We had a short spring this year. The w...

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To the American visitor, Iceland is a very interesting country, partly because it is different in so many ways from what he or she is used to seeing at home. There are quite a few things that are not done, or that do not exist on the island—quite a few no’s. There is no pollution, for instance. No dogs are permitted in Reykjavik, the capital. There is no television on Thursdays or during the entire month of July, and only three hours of black-and-white TV the rest of the time. Because many people now worry about the effect that TV has on the young. There is no hard liquor on Wednesdays and no beer at any time. There are no handguns; even the police do not carry them. Crime is so rare that there is only one jail of thirty-five cells in the entire land— an admirable figure, even for a small country of 222000 people. There is no army, air force or navy. There is no tipping for anything. There are no large stores open on Saturdays and on Sundays. Since Iceland is situated just under the Arctic Circle, there is no darkness in summer and no daylight in winter. Therefore, people prefer summer to winter. But thanks to Gulf Stream, the climate is rather mild, with temperatures ranging from thirty-four degrees Fahrenheit to fifty-two degrees in July. The rules on television, liquor, and guns are the result of governmental decision. But the absence of pollution is due in great part to the hot springs that come out of the ground; in fact, Iceland uses only 3 percent of all its available power.

答案： 1. Because many people now worry about the effect that TV ha...

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Youth workers Bill Nash and Jim Boyle are house-hunters, not so much for a house as for a concerned family willing to house and feed troubled youngsters temporarily. They try to give prompt (及时的) attention to those who cannot or will not live at home. There are numerous parents who want to find houses for their children to live by themselves. For some, leaving home may have been the result of a hasty decision, based on a scorching (灼热的) remark and the subsequent tempest (风) within the family. The cooling-off period away from the family is a time to soothe (安抚) feelings. With sym-pathetic outsiders, youngsters have a chance to redeem (弥补) themselves. The hope, of course, is that they will learn to relate to adults again and quickly resume a normal life of harmony with their own families. Some people refrain from offering their homes, expressing vague fears of the harmful effects on their own children. But this has not been the case, even when the problem of the "visitor" was the illegal use of narcotics (麻醉剂). One parent re-marked, "With us it worked the other way. The horror of drugs became real to my own son. We got a lot more than we gave." The "visitor" really helped the family avoid the danger of becoming drug addicts.

答案： 1. There are numerous parents who want to find houses for th...

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When my friend Tom sets to work in the kitchen, disaster often results. I, frankly, am not much of a cook. Once he tried to make toasted cheese sandwiches for us by putting slices of cheese in the toaster along with the bread, he ruined the toaster. On another occasion, he had cut up some fresh beans and put them in a pan to steam. The water in the pan steamed away while Tom was on the telephone, and both the beans and the coating in the pan were ruined. Finally, another time Tom made spaghetti for us, and the noodles stuck so tightly together that we had to cut off slices with a knife and fork. The tomato sauce, on the other hand, turned out well. Because of Tom’s kitchen mishaps(事故), I never eat at his place without money in my pocket in case we have to go out to eat.

答案： 1. I, frankly, am not much of a cook. 2. The tomato sauce, o...

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The chief reasons people wear masks are these: to have fun, to protect themselves, to disguise themselves, and to acquire a new identity. Masks are very useful. At Halloween, children wear masks for fun; they may, of course, also think they are disguising themselves, but chiefly their motive is to experience the joy of saying "boo" to some-one. Soldiers wore masks for protection, in ancient times against swords and battle-ax-es, in more recent times against poison gas. Bank robbers wear masks to disguise themselves, and though of course this disguise is a sort of protection, a robber’s reasons for wearing a mask is fairly distinct from a soldier’s. All of these reasons so far are easily understood, but we may have more trouble grasping the reason that primitive people use masks in religious rituals. Some ritual masks seem merely to be at-tempts to frighten away evil spirits, and some seem merely to be disguises so that the evil spirits will not know who the wearer is. The masks are usually made of paper. But most religious masks are worn with the idea that the wearer acquires, through a union with supernatural powers, a new identity, and thus in effect becomes—really becomes, not merely pretends to be—a new person.

答案： 1. Masks are very useful. 2. The masks are usually made of p...

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As her wedding date approached, I think that I was almost as excited as my sister. She claims she did not sleep at all the week before the wedding, and I don’t really think I did either. Usually I go to bed about 10:30. and sleep until around 7:30. I know that at least two of those nights we sat up all night reviewing plans, checking to see that we had done everything on our "to do" list. Two days before the wedding, my excitement had reached such a peak that I didn’t even eat. I usually enjoy eating a lot of candies every day. Maybe I had borrowed love from my sister and was living on it, but I just went sailing through the day, full of energy and not the least bit hungry. On the day of the wedding, I was up at 4:30 in the morning, shouting at everyone to get up. I even began to get dressed for the wedding an hour before my sister did. And after I was dressed in my bridesmaid’s gown, I couldn’t sit down. I just paced the floor—for an entire hour. I don’t think I could take having a sister get married very often.

答案： 1. Usually I go to bed about 10:30 and sleep until 7:30. 2. ...

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Admission to some private colleges is more selective and rigid than admission to some public institutions. There are many famous private colleges. High school applicants to some private colleges must submit detailed application forms, and they must take scholastic aptitude and achievements examinations. College admissions committees decide which students to accept, basing their judgment on these such as personal interviews with the applicants and letters of recommendation from high school teachers. Some of the high school teachers are nationally well-known. For certain colleges, such as Harvard, Yale, Princeton, Stanford, and Columbia, applications usually far exceed the number of students who are accepted. In 1975, for example, Harvard received 7,620 applications for 1,500 available places.

答案： 1. There are many famous private colleges. 2. Some of the hi...

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Packaging is an important form of advertising. A package can sometimes motivate someone to buy a product. Advertising plays an important role in sales promotion. For example, a small child might ask for a breakfast food that comes in a box with a picture of a TV character. The child is more interested in the picture than in breakfast food. Pictures for children to colour or cut out, games printed on a package, or small gifts inside a box also motivate many children to buy products—or to ask their parents for them. Children are fond of beautiful pictures.

答案： 1. Advertising plays an important role in sales promotion. 2...

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Lasers have found widespread application in medicine. Lasers play an important role in the treatment of eye disease and the prevention of blindness. The eye is ideally suited for laser surgery. Most of the eye tissue is transparent. The frequency and focus of the laser beam can be adjusted according to the absorption of the tissue. Actually the common people can hardly tell who was the first to discover lasers. The beam "cuts" inside the eye with minimal damage to the surrounding tissue—even the tissue between the laser and the incision. Lasers are effective in treating some causes of blindness. Other treatments are not. The interaction between laser light and eye tissue is not fully understood.

答案： Actually the common people can hardly tell who was the first...

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Ordinary People is a movie about the problems faced by a family. Before the film opens, one of the teenage sons has drowned in a boating accident. The other son at-tempted suicide and was hospitalized. Unable to forget her dead son the mother has difficulty communicating with her surviving child. This lack of communication eventually leads to the break of the family. The US coast Guard offers courses in boating safety that help to prevent accidents.

答案： The US coast Guard offers courses in boating safety that hel...

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We had a short spring this year. The weather was cold through March and into April due to storms moving down from Canada. There was still snow on the mountains in late April, although it was usually gone by the end of March, we had only two nice weeks in May with the temperatures in the low 70s. The winter was unusually mild, however. But by mid-May, temperature was in the 90s, and it was hot from then on.

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Pearls are gathered by men known as pearl divers. Actually, these men do not dive. They are lowered by a rope to the bottom of the sea. Many tourists to Japan enjoy shopping for cultured pearls. Pearl gatherers work in pains, with one remaining at the surface to help the other return from his dive. An experienced pearl diver can stay down about a minute and a half and can often make as many thirty dives in one day

答案： Many tourists to Japan enjoy shopping for cultured pearls.

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Many TV commercials imply that a woman’s self-esteem depends on her cleaning ability. In one commercial, we see a woman terribly upset because her guests find spots on her glassware. In another, a young wife wins her husband’s heart with fried chicken. Countless other commercials blur out the message that a woman will pass muster as a person if her kitchen floor gleams and her toilet bowl is blue. This idiocy must work, because the images of women scrubbing, mopping, waxing and smiling keep on coming over the air.

答案： In another, a young wife wins her husband’s heart with fried...

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Today cigarette smoking is a widespread habit. About 43% of the adult men and 31% of the adult women in the United States smoke cigarettes regularly. As we all know, smoking does great harm to our health. It is encouraging, however, that millions of people have given up the smoking habit. Smoking is a bad habit. 75% of the male population and 46% of the female population have smoked cigarettes at sometime during their lives, but 26% of these men and 11% of the women have stopped smoking. The number of persons who have given up smoking is increasing.

答案： As we all know, smoking does great harm to our health.和Smoki...

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The recent water shortage in California forced changes in Californian’s lifestyles. When water was rationed, Californians learned to conserve water. They didn’t water their lawns or gardens or wash their automobiles. They took fewer showers and baths. The water shortage lasted two years. Californians also learned to recycle water. For example, they used the rinse water from their washing machines to water their house plants and gardens.

答案： The water shortage lasted two years.

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Rumor is the most primitive way of spreading stories—by passing them on from mouth to mouth. But civilized countries in normal times have better sources of news than rumor. They have radio, television, and newspaper. Rumor is harmful to our society. In times of stress and confusion, however, rumor comes out and becomes widespread. At such times the different kinds of news are in competition: the press, television, and radio versus the grapevine.

答案： Rumor is harmful to our society.

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We have all used physical databases since our grammar school days. Grammar school is known today as grade school or elementary school. Our class year-books, telephone books, shoeboxes full of receipts documenting various bills we have paid—these are all databases in one form or another, for a database is nothing more than a collection of information organized to allow retrieval (取回)of that information in certain ways. Anyone who is well organized has a better chance of succeeding in college or in the business world.

答案： (1)Grammar school is known today as grade school or elementa...

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