution, increased productivity led to decreases in working hours. Employees who had been putting in 12-hour days, six days a week, found their time on the job shrinking to 10 hours daily, then, finally, to eight hours, five days a week. Only a generation ago social planners worried about what people would do with all this new-found free time. In the U. S. , at least, it seems they need not have bothered.
Although the output per hour of work has more than doubled since 1945, leisure seems reserved largely for the unemployed and underemployed. Those who work full-time spend as much time on the job as they did at the end of World War II. In fact, working hours have increased noticeably since 1970--perhaps because real wages have stagnated since that year. Bookstores now abound with manuals describing how to manage time and cope with stress.
There are several reasons for lost leisure. Since 1979, companies have responded to improvements in the business climate by having employees work overtime rather than by hiring extra personnel, says economist Juliet B. Schor of Harvard University. Indeed, the current economic recovery has gained a certain amount of notoriety for its "jobless" nature: increased production has been almost entirely decoupled from employment. Some firms are even downsizing as their profits climb. "All things being equal, we’d be better off spreading around the work, " observes labour economist Ronald G. Ehrenberg of Cornell University.
Yet a host of factors pushes employers to hire fewer workers for more hours and, at the same time, compels workers to spend more time on the job. Most of those incentives involve what Ehrenberg calls the structure of compensation: quirks in the way salaries and benefits are organised that make it more profitable to ask 40 employees to labour an extra hour each than to hire one more worker to do the same 40-hour job.
Professional and managerial employees supply the most obvious lesson along these lines. Once people are on salary, their cost to a firm is the same whether they spend 35 hours a week in the office or 70. Diminishing returns may eventually set in as overworked employees lose efficiency or leave for more arable pastures. But in the short run, the employer’s incentive is clear.
Even hourly employees receive benefits--such as pension contributions and medical insurance-that are not tied to the number of hours they work. Therefore, it is more profitable for employers to work their existing employees harder.
For all that employees complain about long hours, they, too, have reasons not to trade money for leisure. "People who work reduced hours pay a huge penalty in career terms," Schor maintains. "It’s taken as a negative signal about their commitment to the firm. " [Lotte] Bailyn [of Massachusetts Institute of Technology] adds that many corporate managers find it difficult to measure the contribution of their underlings to a firm’s wellbeing, so they use the number of hours worked as a proxy for output. "Employees know this," she says, and they adjust their behavior accordingly.
"Although the image of the good worker is the one whose life belongs to the company," Bailyn says, "it doesn’t fit the facts. " She cites both quantitative and qualitative studies that show increased productivity for part-time workers: they make better use of the time they have, and they are less likely to succumb to fatigue in stressful jobs. Companies that employ more workers for less time also gain from the resulting redundancy, she asserts. "The extra people can cover the contingencies that you know are going to happen, such as when crises take people away from the workplace. " Positive experiences with reduced hours have begun to change the more-is-better culture at some companies, Schor reports.
Larger firms, in particular, appear to be more willing to experiment with flexible working arrangements...
It may take even more than changes in the financial and cultural structures of employment for workers successfully to trade increased productivity and money for leisure time, Schor contends. She says the U. S. market for goods has become skewed by the assumption of full-time, two-career households. Automobile makers no longer manufacture cheap models, and developers do not build the tiny bungalows that served the first postwar generation of home buyers. Not even the humblest household object is made without a microprocessor. As Schor notes, the situation is a curious inversion of the "appropriate technology" vision that designers have had for developing countries: U. S. goods are appropriate only for high incomes and long hours.
Statements:The economic recovery created more jobs.

答案： N

Section C
You are going to read an article from a newspaper. Six paragraphs have been removed from the article. Choose from the paragraphs (A-G) the one which fits each gap (65-70). There is one extra paragraph which you do not need to use. Mark your answers on the Answer Sheet.
Questions 65-70 are based on the following passage.
Cruising may not be everyone’s idea of entertainment yet it would hardly be the same without its traditional British teatime. There is no better way of breaking down social barriers either. Or so I found when I enjoyed a cup of tea with an anonymous-looking passenger aboard the smart ship I had joined.
65.
Sharing tea with a celebrity may not be a normal cruising experience, but the Seabourn Spirit is no run-of-the-mill vessel. Nor aboard most cruise ships are you served high-quality leaf tea--it is usually tea-bags, even if it is in a silver pot.
66.
And with due reverence to the clientele, it was personal treatment all the way. With a passenger-crew ratio of almost one-to-one, there was never any chance of the delays you might experience on other craft. Nor do you find many lines where the staff are so quick and keen to learn your particular tastes.
67.
In what other ship, I wonder, would the cabin stewardess put a marker in your paperback so you would not lose your place A small detail--but little pleasures add up to give maximum satisfaction. Yet such high standards might daunt some, fearing that it will be far from relaxing having to live up to them. But I have not often been on such a happy-go-lucky cruise. Be we president or pleb, we were all treated as equals, and I have been on much less distinguished ships with more marked social mores.
Just to illustrate my point: aboard Seabourn Spirit, there were just three formal dinners, and not all the men wore dinner jackets. Most evenings were casual or informal.
Full silver service meals were available in your cabin as part of the 24-hour waiter service. Passengers could also choose between the main dining room and the veranda care. The cuisine was worthy of such a ship and, if it was too nouvelle for some, at least it made eating those cream cakes at tea less of a worry.
68.
If there was any problem, it was overcoming the temptation to become a seagoing hermit. All the cabins have broad picture windows and living areas with settee, soft chairs, table and desk. And there is plenty of room for the queen-size bed. The marble bathrooms are a good size with a decent tub-shower and double wash-basins. Most convenient is a closet with enough wooden coat hangers for a debutante’s ball and plenty of room for luggage.
69.
A highlight of our tour was a visit to the scenic resort of Yalta and the Livadiya Palace, where Churchill, Roosevelt and Stalin held their famous conference in 1945 that decided much of the fate of post-war Europe. And we paid a rare cruise ship call to Sevastopol. Mooring near a flotilla of heavily armed warships in what is still a big naval base was one of the more thought-provoking experiences.
70.
The main port brought back the smiles--a chance at last to indulge in that cruise essential, shopping, but with a touch of culture. As a mark of the special attention given to the passengers, the line booked the opera house for an exclusive ballet performance. Even if cruising is not your cup of tea, this is almost certainly the ship to change your mind.
Paragraphs :
A. The passenger clearly seemed to be enjoying the occasion. During a gale, however, he might have wished he was back in port. Seasickness can afflict anyone. A good pair of sea legs is one of the few comforts not provided on a ship where every effort is made to satisfy passengers’ whims.
B. Yet nothing moved our emotions more than when we were driven to the site of the Valley of Death. Today, it is a sylvan scene. Had it not been for Olga, our guide, the horror of it would have remained hidden. In perfect English, she recited Tennyson’s Charge of the Light Brigade. I saw the American woman beside me shed a tear. She was not the only one.
C. A more potent concern, even before boarding, was not over-eating but overdrinking. One reason for such high fares is that drinks are included without extra charge. But the mainly elderly passengers stayed as sober as judges--as several were, in fact.
D. Although under 10,000 tons, a midget of the ocean waves, what it lacks in size it makes up for in quality. "Luxury" is a much abused word, yet this ship deserves the description. "Exclusive" may be a better word if you reckon on the ability to pay an average of more than ￡ 550 a day for the pleasure of being there. It was not surprising, therefore, that the majority of the 188 passengers on our 12-night jaunt from Istanbul to the Black Sea and Aegean came from the richer golden lodes of the social strata.
E. My fridge, too, was stocked to the gunnels. As another compulsion to remain in blissful isolation, the television also relays the ship’ s daily lectures on port news and travel subjects. There were half a dozen grander suites with separate rooms and a balcony. If you could tear yourself away from the room or felt like a more academic pastime, the ship also had its own library, but it would take a world cruise at least to read through the edition of Encyclopaedia Britannica that was included.
F. Nothing boosts egos more, or makes one feel more at home, than having the steward know without being reminded that your breakfast croissants should be only slightly warm and that you prefer Orange Pekoe to Darjeeling.
G. Sipping from his cup English-style (with milk) with obvious pleasure, he told me: "I enjoy it very much although we do grow excellent tea in my country, Indonesia. It’s called Col Para. Did you know that it is a favourite kind of your Queen" This surprised me but then who am I to dispute a former president of his country

答案： F

Section B
In this section, there is one passage followed by 7 statements. Go over the passage quickly and mark the answers on the Answer Sheet.
For questions 58-64, mark
Y (for Yes) if the statement agrees with the information given in the passage;
N (for No) if the statement contradicts the information given in the passage;
NG (for Not Given) if the information is not given in the passage.
Questions 58-64 are based on the following passage.
For the first century or so of the industrial revolution, increased productivity led to decreases in working hours. Employees who had been putting in 12-hour days, six days a week, found their time on the job shrinking to 10 hours daily, then, finally, to eight hours, five days a week. Only a generation ago social planners worried about what people would do with all this new-found free time. In the U. S. , at least, it seems they need not have bothered.
Although the output per hour of work has more than doubled since 1945, leisure seems reserved largely for the unemployed and underemployed. Those who work full-time spend as much time on the job as they did at the end of World War II. In fact, working hours have increased noticeably since 1970--perhaps because real wages have stagnated since that year. Bookstores now abound with manuals describing how to manage time and cope with stress.
There are several reasons for lost leisure. Since 1979, companies have responded to improvements in the business climate by having employees work overtime rather than by hiring extra personnel, says economist Juliet B. Schor of Harvard University. Indeed, the current economic recovery has gained a certain amount of notoriety for its "jobless" nature: increased production has been almost entirely decoupled from employment. Some firms are even downsizing as their profits climb. "All things being equal, we’d be better off spreading around the work, " observes labour economist Ronald G. Ehrenberg of Cornell University.
Yet a host of factors pushes employers to hire fewer workers for more hours and, at the same time, compels workers to spend more time on the job. Most of those incentives involve what Ehrenberg calls the structure of compensation: quirks in the way salaries and benefits are organised that make it more profitable to ask 40 employees to labour an extra hour each than to hire one more worker to do the same 40-hour job.
Professional and managerial employees supply the most obvious lesson along these lines. Once people are on salary, their cost to a firm is the same whether they spend 35 hours a week in the office or 70. Diminishing returns may eventually set in as overworked employees lose efficiency or leave for more arable pastures. But in the short run, the employer’s incentive is clear.
Even hourly employees receive benefits--such as pension contributions and medical insurance-that are not tied to the number of hours they work. Therefore, it is more profitable for employers to work their existing employees harder.
For all that employees complain about long hours, they, too, have reasons not to trade money for leisure. "People who work reduced hours pay a huge penalty in career terms," Schor maintains. "It’s taken as a negative signal about their commitment to the firm. " [Lotte] Bailyn [of Massachusetts Institute of Technology] adds that many corporate managers find it difficult to measure the contribution of their underlings to a firm’s wellbeing, so they use the number of hours worked as a proxy for output. "Employees know this," she says, and they adjust their behavior accordingly.
"Although the image of the good worker is the one whose life belongs to the company," Bailyn says, "it doesn’t fit the facts. " She cites both quantitative and qualitative studies that show increased productivity for part-time workers: they make better use of the time they have, and they are less likely to succumb to fatigue in stressful jobs. Companies that employ more workers for less time also gain from the resulting redundancy, she asserts. "The extra people can cover the contingencies that you know are going to happen, such as when crises take people away from the workplace. " Positive experiences with reduced hours have begun to change the more-is-better culture at some companies, Schor reports.
Larger firms, in particular, appear to be more willing to experiment with flexible working arrangements...
It may take even more than changes in the financial and cultural structures of employment for workers successfully to trade increased productivity and money for leisure time, Schor contends. She says the U. S. market for goods has become skewed by the assumption of full-time, two-career households. Automobile makers no longer manufacture cheap models, and developers do not build the tiny bungalows that served the first postwar generation of home buyers. Not even the humblest household object is made without a microprocessor. As Schor notes, the situation is a curious inversion of the "appropriate technology" vision that designers have had for developing countries: U. S. goods are appropriate only for high incomes and long hours.
Statements:Bailyn’s research shows that part-time employees work more efficiently.

答案： Y

Section D
In this section, there is one passage followed by 5 questions or unfinished statements. Read the passage carefully, then answer each question or complete each statement in a maximum of 10 words. Remember to write the answers on the Answer Sheet.
Questions 71-75 are based on the following passage.
A massive dinosaur hatchery containing thousands of fossilized eggs and dozens of embryos has been discovered in the Patagonia region of Argentina, a find that should give researchers their first insight into the embryonic development of these fascinating animals.

The eggs were laid by sauropods-placid, plant-eating dinosaurs with long necks and tails and a small head-over an area of at least a square mile along ancient stream beds, an American and Argentine team said at a news conference in Washington, DC.
The find represents the first embryonic fossils containing remnants of skin, the first sauropod embryos and the first dinosaur embryos found in the Southern Hemisphere.
Perhaps more importantly, the deposit contains embryos with a broad cross-section of gestational ages and should thus provide paleontologists with their first good look at how the creatures developed during their early stages of life.
"There are more than 200 sites around the world with fossils of dinosaur eggs, but only a half-dozen that contain embryos," said paleontologist Philip Currie of the Royal Tyrrell Museum in Alberta. "And these are the most spectacular embryos ever found. "
The team members literally stumbled across the specimens. On the second day of their expedition last year, they found the site, which was littered with fossils of egg shells. "You couldn’t take a step without walking on shell fragments," said Luis M. Chiappe, of the American Museum of Natural History in New York City, co-leader of the expedition.
The team named the site Auca Mahuevo for its tremendous abundance of eggs ( huevos in Spanish). The eggs were round, about 5 to 6 inches in diameter. Had they hatched, the baby dinosaurs inside would have started life a mere 15 inches long, but grown to a length of 45 feet.
Many of the eggs contained not only fossils of the bones of the embryonic dinosaurs, but also fossils of skin fragments. "That is remarkable because the skin is such a delicate structure and is very rarely preserved in fossil form," Chiappe said. "The skin of a dinosaur embryo has never been discovered before. "
Because the team has discovered specimens of different gestational ages, researchers will be able to chart the growth of the embryos within the eggs, measuring the growth rate of bones, for example, and the order in which various organs formed.
"We can know the pattern of development of dinosaurs that lived millions of years ago and compare it to modern reptiles," Chiappe said. " That has not been possible with any other dinosaurs. " The team does not know yet precisely which type of sauropod dinosaur produced the eggs, but the discovery of tiny teeth in some eggs provides an intriguing clue. One embryo alone has at least 32 individual, pencil-shaped teeth, each small enough to fit easily into the capital "O" at the beginning of this sentence.
The only sauropod dinosaurs with teeth this shape that were alive during the period when the fossils were formed were titanosaurs. The remains of titanosaurs are common near Auca Mahuevo, making it very likely that the embryos belong to this group.
Questions:

The site where those dinosaur eggs were found got its name Auca Mahuevo because of ______.

答案： its tremendous abundance of eggs(文章第七段第一句话明确提到发现恐龙蛋化石的地点因在此发...

Section E
In this section, there is one passage followed by a summary. Read the passage carefully and complete the summary below by choosing a maximum of three words from the passage to fill in the spaces 76-80. Remember to write the answers on the Answer Sheet.
Questions 76-80 are based on the following passage.
Paper is different from other waste produce because it comes from a sustainable resource: trees. Unlike the minerals and oil used to make plastics and metals, trees are replaceable. Paper is also biodegradable, so it does not pose as much threat to the environment when it is discarded. While 45 out of every 100 tonnes of wood fibre used to make paper in Australia comes from waste paper, the rest comes directly from virgin fibre from forests and plantations. By world standards this is a good performance since the worldwide average is 33 per cent waste paper. Governments have encouraged waste paper collection and sorting schemes and, at the same time, the paper industry has responded by developing new recycling technologies that have paved the way for even greater utilization of used fibre. As a result, industry’s use of recycled fibres is expected to increase at twice the rate of virgin fibre over the coming years.
Already, waste paper constitutes 70% of paper used for packaging, and advances in the technology required to remove ink from the paper have allowed a higher recycled content in newsprint and writing paper. To achieve the benefits of recycling, the community must also contribute. We need to accept a change in the quality of paper products; for example stationery may be less white and of a rougher texture. There also needs to be support from the community for waste paper collection programs. Not only do we need to make the paper available to collectors but it also needs to be separated into different types and sorted from contaminants such as staples, paperclips, string and other miscellaneous items.
There are technical limitations to the amount of paper which can be recycled and some paper products cannot be collected for re-use. These include paper in the form of books and permanent records, photographic paper and paper which is badly contaminated. The four most common sources of paper for recycling are factories and retail stores which gather large amounts of packaging material in which goods are delivered, also offices which have unwanted business documents and computer output, paper converters and printers and lastly households which discard newspapers and packaging material. The paper manufacturer pays a price for the paper and may also incur the collection cost.
Once collected, the paper has to be sorted by hand by people trained to recognize various types of paper. This is necessary because some types of paper can only he made from particular kinds of recycled fibre. The sorted paper then has to be repulped or mixed with water and broken down into its individual fibres. This mixture is called stock and may contain a wide variety of contaminating materials, particularly if it is made from mixed waste paper which has had little sorting. Various machinery is used to remove other materials from the stock. After passing through the repulping process, the fibres from printed waste paper are grey in colour because the printing ink has soaked into the individual fibres. This recycled material can only be used in products where the grey colour does not matter, such as cardboard boxes but if the grey colour is not acceptable, the fibres must be de-inked. This involves adding chemicals such as caustic soda or other alkalis, soaps and detergents, water-hardening agents such as calcium chloride, frothing agents and bleaching agents. Before the recycled fibres can be made into paper they must be refined or treated in such a way that they bond together.
Most paper products must contain some virgin fibre as well as recycled fibres and unlike glass, paper cannot be recycled indefinitely. Most paper is down-cycled which means that a product made from recycled paper is of an inferior quality to the original paper. Recycling paper is beneficial in that it saves some of the energy, labour and capital that goes into producing virgin pulp. However, recycling requires the use of fossil fuel, a nonrenewable energy source, to collect the waste paper from the community and to process it to produce new paper. And the recycling process still creates emissions which require treatment before they can be disposed of safely. Nevertheless, paper recycling is an important economical and environmental practice but one which must be carried out in a rational and viable manner for it to be useful to both industry and the community.
Summary:
From the point of view of recycling, paper has two advantages over minerals and oil in that firstly it comes from a resource which is (76) and secondly it is less threatening to our environment when we throw it away because it is (77) . Although Australia’s record in the re-use of waste paper is good, it is still necessary to use a combination of recycled fibre and (78) to make new paper. The paper industry has contributed positively and people have also been encouraged by the government to collect their waste on a regular basis. One major difficulty is the removal of (79) from used paper but advances are being made in this area. However, we need to learn to accept paper which is generally of a lower quality than before and to sort our waste paper by removing (80) before discarding it for collection.

答案： contaminants

单项选择题

Section A
There is one passage in this section with 7 questions. For each question, there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. You should decide on the best choice. Then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the centre.

Questions 51 -57 are based on the following passage.
When Ruth Redding, an account manager, was sent on a management training course to improve her relationships with her colleagues by learning how to communicate with them more effectively, instead of being asked to address her boss or her peers, she found herself talking to a horse. In fact, during the course, which is organised by Manchester University Business School, Redding found herself standing in a pen whispering to an animal and communicating in a non-aggressive way. This form of communication, which is the subject of the best-selling novel The Horse Whisperer, later filmed with Robert Redford in the starring role, might appear bizarre on a stud farm, let alone a management training course. But horse whispering is among a number of unusual activities now being used to teach staff about every aspect of working life, from self-confidence to communication.
In the 1980s and 1990s, it became fashionable to dump executives on a remote mountainside, or windswept Scottish isle, and leave them to survive a weekend in order to develop initiative, build team spirit and promote leadership skills. An alternative to the classic "chalk and talk" format, with the lecturer and obedient staff seated round a table, it all seemed wild and rather outlandish.
Today, by comparison, it looks increasingly tame. A new generation of management training gurus are adopting a different approach. In Italy, stressed executives have been dressing up as gladiators to confront each other as their ancient forebears did, and in America, sales-people are herding cattle, while in Britain, one supermarket reportedly put its executives in Native American teepees for a weekend to develop a spirit of co-operation. Naturally, the originators of these new courses claim to have respectable psychological theories to back them up.
Tudor Rickards, a professor at Manchester, was intrigued when he heard about the work done by the famous horse whisperer, Monty Roberts. "The idea is that instead of ’breaking’ the horse, you co-operate with it. Traditionally, you would coax a horse into a box and then reward it by slamming the door shut. Monty leads the horse in and out of the box and offers it a reward," explains Professor Rickards. "Monty’s approach is founded on the recognition of a foal’s instinctive desire to be part of the herd. " He matched this with research from the Industrial Society, which revealed that often the difference between a successful and unsuccessful leader is trust. "As they observe the way horses react to certain behavior, participants think about how they themselves or other colleagues react to different management styles," explains Professor Rickards. "The discussion often leads to one about experiences of bullying and abusive behavior, a discussion that might not otherwise surface in a leadership course. We’vefound this helps the participants draw fine distinctions between being tough, being assertive, being supportive and being soft. "
Team building is also the aim of murder mystery days run by a company called Corporate Pursuits. Actors mingle with participants and play out a scene until someone is found "murdered" Clues, such as photographs, personal items or a cryptic message, are arranged around the room, and small teams, often pitted against each other, will work to solve the mystery under the gaze of trained observers.
Although fun and a sense of release is important, managing director Mandie Chester Bristow admits that this type of corporate clue do occasionally meets with skepticism among clients. "On one occasion, people were messing around and not taking it seriously at all, so I had to say to them, ’You’re behaving like a bunch of school children. ’ " Another challenge can be reporting the observers’ findings. "We would never say, ’You’ve failed, ’ if they didn’t identify the murderer correctly. Instead, we would praise them for the progress they made and how they worked together as a team. "
"There are lots of gimmicks in training and headline-grabbing courses at the moment, but what they deliver is often variable," says Nick Isles of the Industrial Society. "People often say afterwards that they enjoyed the event, but it’s very difficult to measure how much they’ve actually learned from it. " He argues that ongoing training in the work place, or courses that last months, are a better way of improving aspects of business such as productivity and customer service.
Questions:
Research carried out by Rickards and the Industrial Society showed that ______.

A．course discussions sometimes resulted in frank exchanges of opinion
B．course participants reacted negatively to different management styles
C．participants became less supportive of one another as the courses progressed
D．the bonds of trust between course participants and horses became stronger

Section D
In this section, there is one passage followed by 5 questions or unfinished statements. Read the passage carefully, then answer each question or complete each statement in a maximum of 10 words. Remember to write the answers on the Answer Sheet.
Questions 71-75 are based on the following passage.
A massive dinosaur hatchery containing thousands of fossilized eggs and dozens of embryos has been discovered in the Patagonia region of Argentina, a find that should give researchers their first insight into the embryonic development of these fascinating animals.

The eggs were laid by sauropods-placid, plant-eating dinosaurs with long necks and tails and a small head-over an area of at least a square mile along ancient stream beds, an American and Argentine team said at a news conference in Washington, DC.
The find represents the first embryonic fossils containing remnants of skin, the first sauropod embryos and the first dinosaur embryos found in the Southern Hemisphere.
Perhaps more importantly, the deposit contains embryos with a broad cross-section of gestational ages and should thus provide paleontologists with their first good look at how the creatures developed during their early stages of life.
"There are more than 200 sites around the world with fossils of dinosaur eggs, but only a half-dozen that contain embryos," said paleontologist Philip Currie of the Royal Tyrrell Museum in Alberta. "And these are the most spectacular embryos ever found. "
The team members literally stumbled across the specimens. On the second day of their expedition last year, they found the site, which was littered with fossils of egg shells. "You couldn’t take a step without walking on shell fragments," said Luis M. Chiappe, of the American Museum of Natural History in New York City, co-leader of the expedition.
The team named the site Auca Mahuevo for its tremendous abundance of eggs ( huevos in Spanish). The eggs were round, about 5 to 6 inches in diameter. Had they hatched, the baby dinosaurs inside would have started life a mere 15 inches long, but grown to a length of 45 feet.
Many of the eggs contained not only fossils of the bones of the embryonic dinosaurs, but also fossils of skin fragments. "That is remarkable because the skin is such a delicate structure and is very rarely preserved in fossil form," Chiappe said. "The skin of a dinosaur embryo has never been discovered before. "
Because the team has discovered specimens of different gestational ages, researchers will be able to chart the growth of the embryos within the eggs, measuring the growth rate of bones, for example, and the order in which various organs formed.
"We can know the pattern of development of dinosaurs that lived millions of years ago and compare it to modern reptiles," Chiappe said. " That has not been possible with any other dinosaurs. " The team does not know yet precisely which type of sauropod dinosaur produced the eggs, but the discovery of tiny teeth in some eggs provides an intriguing clue. One embryo alone has at least 32 individual, pencil-shaped teeth, each small enough to fit easily into the capital "O" at the beginning of this sentence.
The only sauropod dinosaurs with teeth this shape that were alive during the period when the fossils were formed were titanosaurs. The remains of titanosaurs are common near Auca Mahuevo, making it very likely that the embryos belong to this group.
Questions:

Why will researchers be able to decide the order of formation of various organs of the dinosaur

答案： Because the team has discovered specimens of different gesta...

Section B
In this section, there is one passage followed by 7 statements. Go over the passage quickly and mark the answers on the Answer Sheet.
For questions 58-64, mark
Y (for Yes) if the statement agrees with the information given in the passage;
N (for No) if the statement contradicts the information given in the passage;
NG (for Not Given) if the information is not given in the passage.
Questions 58-64 are based on the following passage.
For the first century or so of the industrial revolution, increased productivity led to decreases in working hours. Employees who had been putting in 12-hour days, six days a week, found their time on the job shrinking to 10 hours daily, then, finally, to eight hours, five days a week. Only a generation ago social planners worried about what people would do with all this new-found free time. In the U. S. , at least, it seems they need not have bothered.
Although the output per hour of work has more than doubled since 1945, leisure seems reserved largely for the unemployed and underemployed. Those who work full-time spend as much time on the job as they did at the end of World War II. In fact, working hours have increased noticeably since 1970--perhaps because real wages have stagnated since that year. Bookstores now abound with manuals describing how to manage time and cope with stress.
There are several reasons for lost leisure. Since 1979, companies have responded to improvements in the business climate by having employees work overtime rather than by hiring extra personnel, says economist Juliet B. Schor of Harvard University. Indeed, the current economic recovery has gained a certain amount of notoriety for its "jobless" nature: increased production has been almost entirely decoupled from employment. Some firms are even downsizing as their profits climb. "All things being equal, we’d be better off spreading around the work, " observes labour economist Ronald G. Ehrenberg of Cornell University.
Yet a host of factors pushes employers to hire fewer workers for more hours and, at the same time, compels workers to spend more time on the job. Most of those incentives involve what Ehrenberg calls the structure of compensation: quirks in the way salaries and benefits are organised that make it more profitable to ask 40 employees to labour an extra hour each than to hire one more worker to do the same 40-hour job.
Professional and managerial employees supply the most obvious lesson along these lines. Once people are on salary, their cost to a firm is the same whether they spend 35 hours a week in the office or 70. Diminishing returns may eventually set in as overworked employees lose efficiency or leave for more arable pastures. But in the short run, the employer’s incentive is clear.
Even hourly employees receive benefits--such as pension contributions and medical insurance-that are not tied to the number of hours they work. Therefore, it is more profitable for employers to work their existing employees harder.
For all that employees complain about long hours, they, too, have reasons not to trade money for leisure. "People who work reduced hours pay a huge penalty in career terms," Schor maintains. "It’s taken as a negative signal about their commitment to the firm. " [Lotte] Bailyn [of Massachusetts Institute of Technology] adds that many corporate managers find it difficult to measure the contribution of their underlings to a firm’s wellbeing, so they use the number of hours worked as a proxy for output. "Employees know this," she says, and they adjust their behavior accordingly.
"Although the image of the good worker is the one whose life belongs to the company," Bailyn says, "it doesn’t fit the facts. " She cites both quantitative and qualitative studies that show increased productivity for part-time workers: they make better use of the time they have, and they are less likely to succumb to fatigue in stressful jobs. Companies that employ more workers for less time also gain from the resulting redundancy, she asserts. "The extra people can cover the contingencies that you know are going to happen, such as when crises take people away from the workplace. " Positive experiences with reduced hours have begun to change the more-is-better culture at some companies, Schor reports.
Larger firms, in particular, appear to be more willing to experiment with flexible working arrangements...
It may take even more than changes in the financial and cultural structures of employment for workers successfully to trade increased productivity and money for leisure time, Schor contends. She says the U. S. market for goods has become skewed by the assumption of full-time, two-career households. Automobile makers no longer manufacture cheap models, and developers do not build the tiny bungalows that served the first postwar generation of home buyers. Not even the humblest household object is made without a microprocessor. As Schor notes, the situation is a curious inversion of the "appropriate technology" vision that designers have had for developing countries: U. S. goods are appropriate only for high incomes and long hours.
Statements:Increased leisure time would benefit two-career households.

答案： NG

单项选择题

Section A
There is one passage in this section with 7 questions. For each question, there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. You should decide on the best choice. Then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the centre.

Questions 51 -57 are based on the following passage.
When Ruth Redding, an account manager, was sent on a management training course to improve her relationships with her colleagues by learning how to communicate with them more effectively, instead of being asked to address her boss or her peers, she found herself talking to a horse. In fact, during the course, which is organised by Manchester University Business School, Redding found herself standing in a pen whispering to an animal and communicating in a non-aggressive way. This form of communication, which is the subject of the best-selling novel The Horse Whisperer, later filmed with Robert Redford in the starring role, might appear bizarre on a stud farm, let alone a management training course. But horse whispering is among a number of unusual activities now being used to teach staff about every aspect of working life, from self-confidence to communication.
In the 1980s and 1990s, it became fashionable to dump executives on a remote mountainside, or windswept Scottish isle, and leave them to survive a weekend in order to develop initiative, build team spirit and promote leadership skills. An alternative to the classic "chalk and talk" format, with the lecturer and obedient staff seated round a table, it all seemed wild and rather outlandish.
Today, by comparison, it looks increasingly tame. A new generation of management training gurus are adopting a different approach. In Italy, stressed executives have been dressing up as gladiators to confront each other as their ancient forebears did, and in America, sales-people are herding cattle, while in Britain, one supermarket reportedly put its executives in Native American teepees for a weekend to develop a spirit of co-operation. Naturally, the originators of these new courses claim to have respectable psychological theories to back them up.
Tudor Rickards, a professor at Manchester, was intrigued when he heard about the work done by the famous horse whisperer, Monty Roberts. "The idea is that instead of ’breaking’ the horse, you co-operate with it. Traditionally, you would coax a horse into a box and then reward it by slamming the door shut. Monty leads the horse in and out of the box and offers it a reward," explains Professor Rickards. "Monty’s approach is founded on the recognition of a foal’s instinctive desire to be part of the herd. " He matched this with research from the Industrial Society, which revealed that often the difference between a successful and unsuccessful leader is trust. "As they observe the way horses react to certain behavior, participants think about how they themselves or other colleagues react to different management styles," explains Professor Rickards. "The discussion often leads to one about experiences of bullying and abusive behavior, a discussion that might not otherwise surface in a leadership course. We’vefound this helps the participants draw fine distinctions between being tough, being assertive, being supportive and being soft. "
Team building is also the aim of murder mystery days run by a company called Corporate Pursuits. Actors mingle with participants and play out a scene until someone is found "murdered" Clues, such as photographs, personal items or a cryptic message, are arranged around the room, and small teams, often pitted against each other, will work to solve the mystery under the gaze of trained observers.
Although fun and a sense of release is important, managing director Mandie Chester Bristow admits that this type of corporate clue do occasionally meets with skepticism among clients. "On one occasion, people were messing around and not taking it seriously at all, so I had to say to them, ’You’re behaving like a bunch of school children. ’ " Another challenge can be reporting the observers’ findings. "We would never say, ’You’ve failed, ’ if they didn’t identify the murderer correctly. Instead, we would praise them for the progress they made and how they worked together as a team. "
"There are lots of gimmicks in training and headline-grabbing courses at the moment, but what they deliver is often variable," says Nick Isles of the Industrial Society. "People often say afterwards that they enjoyed the event, but it’s very difficult to measure how much they’ve actually learned from it. " He argues that ongoing training in the work place, or courses that last months, are a better way of improving aspects of business such as productivity and customer service.
Questions:
What comment does Mandie Chester Bristow make about course participants in paragraph 6

A．They enjoy indulging in games they played in their childhood.
B．Those who "lose" the game feel they have underachieved.
C．They sometimes need convincing of the value of the activities.
D．They are happy in the knowledge that they are being freed from stress.

Section C
You are going to read an article from a newspaper. Six paragraphs have been removed from the article. Choose from the paragraphs (A-G) the one which fits each gap (65-70). There is one extra paragraph which you do not need to use. Mark your answers on the Answer Sheet.
Questions 65-70 are based on the following passage.
Cruising may not be everyone’s idea of entertainment yet it would hardly be the same without its traditional British teatime. There is no better way of breaking down social barriers either. Or so I found when I enjoyed a cup of tea with an anonymous-looking passenger aboard the smart ship I had joined.
65.
Sharing tea with a celebrity may not be a normal cruising experience, but the Seabourn Spirit is no run-of-the-mill vessel. Nor aboard most cruise ships are you served high-quality leaf tea--it is usually tea-bags, even if it is in a silver pot.
66.
And with due reverence to the clientele, it was personal treatment all the way. With a passenger-crew ratio of almost one-to-one, there was never any chance of the delays you might experience on other craft. Nor do you find many lines where the staff are so quick and keen to learn your particular tastes.
67.
In what other ship, I wonder, would the cabin stewardess put a marker in your paperback so you would not lose your place A small detail--but little pleasures add up to give maximum satisfaction. Yet such high standards might daunt some, fearing that it will be far from relaxing having to live up to them. But I have not often been on such a happy-go-lucky cruise. Be we president or pleb, we were all treated as equals, and I have been on much less distinguished ships with more marked social mores.
Just to illustrate my point: aboard Seabourn Spirit, there were just three formal dinners, and not all the men wore dinner jackets. Most evenings were casual or informal.
Full silver service meals were available in your cabin as part of the 24-hour waiter service. Passengers could also choose between the main dining room and the veranda care. The cuisine was worthy of such a ship and, if it was too nouvelle for some, at least it made eating those cream cakes at tea less of a worry.
68.
If there was any problem, it was overcoming the temptation to become a seagoing hermit. All the cabins have broad picture windows and living areas with settee, soft chairs, table and desk. And there is plenty of room for the queen-size bed. The marble bathrooms are a good size with a decent tub-shower and double wash-basins. Most convenient is a closet with enough wooden coat hangers for a debutante’s ball and plenty of room for luggage.
69.
A highlight of our tour was a visit to the scenic resort of Yalta and the Livadiya Palace, where Churchill, Roosevelt and Stalin held their famous conference in 1945 that decided much of the fate of post-war Europe. And we paid a rare cruise ship call to Sevastopol. Mooring near a flotilla of heavily armed warships in what is still a big naval base was one of the more thought-provoking experiences.
70.
The main port brought back the smiles--a chance at last to indulge in that cruise essential, shopping, but with a touch of culture. As a mark of the special attention given to the passengers, the line booked the opera house for an exclusive ballet performance. Even if cruising is not your cup of tea, this is almost certainly the ship to change your mind.
Paragraphs :
A. The passenger clearly seemed to be enjoying the occasion. During a gale, however, he might have wished he was back in port. Seasickness can afflict anyone. A good pair of sea legs is one of the few comforts not provided on a ship where every effort is made to satisfy passengers’ whims.
B. Yet nothing moved our emotions more than when we were driven to the site of the Valley of Death. Today, it is a sylvan scene. Had it not been for Olga, our guide, the horror of it would have remained hidden. In perfect English, she recited Tennyson’s Charge of the Light Brigade. I saw the American woman beside me shed a tear. She was not the only one.
C. A more potent concern, even before boarding, was not over-eating but overdrinking. One reason for such high fares is that drinks are included without extra charge. But the mainly elderly passengers stayed as sober as judges--as several were, in fact.
D. Although under 10,000 tons, a midget of the ocean waves, what it lacks in size it makes up for in quality. "Luxury" is a much abused word, yet this ship deserves the description. "Exclusive" may be a better word if you reckon on the ability to pay an average of more than ￡ 550 a day for the pleasure of being there. It was not surprising, therefore, that the majority of the 188 passengers on our 12-night jaunt from Istanbul to the Black Sea and Aegean came from the richer golden lodes of the social strata.
E. My fridge, too, was stocked to the gunnels. As another compulsion to remain in blissful isolation, the television also relays the ship’ s daily lectures on port news and travel subjects. There were half a dozen grander suites with separate rooms and a balcony. If you could tear yourself away from the room or felt like a more academic pastime, the ship also had its own library, but it would take a world cruise at least to read through the edition of Encyclopaedia Britannica that was included.
F. Nothing boosts egos more, or makes one feel more at home, than having the steward know without being reminded that your breakfast croissants should be only slightly warm and that you prefer Orange Pekoe to Darjeeling.
G. Sipping from his cup English-style (with milk) with obvious pleasure, he told me: "I enjoy it very much although we do grow excellent tea in my country, Indonesia. It’s called Col Para. Did you know that it is a favourite kind of your Queen" This surprised me but then who am I to dispute a former president of his country

答案： C

Section D
In this section, there is one passage followed by 5 questions or unfinished statements. Read the passage carefully, then answer each question or complete each statement in a maximum of 10 words. Remember to write the answers on the Answer Sheet.
Questions 71-75 are based on the following passage.
A massive dinosaur hatchery containing thousands of fossilized eggs and dozens of embryos has been discovered in the Patagonia region of Argentina, a find that should give researchers their first insight into the embryonic development of these fascinating animals.

The eggs were laid by sauropods-placid, plant-eating dinosaurs with long necks and tails and a small head-over an area of at least a square mile along ancient stream beds, an American and Argentine team said at a news conference in Washington, DC.
The find represents the first embryonic fossils containing remnants of skin, the first sauropod embryos and the first dinosaur embryos found in the Southern Hemisphere.
Perhaps more importantly, the deposit contains embryos with a broad cross-section of gestational ages and should thus provide paleontologists with their first good look at how the creatures developed during their early stages of life.
"There are more than 200 sites around the world with fossils of dinosaur eggs, but only a half-dozen that contain embryos," said paleontologist Philip Currie of the Royal Tyrrell Museum in Alberta. "And these are the most spectacular embryos ever found. "
The team members literally stumbled across the specimens. On the second day of their expedition last year, they found the site, which was littered with fossils of egg shells. "You couldn’t take a step without walking on shell fragments," said Luis M. Chiappe, of the American Museum of Natural History in New York City, co-leader of the expedition.
The team named the site Auca Mahuevo for its tremendous abundance of eggs ( huevos in Spanish). The eggs were round, about 5 to 6 inches in diameter. Had they hatched, the baby dinosaurs inside would have started life a mere 15 inches long, but grown to a length of 45 feet.
Many of the eggs contained not only fossils of the bones of the embryonic dinosaurs, but also fossils of skin fragments. "That is remarkable because the skin is such a delicate structure and is very rarely preserved in fossil form," Chiappe said. "The skin of a dinosaur embryo has never been discovered before. "
Because the team has discovered specimens of different gestational ages, researchers will be able to chart the growth of the embryos within the eggs, measuring the growth rate of bones, for example, and the order in which various organs formed.
"We can know the pattern of development of dinosaurs that lived millions of years ago and compare it to modern reptiles," Chiappe said. " That has not been possible with any other dinosaurs. " The team does not know yet precisely which type of sauropod dinosaur produced the eggs, but the discovery of tiny teeth in some eggs provides an intriguing clue. One embryo alone has at least 32 individual, pencil-shaped teeth, each small enough to fit easily into the capital "O" at the beginning of this sentence.
The only sauropod dinosaurs with teeth this shape that were alive during the period when the fossils were formed were titanosaurs. The remains of titanosaurs are common near Auca Mahuevo, making it very likely that the embryos belong to this group.
Questions:

What makes it likely that the newly found embryos belong to the group of titanosaurs

答案： The tiny teeth found in some eggs(文章倒数第二段第三句提到在某些蛋中发现了一些微小的牙...

单项选择题

Section A
There is one passage in this section with 7 questions. For each question, there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. You should decide on the best choice. Then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the centre.

Questions 51 -57 are based on the following passage.
When Ruth Redding, an account manager, was sent on a management training course to improve her relationships with her colleagues by learning how to communicate with them more effectively, instead of being asked to address her boss or her peers, she found herself talking to a horse. In fact, during the course, which is organised by Manchester University Business School, Redding found herself standing in a pen whispering to an animal and communicating in a non-aggressive way. This form of communication, which is the subject of the best-selling novel The Horse Whisperer, later filmed with Robert Redford in the starring role, might appear bizarre on a stud farm, let alone a management training course. But horse whispering is among a number of unusual activities now being used to teach staff about every aspect of working life, from self-confidence to communication.
In the 1980s and 1990s, it became fashionable to dump executives on a remote mountainside, or windswept Scottish isle, and leave them to survive a weekend in order to develop initiative, build team spirit and promote leadership skills. An alternative to the classic "chalk and talk" format, with the lecturer and obedient staff seated round a table, it all seemed wild and rather outlandish.
Today, by comparison, it looks increasingly tame. A new generation of management training gurus are adopting a different approach. In Italy, stressed executives have been dressing up as gladiators to confront each other as their ancient forebears did, and in America, sales-people are herding cattle, while in Britain, one supermarket reportedly put its executives in Native American teepees for a weekend to develop a spirit of co-operation. Naturally, the originators of these new courses claim to have respectable psychological theories to back them up.
Tudor Rickards, a professor at Manchester, was intrigued when he heard about the work done by the famous horse whisperer, Monty Roberts. "The idea is that instead of ’breaking’ the horse, you co-operate with it. Traditionally, you would coax a horse into a box and then reward it by slamming the door shut. Monty leads the horse in and out of the box and offers it a reward," explains Professor Rickards. "Monty’s approach is founded on the recognition of a foal’s instinctive desire to be part of the herd. " He matched this with research from the Industrial Society, which revealed that often the difference between a successful and unsuccessful leader is trust. "As they observe the way horses react to certain behavior, participants think about how they themselves or other colleagues react to different management styles," explains Professor Rickards. "The discussion often leads to one about experiences of bullying and abusive behavior, a discussion that might not otherwise surface in a leadership course. We’vefound this helps the participants draw fine distinctions between being tough, being assertive, being supportive and being soft. "
Team building is also the aim of murder mystery days run by a company called Corporate Pursuits. Actors mingle with participants and play out a scene until someone is found "murdered" Clues, such as photographs, personal items or a cryptic message, are arranged around the room, and small teams, often pitted against each other, will work to solve the mystery under the gaze of trained observers.
Although fun and a sense of release is important, managing director Mandie Chester Bristow admits that this type of corporate clue do occasionally meets with skepticism among clients. "On one occasion, people were messing around and not taking it seriously at all, so I had to say to them, ’You’re behaving like a bunch of school children. ’ " Another challenge can be reporting the observers’ findings. "We would never say, ’You’ve failed, ’ if they didn’t identify the murderer correctly. Instead, we would praise them for the progress they made and how they worked together as a team. "
"There are lots of gimmicks in training and headline-grabbing courses at the moment, but what they deliver is often variable," says Nick Isles of the Industrial Society. "People often say afterwards that they enjoyed the event, but it’s very difficult to measure how much they’ve actually learned from it. " He argues that ongoing training in the work place, or courses that last months, are a better way of improving aspects of business such as productivity and customer service.
Questions:
What is Nick Isles’s opinion of the new-style training courses

A．Their quality is always consistent.
B．Their effectiveness is quantifiable.
C．Alternative courses are more easily set up.
D．Alternative courses can be more efficient.

Section C
You are going to read an article from a newspaper. Six paragraphs have been removed from the article. Choose from the paragraphs (A-G) the one which fits each gap (65-70). There is one extra paragraph which you do not need to use. Mark your answers on the Answer Sheet.
Questions 65-70 are based on the following passage.
Cruising may not be everyone’s idea of entertainment yet it would hardly be the same without its traditional British teatime. There is no better way of breaking down social barriers either. Or so I found when I enjoyed a cup of tea with an anonymous-looking passenger aboard the smart ship I had joined.
65.
Sharing tea with a celebrity may not be a normal cruising experience, but the Seabourn Spirit is no run-of-the-mill vessel. Nor aboard most cruise ships are you served high-quality leaf tea--it is usually tea-bags, even if it is in a silver pot.
66.
And with due reverence to the clientele, it was personal treatment all the way. With a passenger-crew ratio of almost one-to-one, there was never any chance of the delays you might experience on other craft. Nor do you find many lines where the staff are so quick and keen to learn your particular tastes.
67.
In what other ship, I wonder, would the cabin stewardess put a marker in your paperback so you would not lose your place A small detail--but little pleasures add up to give maximum satisfaction. Yet such high standards might daunt some, fearing that it will be far from relaxing having to live up to them. But I have not often been on such a happy-go-lucky cruise. Be we president or pleb, we were all treated as equals, and I have been on much less distinguished ships with more marked social mores.
Just to illustrate my point: aboard Seabourn Spirit, there were just three formal dinners, and not all the men wore dinner jackets. Most evenings were casual or informal.
Full silver service meals were available in your cabin as part of the 24-hour waiter service. Passengers could also choose between the main dining room and the veranda care. The cuisine was worthy of such a ship and, if it was too nouvelle for some, at least it made eating those cream cakes at tea less of a worry.
68.
If there was any problem, it was overcoming the temptation to become a seagoing hermit. All the cabins have broad picture windows and living areas with settee, soft chairs, table and desk. And there is plenty of room for the queen-size bed. The marble bathrooms are a good size with a decent tub-shower and double wash-basins. Most convenient is a closet with enough wooden coat hangers for a debutante’s ball and plenty of room for luggage.
69.
A highlight of our tour was a visit to the scenic resort of Yalta and the Livadiya Palace, where Churchill, Roosevelt and Stalin held their famous conference in 1945 that decided much of the fate of post-war Europe. And we paid a rare cruise ship call to Sevastopol. Mooring near a flotilla of heavily armed warships in what is still a big naval base was one of the more thought-provoking experiences.
70.
The main port brought back the smiles--a chance at last to indulge in that cruise essential, shopping, but with a touch of culture. As a mark of the special attention given to the passengers, the line booked the opera house for an exclusive ballet performance. Even if cruising is not your cup of tea, this is almost certainly the ship to change your mind.
Paragraphs :
A. The passenger clearly seemed to be enjoying the occasion. During a gale, however, he might have wished he was back in port. Seasickness can afflict anyone. A good pair of sea legs is one of the few comforts not provided on a ship where every effort is made to satisfy passengers’ whims.
B. Yet nothing moved our emotions more than when we were driven to the site of the Valley of Death. Today, it is a sylvan scene. Had it not been for Olga, our guide, the horror of it would have remained hidden. In perfect English, she recited Tennyson’s Charge of the Light Brigade. I saw the American woman beside me shed a tear. She was not the only one.
C. A more potent concern, even before boarding, was not over-eating but overdrinking. One reason for such high fares is that drinks are included without extra charge. But the mainly elderly passengers stayed as sober as judges--as several were, in fact.
D. Although under 10,000 tons, a midget of the ocean waves, what it lacks in size it makes up for in quality. "Luxury" is a much abused word, yet this ship deserves the description. "Exclusive" may be a better word if you reckon on the ability to pay an average of more than ￡ 550 a day for the pleasure of being there. It was not surprising, therefore, that the majority of the 188 passengers on our 12-night jaunt from Istanbul to the Black Sea and Aegean came from the richer golden lodes of the social strata.
E. My fridge, too, was stocked to the gunnels. As another compulsion to remain in blissful isolation, the television also relays the ship’ s daily lectures on port news and travel subjects. There were half a dozen grander suites with separate rooms and a balcony. If you could tear yourself away from the room or felt like a more academic pastime, the ship also had its own library, but it would take a world cruise at least to read through the edition of Encyclopaedia Britannica that was included.
F. Nothing boosts egos more, or makes one feel more at home, than having the steward know without being reminded that your breakfast croissants should be only slightly warm and that you prefer Orange Pekoe to Darjeeling.
G. Sipping from his cup English-style (with milk) with obvious pleasure, he told me: "I enjoy it very much although we do grow excellent tea in my country, Indonesia. It’s called Col Para. Did you know that it is a favourite kind of your Queen" This surprised me but then who am I to dispute a former president of his country

答案： E

Section C
You are going to read an article from a newspaper. Six paragraphs have been removed from the article. Choose from the paragraphs (A-G) the one which fits each gap (65-70). There is one extra paragraph which you do not need to use. Mark your answers on the Answer Sheet.
Questions 65-70 are based on the following passage.
Cruising may not be everyone’s idea of entertainment yet it would hardly be the same without its traditional British teatime. There is no better way of breaking down social barriers either. Or so I found when I enjoyed a cup of tea with an anonymous-looking passenger aboard the smart ship I had joined.
65.
Sharing tea with a celebrity may not be a normal cruising experience, but the Seabourn Spirit is no run-of-the-mill vessel. Nor aboard most cruise ships are you served high-quality leaf tea--it is usually tea-bags, even if it is in a silver pot.
66.
And with due reverence to the clientele, it was personal treatment all the way. With a passenger-crew ratio of almost one-to-one, there was never any chance of the delays you might experience on other craft. Nor do you find many lines where the staff are so quick and keen to learn your particular tastes.
67.
In what other ship, I wonder, would the cabin stewardess put a marker in your paperback so you would not lose your place A small detail--but little pleasures add up to give maximum satisfaction. Yet such high standards might daunt some, fearing that it will be far from relaxing having to live up to them. But I have not often been on such a happy-go-lucky cruise. Be we president or pleb, we were all treated as equals, and I have been on much less distinguished ships with more marked social mores.
Just to illustrate my point: aboard Seabourn Spirit, there were just three formal dinners, and not all the men wore dinner jackets. Most evenings were casual or informal.
Full silver service meals were available in your cabin as part of the 24-hour waiter service. Passengers could also choose between the main dining room and the veranda care. The cuisine was worthy of such a ship and, if it was too nouvelle for some, at least it made eating those cream cakes at tea less of a worry.
68.
If there was any problem, it was overcoming the temptation to become a seagoing hermit. All the cabins have broad picture windows and living areas with settee, soft chairs, table and desk. And there is plenty of room for the queen-size bed. The marble bathrooms are a good size with a decent tub-shower and double wash-basins. Most convenient is a closet with enough wooden coat hangers for a debutante’s ball and plenty of room for luggage.
69.
A highlight of our tour was a visit to the scenic resort of Yalta and the Livadiya Palace, where Churchill, Roosevelt and Stalin held their famous conference in 1945 that decided much of the fate of post-war Europe. And we paid a rare cruise ship call to Sevastopol. Mooring near a flotilla of heavily armed warships in what is still a big naval base was one of the more thought-provoking experiences.
70.
The main port brought back the smiles--a chance at last to indulge in that cruise essential, shopping, but with a touch of culture. As a mark of the special attention given to the passengers, the line booked the opera house for an exclusive ballet performance. Even if cruising is not your cup of tea, this is almost certainly the ship to change your mind.
Paragraphs :
A. The passenger clearly seemed to be enjoying the occasion. During a gale, however, he might have wished he was back in port. Seasickness can afflict anyone. A good pair of sea legs is one of the few comforts not provided on a ship where every effort is made to satisfy passengers’ whims.
B. Yet nothing moved our emotions more than when we were driven to the site of the Valley of Death. Today, it is a sylvan scene. Had it not been for Olga, our guide, the horror of it would have remained hidden. In perfect English, she recited Tennyson’s Charge of the Light Brigade. I saw the American woman beside me shed a tear. She was not the only one.
C. A more potent concern, even before boarding, was not over-eating but overdrinking. One reason for such high fares is that drinks are included without extra charge. But the mainly elderly passengers stayed as sober as judges--as several were, in fact.
D. Although under 10,000 tons, a midget of the ocean waves, what it lacks in size it makes up for in quality. "Luxury" is a much abused word, yet this ship deserves the description. "Exclusive" may be a better word if you reckon on the ability to pay an average of more than ￡ 550 a day for the pleasure of being there. It was not surprising, therefore, that the majority of the 188 passengers on our 12-night jaunt from Istanbul to the Black Sea and Aegean came from the richer golden lodes of the social strata.
E. My fridge, too, was stocked to the gunnels. As another compulsion to remain in blissful isolation, the television also relays the ship’ s daily lectures on port news and travel subjects. There were half a dozen grander suites with separate rooms and a balcony. If you could tear yourself away from the room or felt like a more academic pastime, the ship also had its own library, but it would take a world cruise at least to read through the edition of Encyclopaedia Britannica that was included.
F. Nothing boosts egos more, or makes one feel more at home, than having the steward know without being reminded that your breakfast croissants should be only slightly warm and that you prefer Orange Pekoe to Darjeeling.
G. Sipping from his cup English-style (with milk) with obvious pleasure, he told me: "I enjoy it very much although we do grow excellent tea in my country, Indonesia. It’s called Col Para. Did you know that it is a favourite kind of your Queen" This surprised me but then who am I to dispute a former president of his country

答案： B