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The cost of staging the year 2000 Olympics in Sydney is estimated to be a staggering $960 million , but the city is preparing to reap the financial benefits that ensue from holding such an international event by emulating the commercial success of Los Angeles, the only city yet to have made a demonstrable profit from the Games in 1984. At precisely 4’- 20 a. m. on Friday the 24th of September 1993, it was announced that Sydney had beaten five other competing cities around the world, and Australians everywhere, not only Sydneysiders, were justifiably proud of the result. But, if Sydney had lost the bid, would the taxpayers of NSW and of Australia have approved of governments spending millions of dollars in a failed and costly exercise There may have been some consolation in the fact that the bid came in $1 million below the revised budget and $5 million below the original budget of $29 million formulated in mid-1991. However, the final cost was the considerable sum of $24 million, the bulk of which was paid for by corporate and community contributions, merchandising, licensing, and the proceeds of lotteries, with the NSW Government, which had originally been willing to spend up to $10 million, contributing some $2 million. The Federal Government’s grant of $5 million meant, in effect, that the Sydney bid was financed by every Australian taxpayer. Prior to the announcement of the winning city, there was considerable debate about the wisdom of taking financial risks of this kind at a time of economic recession. Others argued that 70 percent of the facilities were already in place, and all were on government-owned land, removing some potential areas of conflict which troubled previous Olympic bidders. The former NSW Premier, Mr. Nick Greiner, went on record as saying that the advantage of having the Games... "is not that you are going to have $7. 4 billion in extra gross domestic product over the next 14 years ... I think the real point of the Games is the psychological change, the catalyst of confidence... apart from the other more obvious reasons, such as the building of sporting facilities, tourism, and things of that nature. " However, the dubiousness of the benefits that Melbourne, an unsuccessful bidder for the 1988 Olympic Games, received at a time when the State of Victoria was still in economic turmoil meant many corporate bodies were unenthusiastic. There is no doubt that Sydney’s seductive physical charms caused the world’s media to compare the city favorably to its rivals Beijing, Berlin, Manchester, and Istanbul. Mr. Godfrey Santer, the Australian Tourist Commission’s Manager of Corporate Planning Services, stated that soon after the bid was made, intense media focus was already having a beneficial effect on in-bound tourism. Developers and those responsible for community development projects eagerly pointed to the improvements taking place to the existing infrastructure of the city, the creation of employment, and especially the building of sporting facilities, all of which meet the needs of the community and help to attract more tourists. At Homebush Bay $300 million was spent providing the twin athletic arenas and the "high-tech" Aquatic Centre. However, perhaps the most impressive legacy was the new attitude shown towards both industrial relations and environmental problems. The high-profile nature of the bid: and the perception that it must proceed smoothly created a unique attitude of co-operation between the workforce and employers involved in the construction of the Olympic Village at Homebush Bay. The improvements included the lack of strikes, the breaking down of demarkation barriers, and the completion of projects within budget and ahead of time. Questions 66 to 70Answer the following questions with the information given in the passage in a maximum of 15 words for each question.Not long after the bid for the Games was made, which industry benefited from the result

答案：正确答案：In-bound tourism

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Radioactivity occurs naturally. The main source comes from natural sources in space, rocks, soil water and even the human body itself. This is called background radiation and levels vary from place to place, though the average dose is fairly constant. The radiation which is of most concern is artificial radiation which results from human activities. Sources of this include the medical use of radioactive materials, fallout and contamination from nuclear bomb tests, discharges from the nuclear industry, and the storage and dumping of radioactive waste.
While artificial radiation accounts for a small proportion of the total , its effects can be disproportionate. Some of the radioactive materials discharged by human activity are not found in nature, such as plutonium(钚)while others which are found naturally may be discharged in different physical and chemical forms, allowing them to spread more readily into the environment, or perhaps accumulate in the food-chain. Many of the elements which our bodies need are produced by the nuclear industry as radioactive isotopes or variants. Some of these are released into the environment, for example iodine and carbon, two common elements used by our bodies. Our bodies do not know the difference between an element which is radioactive and one which is not. So radioactive elements can be absorbed into living tissues, bones or the bleed, where they continue to give off radiation. Radioactive strontium behaves like calcium-an essential ingredient in our bones-in our bodies. Strontium deposits in the bones send radioactivity into the bone marrow, where the blood cells are formed, pausing leukemia. In most cases, cell death only becomes significant when large numbers of cells are killed, and the effects of cell death therefore only become apparent at comparatively high dose levels. If a damaged cell is able to survive a radiation dose, the situation is different. In many cases the effect of the cell damage may never become apparent. A few malfunctioning cell will not significantly affect an organ where the large majority are still behaving normally. However, if the affected cell is a germ cell within the ovaries or testicles, the situation is different. Ionizing radiation can damage DNA, the molecule which acts as the cell’s " instruction book". If that germ cell later forms a child, all of the child’s cells will carry the same defect. The localized chemical alteration of DNA in a single cell may be expressed as an inherited abnormality in one or many future generations. In the same way that a somatic cell(体细胞)in body tissue is changed in such a way that it or its descendants escape the control processes which normally control cell replication, the group of cells formed may continue to have a selective advantage in growth over surrounding tissue. It may ultimately increase sufficiently in size to form a detectable cancer and in some cases cause death by spreading locally or to other parts of the body. While there is now broad agreement about the effects of high-level radiation, there is controversy over the long-term effect of low-level doses. This is complicated by the length of time it takes for effects to show up, the fact that the populations being studied are small and exact doses are hard to calculate. All that can be said is that predictions made about the effects of a given dose vary. A growing number of scientists point to evidence that there is a disproportionately high risk from low doses of radiation. Others assume a directly proportionate link between the received dose and the risk of cancer for all levels of dose, while there are some who claim that at low doses there is a disproportionately low level of risk. Questions 56 to 60Fill in the blanks below with information from the passage, using no more than three words for each blank.

答案：正确答案：Background

Fanny Kemble(1809—93)was the niece of two Shakespearean tragedians, Sarah Siddons and Siddons’s brother, John Philip Kemble.【R1】In fact her whole extended family constituted the foremost theatrical dynasty of the late 18th and early 19th centuries. Handsome and gifted, they crop up in letters and diaries throughout the period, and were generally regarded as a kind of royalty: a race apart. 【R2】As her friend Henry James noted: " in two hemispheres, she had seen everyone, had known everyone". What’s more, she recorded it all in many volumes of vividly written memoirs, all swarming with people, criticism, social commentary, anecdote, scenery, political o-pinion and superb set-pieces: the digging of Brunei’s Thames tunnel, for instance. Kemble’s memoirs, especially her "Journal of a Residence on a Georgian Plantation" , are as important historically as they are engrossing. But what fascinates us now is the way that Fanny, clever and reckless as she was, broke the rules-or the way she appropriated and revised the role prescribed to her by gender politics. 【R3】She spoke her mind and thought nothing of walking into a stream fully clothed if it was hot. It wasn’t until her marriage that her gender collided with the realities of power and money. Though she was never intended for the stage, the looming bankruptcy of her father obliged her to try her chances. Overnight, she became the toast of London. Money flowed, and yet more on a tour of America, where she met a seductive young man, Pierce Butler, heir to huge rice and cotton slave-plantations in Georgia. Hoping to escape the shallow emotionalism of the theatre, assuming a companionship of equals and somehow she managed to forget the slaves, she married him. 【R4】 Butler, deeply illiberal exerted his rights. He appropriated her earnings, censored her writing and when she woke to the horrors of slavery, forbade her public opposition to it. She wept, she ran away, she returned. The birth of children, in whom she had no legal rights, further enchained her. 【R5】__The Butlers did divorce. She did lose the children. But on their majority, she recovered them. She made her own money again. Criss-crossing the Atlantic, she gave Shakespeare readings to packed audiences. Every summer, she climbed the Alps, startling the guides by singing loudly as she went. She met James in 1872 and he fell under her spell, fascinated by her proud idealism, her eccentric honesty and above all by her talk of "old London". "She reanimated the old drawing rooms, " he wrote, "relighted the old lamps, returned the old pianos. " When at last she died, he felt it, he said, "like the end of some reign or the fall of some empire. " Questions 61 to 65A. At a stroke she lost everything.B. The rest of Kemble’s life was sheer indomitability.C. The real competition for any biographer of Kemble is Kemble herself.D. She forgot the existence of slavery in American plantations.E. She never cared about such prescriptions.F. The Kemble family was once a royal family that is separated from common people.G. Her father and her French mother were also actors.【R1】

答案：正确答案：G

Radioactivity occurs naturally. The main source comes from natural sources in space, rocks, soil water and even the human body itself. This is called background radiation and levels vary from place to place, though the average dose is fairly constant. The radiation which is of most concern is artificial radiation which results from human activities. Sources of this include the medical use of radioactive materials, fallout and contamination from nuclear bomb tests, discharges from the nuclear industry, and the storage and dumping of radioactive waste.
While artificial radiation accounts for a small proportion of the total , its effects can be disproportionate. Some of the radioactive materials discharged by human activity are not found in nature, such as plutonium(钚)while others which are found naturally may be discharged in different physical and chemical forms, allowing them to spread more readily into the environment, or perhaps accumulate in the food-chain. Many of the elements which our bodies need are produced by the nuclear industry as radioactive isotopes or variants. Some of these are released into the environment, for example iodine and carbon, two common elements used by our bodies. Our bodies do not know the difference between an element which is radioactive and one which is not. So radioactive elements can be absorbed into living tissues, bones or the bleed, where they continue to give off radiation. Radioactive strontium behaves like calcium-an essential ingredient in our bones-in our bodies. Strontium deposits in the bones send radioactivity into the bone marrow, where the blood cells are formed, pausing leukemia. In most cases, cell death only becomes significant when large numbers of cells are killed, and the effects of cell death therefore only become apparent at comparatively high dose levels. If a damaged cell is able to survive a radiation dose, the situation is different. In many cases the effect of the cell damage may never become apparent. A few malfunctioning cell will not significantly affect an organ where the large majority are still behaving normally. However, if the affected cell is a germ cell within the ovaries or testicles, the situation is different. Ionizing radiation can damage DNA, the molecule which acts as the cell’s " instruction book". If that germ cell later forms a child, all of the child’s cells will carry the same defect. The localized chemical alteration of DNA in a single cell may be expressed as an inherited abnormality in one or many future generations. In the same way that a somatic cell(体细胞)in body tissue is changed in such a way that it or its descendants escape the control processes which normally control cell replication, the group of cells formed may continue to have a selective advantage in growth over surrounding tissue. It may ultimately increase sufficiently in size to form a detectable cancer and in some cases cause death by spreading locally or to other parts of the body. While there is now broad agreement about the effects of high-level radiation, there is controversy over the long-term effect of low-level doses. This is complicated by the length of time it takes for effects to show up, the fact that the populations being studied are small and exact doses are hard to calculate. All that can be said is that predictions made about the effects of a given dose vary. A growing number of scientists point to evidence that there is a disproportionately high risk from low doses of radiation. Others assume a directly proportionate link between the received dose and the risk of cancer for all levels of dose, while there are some who claim that at low doses there is a disproportionately low level of risk. Questions 56 to 60Fill in the blanks below with information from the passage, using no more than three words for each blank.

答案：正确答案：fallout and contamination

Fanny Kemble(1809—93)was the niece of two Shakespearean tragedians, Sarah Siddons and Siddons’s brother, John Philip Kemble.【R1】In fact her whole extended family constituted the foremost theatrical dynasty of the late 18th and early 19th centuries. Handsome and gifted, they crop up in letters and diaries throughout the period, and were generally regarded as a kind of royalty: a race apart. 【R2】As her friend Henry James noted: " in two hemispheres, she had seen everyone, had known everyone". What’s more, she recorded it all in many volumes of vividly written memoirs, all swarming with people, criticism, social commentary, anecdote, scenery, political o-pinion and superb set-pieces: the digging of Brunei’s Thames tunnel, for instance. Kemble’s memoirs, especially her "Journal of a Residence on a Georgian Plantation" , are as important historically as they are engrossing. But what fascinates us now is the way that Fanny, clever and reckless as she was, broke the rules-or the way she appropriated and revised the role prescribed to her by gender politics. 【R3】She spoke her mind and thought nothing of walking into a stream fully clothed if it was hot. It wasn’t until her marriage that her gender collided with the realities of power and money. Though she was never intended for the stage, the looming bankruptcy of her father obliged her to try her chances. Overnight, she became the toast of London. Money flowed, and yet more on a tour of America, where she met a seductive young man, Pierce Butler, heir to huge rice and cotton slave-plantations in Georgia. Hoping to escape the shallow emotionalism of the theatre, assuming a companionship of equals and somehow she managed to forget the slaves, she married him. 【R4】 Butler, deeply illiberal exerted his rights. He appropriated her earnings, censored her writing and when she woke to the horrors of slavery, forbade her public opposition to it. She wept, she ran away, she returned. The birth of children, in whom she had no legal rights, further enchained her. 【R5】__The Butlers did divorce. She did lose the children. But on their majority, she recovered them. She made her own money again. Criss-crossing the Atlantic, she gave Shakespeare readings to packed audiences. Every summer, she climbed the Alps, startling the guides by singing loudly as she went. She met James in 1872 and he fell under her spell, fascinated by her proud idealism, her eccentric honesty and above all by her talk of "old London". "She reanimated the old drawing rooms, " he wrote, "relighted the old lamps, returned the old pianos. " When at last she died, he felt it, he said, "like the end of some reign or the fall of some empire. " Questions 61 to 65A. At a stroke she lost everything.B. The rest of Kemble’s life was sheer indomitability.C. The real competition for any biographer of Kemble is Kemble herself.D. She forgot the existence of slavery in American plantations.E. She never cared about such prescriptions.F. The Kemble family was once a royal family that is separated from common people.G. Her father and her French mother were also actors.【R2】

答案：正确答案：C

Radioactivity occurs naturally. The main source comes from natural sources in space, rocks, soil water and even the human body itself. This is called background radiation and levels vary from place to place, though the average dose is fairly constant. The radiation which is of most concern is artificial radiation which results from human activities. Sources of this include the medical use of radioactive materials, fallout and contamination from nuclear bomb tests, discharges from the nuclear industry, and the storage and dumping of radioactive waste.
While artificial radiation accounts for a small proportion of the total , its effects can be disproportionate. Some of the radioactive materials discharged by human activity are not found in nature, such as plutonium(钚)while others which are found naturally may be discharged in different physical and chemical forms, allowing them to spread more readily into the environment, or perhaps accumulate in the food-chain. Many of the elements which our bodies need are produced by the nuclear industry as radioactive isotopes or variants. Some of these are released into the environment, for example iodine and carbon, two common elements used by our bodies. Our bodies do not know the difference between an element which is radioactive and one which is not. So radioactive elements can be absorbed into living tissues, bones or the bleed, where they continue to give off radiation. Radioactive strontium behaves like calcium-an essential ingredient in our bones-in our bodies. Strontium deposits in the bones send radioactivity into the bone marrow, where the blood cells are formed, pausing leukemia. In most cases, cell death only becomes significant when large numbers of cells are killed, and the effects of cell death therefore only become apparent at comparatively high dose levels. If a damaged cell is able to survive a radiation dose, the situation is different. In many cases the effect of the cell damage may never become apparent. A few malfunctioning cell will not significantly affect an organ where the large majority are still behaving normally. However, if the affected cell is a germ cell within the ovaries or testicles, the situation is different. Ionizing radiation can damage DNA, the molecule which acts as the cell’s " instruction book". If that germ cell later forms a child, all of the child’s cells will carry the same defect. The localized chemical alteration of DNA in a single cell may be expressed as an inherited abnormality in one or many future generations. In the same way that a somatic cell(体细胞)in body tissue is changed in such a way that it or its descendants escape the control processes which normally control cell replication, the group of cells formed may continue to have a selective advantage in growth over surrounding tissue. It may ultimately increase sufficiently in size to form a detectable cancer and in some cases cause death by spreading locally or to other parts of the body. While there is now broad agreement about the effects of high-level radiation, there is controversy over the long-term effect of low-level doses. This is complicated by the length of time it takes for effects to show up, the fact that the populations being studied are small and exact doses are hard to calculate. All that can be said is that predictions made about the effects of a given dose vary. A growing number of scientists point to evidence that there is a disproportionately high risk from low doses of radiation. Others assume a directly proportionate link between the received dose and the risk of cancer for all levels of dose, while there are some who claim that at low doses there is a disproportionately low level of risk. Questions 56 to 60Fill in the blanks below with information from the passage, using no more than three words for each blank.

答案：正确答案：an inheritable abnormality

Fanny Kemble(1809—93)was the niece of two Shakespearean tragedians, Sarah Siddons and Siddons’s brother, John Philip Kemble.【R1】In fact her whole extended family constituted the foremost theatrical dynasty of the late 18th and early 19th centuries. Handsome and gifted, they crop up in letters and diaries throughout the period, and were generally regarded as a kind of royalty: a race apart. 【R2】As her friend Henry James noted: " in two hemispheres, she had seen everyone, had known everyone". What’s more, she recorded it all in many volumes of vividly written memoirs, all swarming with people, criticism, social commentary, anecdote, scenery, political o-pinion and superb set-pieces: the digging of Brunei’s Thames tunnel, for instance. Kemble’s memoirs, especially her "Journal of a Residence on a Georgian Plantation" , are as important historically as they are engrossing. But what fascinates us now is the way that Fanny, clever and reckless as she was, broke the rules-or the way she appropriated and revised the role prescribed to her by gender politics. 【R3】She spoke her mind and thought nothing of walking into a stream fully clothed if it was hot. It wasn’t until her marriage that her gender collided with the realities of power and money. Though she was never intended for the stage, the looming bankruptcy of her father obliged her to try her chances. Overnight, she became the toast of London. Money flowed, and yet more on a tour of America, where she met a seductive young man, Pierce Butler, heir to huge rice and cotton slave-plantations in Georgia. Hoping to escape the shallow emotionalism of the theatre, assuming a companionship of equals and somehow she managed to forget the slaves, she married him. 【R4】 Butler, deeply illiberal exerted his rights. He appropriated her earnings, censored her writing and when she woke to the horrors of slavery, forbade her public opposition to it. She wept, she ran away, she returned. The birth of children, in whom she had no legal rights, further enchained her. 【R5】__The Butlers did divorce. She did lose the children. But on their majority, she recovered them. She made her own money again. Criss-crossing the Atlantic, she gave Shakespeare readings to packed audiences. Every summer, she climbed the Alps, startling the guides by singing loudly as she went. She met James in 1872 and he fell under her spell, fascinated by her proud idealism, her eccentric honesty and above all by her talk of "old London". "She reanimated the old drawing rooms, " he wrote, "relighted the old lamps, returned the old pianos. " When at last she died, he felt it, he said, "like the end of some reign or the fall of some empire. " Questions 61 to 65A. At a stroke she lost everything.B. The rest of Kemble’s life was sheer indomitability.C. The real competition for any biographer of Kemble is Kemble herself.D. She forgot the existence of slavery in American plantations.E. She never cared about such prescriptions.F. The Kemble family was once a royal family that is separated from common people.G. Her father and her French mother were also actors.【R3】

答案：正确答案：E

Radioactivity occurs naturally. The main source comes from natural sources in space, rocks, soil water and even the human body itself. This is called background radiation and levels vary from place to place, though the average dose is fairly constant. The radiation which is of most concern is artificial radiation which results from human activities. Sources of this include the medical use of radioactive materials, fallout and contamination from nuclear bomb tests, discharges from the nuclear industry, and the storage and dumping of radioactive waste.
While artificial radiation accounts for a small proportion of the total , its effects can be disproportionate. Some of the radioactive materials discharged by human activity are not found in nature, such as plutonium(钚)while others which are found naturally may be discharged in different physical and chemical forms, allowing them to spread more readily into the environment, or perhaps accumulate in the food-chain. Many of the elements which our bodies need are produced by the nuclear industry as radioactive isotopes or variants. Some of these are released into the environment, for example iodine and carbon, two common elements used by our bodies. Our bodies do not know the difference between an element which is radioactive and one which is not. So radioactive elements can be absorbed into living tissues, bones or the bleed, where they continue to give off radiation. Radioactive strontium behaves like calcium-an essential ingredient in our bones-in our bodies. Strontium deposits in the bones send radioactivity into the bone marrow, where the blood cells are formed, pausing leukemia. In most cases, cell death only becomes significant when large numbers of cells are killed, and the effects of cell death therefore only become apparent at comparatively high dose levels. If a damaged cell is able to survive a radiation dose, the situation is different. In many cases the effect of the cell damage may never become apparent. A few malfunctioning cell will not significantly affect an organ where the large majority are still behaving normally. However, if the affected cell is a germ cell within the ovaries or testicles, the situation is different. Ionizing radiation can damage DNA, the molecule which acts as the cell’s " instruction book". If that germ cell later forms a child, all of the child’s cells will carry the same defect. The localized chemical alteration of DNA in a single cell may be expressed as an inherited abnormality in one or many future generations. In the same way that a somatic cell(体细胞)in body tissue is changed in such a way that it or its descendants escape the control processes which normally control cell replication, the group of cells formed may continue to have a selective advantage in growth over surrounding tissue. It may ultimately increase sufficiently in size to form a detectable cancer and in some cases cause death by spreading locally or to other parts of the body. While there is now broad agreement about the effects of high-level radiation, there is controversy over the long-term effect of low-level doses. This is complicated by the length of time it takes for effects to show up, the fact that the populations being studied are small and exact doses are hard to calculate. All that can be said is that predictions made about the effects of a given dose vary. A growing number of scientists point to evidence that there is a disproportionately high risk from low doses of radiation. Others assume a directly proportionate link between the received dose and the risk of cancer for all levels of dose, while there are some who claim that at low doses there is a disproportionately low level of risk. Questions 56 to 60Fill in the blanks below with information from the passage, using no more than three words for each blank.

答案：正确答案：fatal

Fanny Kemble(1809—93)was the niece of two Shakespearean tragedians, Sarah Siddons and Siddons’s brother, John Philip Kemble.【R1】In fact her whole extended family constituted the foremost theatrical dynasty of the late 18th and early 19th centuries. Handsome and gifted, they crop up in letters and diaries throughout the period, and were generally regarded as a kind of royalty: a race apart. 【R2】As her friend Henry James noted: " in two hemispheres, she had seen everyone, had known everyone". What’s more, she recorded it all in many volumes of vividly written memoirs, all swarming with people, criticism, social commentary, anecdote, scenery, political o-pinion and superb set-pieces: the digging of Brunei’s Thames tunnel, for instance. Kemble’s memoirs, especially her "Journal of a Residence on a Georgian Plantation" , are as important historically as they are engrossing. But what fascinates us now is the way that Fanny, clever and reckless as she was, broke the rules-or the way she appropriated and revised the role prescribed to her by gender politics. 【R3】She spoke her mind and thought nothing of walking into a stream fully clothed if it was hot. It wasn’t until her marriage that her gender collided with the realities of power and money. Though she was never intended for the stage, the looming bankruptcy of her father obliged her to try her chances. Overnight, she became the toast of London. Money flowed, and yet more on a tour of America, where she met a seductive young man, Pierce Butler, heir to huge rice and cotton slave-plantations in Georgia. Hoping to escape the shallow emotionalism of the theatre, assuming a companionship of equals and somehow she managed to forget the slaves, she married him. 【R4】 Butler, deeply illiberal exerted his rights. He appropriated her earnings, censored her writing and when she woke to the horrors of slavery, forbade her public opposition to it. She wept, she ran away, she returned. The birth of children, in whom she had no legal rights, further enchained her. 【R5】__The Butlers did divorce. She did lose the children. But on their majority, she recovered them. She made her own money again. Criss-crossing the Atlantic, she gave Shakespeare readings to packed audiences. Every summer, she climbed the Alps, startling the guides by singing loudly as she went. She met James in 1872 and he fell under her spell, fascinated by her proud idealism, her eccentric honesty and above all by her talk of "old London". "She reanimated the old drawing rooms, " he wrote, "relighted the old lamps, returned the old pianos. " When at last she died, he felt it, he said, "like the end of some reign or the fall of some empire. " Questions 61 to 65A. At a stroke she lost everything.B. The rest of Kemble’s life was sheer indomitability.C. The real competition for any biographer of Kemble is Kemble herself.D. She forgot the existence of slavery in American plantations.E. She never cared about such prescriptions.F. The Kemble family was once a royal family that is separated from common people.G. Her father and her French mother were also actors.【R4】

答案：正确答案：A

The cost of staging the year 2000 Olympics in Sydney is estimated to be a staggering $960 million , but the city is preparing to reap the financial benefits that ensue from holding such an international event by emulating the commercial success of Los Angeles, the only city yet to have made a demonstrable profit from the Games in 1984. At precisely 4’- 20 a. m. on Friday the 24th of September 1993, it was announced that Sydney had beaten five other competing cities around the world, and Australians everywhere, not only Sydneysiders, were justifiably proud of the result. But, if Sydney had lost the bid, would the taxpayers of NSW and of Australia have approved of governments spending millions of dollars in a failed and costly exercise There may have been some consolation in the fact that the bid came in $1 million below the revised budget and $5 million below the original budget of $29 million formulated in mid-1991. However, the final cost was the considerable sum of $24 million, the bulk of which was paid for by corporate and community contributions, merchandising, licensing, and the proceeds of lotteries, with the NSW Government, which had originally been willing to spend up to $10 million, contributing some $2 million. The Federal Government’s grant of $5 million meant, in effect, that the Sydney bid was financed by every Australian taxpayer. Prior to the announcement of the winning city, there was considerable debate about the wisdom of taking financial risks of this kind at a time of economic recession. Others argued that 70 percent of the facilities were already in place, and all were on government-owned land, removing some potential areas of conflict which troubled previous Olympic bidders. The former NSW Premier, Mr. Nick Greiner, went on record as saying that the advantage of having the Games... "is not that you are going to have $7. 4 billion in extra gross domestic product over the next 14 years ... I think the real point of the Games is the psychological change, the catalyst of confidence... apart from the other more obvious reasons, such as the building of sporting facilities, tourism, and things of that nature. " However, the dubiousness of the benefits that Melbourne, an unsuccessful bidder for the 1988 Olympic Games, received at a time when the State of Victoria was still in economic turmoil meant many corporate bodies were unenthusiastic. There is no doubt that Sydney’s seductive physical charms caused the world’s media to compare the city favorably to its rivals Beijing, Berlin, Manchester, and Istanbul. Mr. Godfrey Santer, the Australian Tourist Commission’s Manager of Corporate Planning Services, stated that soon after the bid was made, intense media focus was already having a beneficial effect on in-bound tourism. Developers and those responsible for community development projects eagerly pointed to the improvements taking place to the existing infrastructure of the city, the creation of employment, and especially the building of sporting facilities, all of which meet the needs of the community and help to attract more tourists. At Homebush Bay $300 million was spent providing the twin athletic arenas and the "high-tech" Aquatic Centre. However, perhaps the most impressive legacy was the new attitude shown towards both industrial relations and environmental problems. The high-profile nature of the bid: and the perception that it must proceed smoothly created a unique attitude of co-operation between the workforce and employers involved in the construction of the Olympic Village at Homebush Bay. The improvements included the lack of strikes, the breaking down of demarkation barriers, and the completion of projects within budget and ahead of time. Questions 66 to 70Answer the following questions with the information given in the passage in a maximum of 15 words for each question.Which city is the only one yet to have made a demonstrable profit from the Olympic Games in 1984

答案：正确答案：Los Angeles．

Radioactivity occurs naturally. The main source comes from natural sources in space, rocks, soil water and even the human body itself. This is called background radiation and levels vary from place to place, though the average dose is fairly constant. The radiation which is of most concern is artificial radiation which results from human activities. Sources of this include the medical use of radioactive materials, fallout and contamination from nuclear bomb tests, discharges from the nuclear industry, and the storage and dumping of radioactive waste.
While artificial radiation accounts for a small proportion of the total , its effects can be disproportionate. Some of the radioactive materials discharged by human activity are not found in nature, such as plutonium(钚)while others which are found naturally may be discharged in different physical and chemical forms, allowing them to spread more readily into the environment, or perhaps accumulate in the food-chain. Many of the elements which our bodies need are produced by the nuclear industry as radioactive isotopes or variants. Some of these are released into the environment, for example iodine and carbon, two common elements used by our bodies. Our bodies do not know the difference between an element which is radioactive and one which is not. So radioactive elements can be absorbed into living tissues, bones or the bleed, where they continue to give off radiation. Radioactive strontium behaves like calcium-an essential ingredient in our bones-in our bodies. Strontium deposits in the bones send radioactivity into the bone marrow, where the blood cells are formed, pausing leukemia. In most cases, cell death only becomes significant when large numbers of cells are killed, and the effects of cell death therefore only become apparent at comparatively high dose levels. If a damaged cell is able to survive a radiation dose, the situation is different. In many cases the effect of the cell damage may never become apparent. A few malfunctioning cell will not significantly affect an organ where the large majority are still behaving normally. However, if the affected cell is a germ cell within the ovaries or testicles, the situation is different. Ionizing radiation can damage DNA, the molecule which acts as the cell’s " instruction book". If that germ cell later forms a child, all of the child’s cells will carry the same defect. The localized chemical alteration of DNA in a single cell may be expressed as an inherited abnormality in one or many future generations. In the same way that a somatic cell(体细胞)in body tissue is changed in such a way that it or its descendants escape the control processes which normally control cell replication, the group of cells formed may continue to have a selective advantage in growth over surrounding tissue. It may ultimately increase sufficiently in size to form a detectable cancer and in some cases cause death by spreading locally or to other parts of the body. While there is now broad agreement about the effects of high-level radiation, there is controversy over the long-term effect of low-level doses. This is complicated by the length of time it takes for effects to show up, the fact that the populations being studied are small and exact doses are hard to calculate. All that can be said is that predictions made about the effects of a given dose vary. A growing number of scientists point to evidence that there is a disproportionately high risk from low doses of radiation. Others assume a directly proportionate link between the received dose and the risk of cancer for all levels of dose, while there are some who claim that at low doses there is a disproportionately low level of risk. Questions 56 to 60Fill in the blanks below with information from the passage, using no more than three words for each blank.

答案：正确答案：proportionate

Fanny Kemble(1809—93)was the niece of two Shakespearean tragedians, Sarah Siddons and Siddons’s brother, John Philip Kemble.【R1】In fact her whole extended family constituted the foremost theatrical dynasty of the late 18th and early 19th centuries. Handsome and gifted, they crop up in letters and diaries throughout the period, and were generally regarded as a kind of royalty: a race apart. 【R2】As her friend Henry James noted: " in two hemispheres, she had seen everyone, had known everyone". What’s more, she recorded it all in many volumes of vividly written memoirs, all swarming with people, criticism, social commentary, anecdote, scenery, political o-pinion and superb set-pieces: the digging of Brunei’s Thames tunnel, for instance. Kemble’s memoirs, especially her "Journal of a Residence on a Georgian Plantation" , are as important historically as they are engrossing. But what fascinates us now is the way that Fanny, clever and reckless as she was, broke the rules-or the way she appropriated and revised the role prescribed to her by gender politics. 【R3】She spoke her mind and thought nothing of walking into a stream fully clothed if it was hot. It wasn’t until her marriage that her gender collided with the realities of power and money. Though she was never intended for the stage, the looming bankruptcy of her father obliged her to try her chances. Overnight, she became the toast of London. Money flowed, and yet more on a tour of America, where she met a seductive young man, Pierce Butler, heir to huge rice and cotton slave-plantations in Georgia. Hoping to escape the shallow emotionalism of the theatre, assuming a companionship of equals and somehow she managed to forget the slaves, she married him. 【R4】 Butler, deeply illiberal exerted his rights. He appropriated her earnings, censored her writing and when she woke to the horrors of slavery, forbade her public opposition to it. She wept, she ran away, she returned. The birth of children, in whom she had no legal rights, further enchained her. 【R5】__The Butlers did divorce. She did lose the children. But on their majority, she recovered them. She made her own money again. Criss-crossing the Atlantic, she gave Shakespeare readings to packed audiences. Every summer, she climbed the Alps, startling the guides by singing loudly as she went. She met James in 1872 and he fell under her spell, fascinated by her proud idealism, her eccentric honesty and above all by her talk of "old London". "She reanimated the old drawing rooms, " he wrote, "relighted the old lamps, returned the old pianos. " When at last she died, he felt it, he said, "like the end of some reign or the fall of some empire. " Questions 61 to 65A. At a stroke she lost everything.B. The rest of Kemble’s life was sheer indomitability.C. The real competition for any biographer of Kemble is Kemble herself.D. She forgot the existence of slavery in American plantations.E. She never cared about such prescriptions.F. The Kemble family was once a royal family that is separated from common people.G. Her father and her French mother were also actors.【R5】

答案：正确答案：B

The cost of staging the year 2000 Olympics in Sydney is estimated to be a staggering $960 million , but the city is preparing to reap the financial benefits that ensue from holding such an international event by emulating the commercial success of Los Angeles, the only city yet to have made a demonstrable profit from the Games in 1984. At precisely 4’- 20 a. m. on Friday the 24th of September 1993, it was announced that Sydney had beaten five other competing cities around the world, and Australians everywhere, not only Sydneysiders, were justifiably proud of the result. But, if Sydney had lost the bid, would the taxpayers of NSW and of Australia have approved of governments spending millions of dollars in a failed and costly exercise There may have been some consolation in the fact that the bid came in $1 million below the revised budget and $5 million below the original budget of $29 million formulated in mid-1991. However, the final cost was the considerable sum of $24 million, the bulk of which was paid for by corporate and community contributions, merchandising, licensing, and the proceeds of lotteries, with the NSW Government, which had originally been willing to spend up to $10 million, contributing some $2 million. The Federal Government’s grant of $5 million meant, in effect, that the Sydney bid was financed by every Australian taxpayer. Prior to the announcement of the winning city, there was considerable debate about the wisdom of taking financial risks of this kind at a time of economic recession. Others argued that 70 percent of the facilities were already in place, and all were on government-owned land, removing some potential areas of conflict which troubled previous Olympic bidders. The former NSW Premier, Mr. Nick Greiner, went on record as saying that the advantage of having the Games... "is not that you are going to have $7. 4 billion in extra gross domestic product over the next 14 years ... I think the real point of the Games is the psychological change, the catalyst of confidence... apart from the other more obvious reasons, such as the building of sporting facilities, tourism, and things of that nature. " However, the dubiousness of the benefits that Melbourne, an unsuccessful bidder for the 1988 Olympic Games, received at a time when the State of Victoria was still in economic turmoil meant many corporate bodies were unenthusiastic. There is no doubt that Sydney’s seductive physical charms caused the world’s media to compare the city favorably to its rivals Beijing, Berlin, Manchester, and Istanbul. Mr. Godfrey Santer, the Australian Tourist Commission’s Manager of Corporate Planning Services, stated that soon after the bid was made, intense media focus was already having a beneficial effect on in-bound tourism. Developers and those responsible for community development projects eagerly pointed to the improvements taking place to the existing infrastructure of the city, the creation of employment, and especially the building of sporting facilities, all of which meet the needs of the community and help to attract more tourists. At Homebush Bay $300 million was spent providing the twin athletic arenas and the "high-tech" Aquatic Centre. However, perhaps the most impressive legacy was the new attitude shown towards both industrial relations and environmental problems. The high-profile nature of the bid: and the perception that it must proceed smoothly created a unique attitude of co-operation between the workforce and employers involved in the construction of the Olympic Village at Homebush Bay. The improvements included the lack of strikes, the breaking down of demarkation barriers, and the completion of projects within budget and ahead of time. Questions 66 to 70Answer the following questions with the information given in the passage in a maximum of 15 words for each question.According to the second paragraph, who financed the Sydney bid

答案：正确答案：Every Australian taxpayer．

The cost of staging the year 2000 Olympics in Sydney is estimated to be a staggering $960 million , but the city is preparing to reap the financial benefits that ensue from holding such an international event by emulating the commercial success of Los Angeles, the only city yet to have made a demonstrable profit from the Games in 1984. At precisely 4’- 20 a. m. on Friday the 24th of September 1993, it was announced that Sydney had beaten five other competing cities around the world, and Australians everywhere, not only Sydneysiders, were justifiably proud of the result. But, if Sydney had lost the bid, would the taxpayers of NSW and of Australia have approved of governments spending millions of dollars in a failed and costly exercise There may have been some consolation in the fact that the bid came in $1 million below the revised budget and $5 million below the original budget of $29 million formulated in mid-1991. However, the final cost was the considerable sum of $24 million, the bulk of which was paid for by corporate and community contributions, merchandising, licensing, and the proceeds of lotteries, with the NSW Government, which had originally been willing to spend up to $10 million, contributing some $2 million. The Federal Government’s grant of $5 million meant, in effect, that the Sydney bid was financed by every Australian taxpayer. Prior to the announcement of the winning city, there was considerable debate about the wisdom of taking financial risks of this kind at a time of economic recession. Others argued that 70 percent of the facilities were already in place, and all were on government-owned land, removing some potential areas of conflict which troubled previous Olympic bidders. The former NSW Premier, Mr. Nick Greiner, went on record as saying that the advantage of having the Games... "is not that you are going to have $7. 4 billion in extra gross domestic product over the next 14 years ... I think the real point of the Games is the psychological change, the catalyst of confidence... apart from the other more obvious reasons, such as the building of sporting facilities, tourism, and things of that nature. " However, the dubiousness of the benefits that Melbourne, an unsuccessful bidder for the 1988 Olympic Games, received at a time when the State of Victoria was still in economic turmoil meant many corporate bodies were unenthusiastic. There is no doubt that Sydney’s seductive physical charms caused the world’s media to compare the city favorably to its rivals Beijing, Berlin, Manchester, and Istanbul. Mr. Godfrey Santer, the Australian Tourist Commission’s Manager of Corporate Planning Services, stated that soon after the bid was made, intense media focus was already having a beneficial effect on in-bound tourism. Developers and those responsible for community development projects eagerly pointed to the improvements taking place to the existing infrastructure of the city, the creation of employment, and especially the building of sporting facilities, all of which meet the needs of the community and help to attract more tourists. At Homebush Bay $300 million was spent providing the twin athletic arenas and the "high-tech" Aquatic Centre. However, perhaps the most impressive legacy was the new attitude shown towards both industrial relations and environmental problems. The high-profile nature of the bid: and the perception that it must proceed smoothly created a unique attitude of co-operation between the workforce and employers involved in the construction of the Olympic Village at Homebush Bay. The improvements included the lack of strikes, the breaking down of demarkation barriers, and the completion of projects within budget and ahead of time. Questions 66 to 70Answer the following questions with the information given in the passage in a maximum of 15 words for each question.When was the bid for the Games made

答案：正确答案：A time of economic recession．

The cost of staging the year 2000 Olympics in Sydney is estimated to be a staggering $960 million , but the city is preparing to reap the financial benefits that ensue from holding such an international event by emulating the commercial success of Los Angeles, the only city yet to have made a demonstrable profit from the Games in 1984. At precisely 4’- 20 a. m. on Friday the 24th of September 1993, it was announced that Sydney had beaten five other competing cities around the world, and Australians everywhere, not only Sydneysiders, were justifiably proud of the result. But, if Sydney had lost the bid, would the taxpayers of NSW and of Australia have approved of governments spending millions of dollars in a failed and costly exercise There may have been some consolation in the fact that the bid came in $1 million below the revised budget and $5 million below the original budget of $29 million formulated in mid-1991. However, the final cost was the considerable sum of $24 million, the bulk of which was paid for by corporate and community contributions, merchandising, licensing, and the proceeds of lotteries, with the NSW Government, which had originally been willing to spend up to $10 million, contributing some $2 million. The Federal Government’s grant of $5 million meant, in effect, that the Sydney bid was financed by every Australian taxpayer. Prior to the announcement of the winning city, there was considerable debate about the wisdom of taking financial risks of this kind at a time of economic recession. Others argued that 70 percent of the facilities were already in place, and all were on government-owned land, removing some potential areas of conflict which troubled previous Olympic bidders. The former NSW Premier, Mr. Nick Greiner, went on record as saying that the advantage of having the Games... "is not that you are going to have $7. 4 billion in extra gross domestic product over the next 14 years ... I think the real point of the Games is the psychological change, the catalyst of confidence... apart from the other more obvious reasons, such as the building of sporting facilities, tourism, and things of that nature. " However, the dubiousness of the benefits that Melbourne, an unsuccessful bidder for the 1988 Olympic Games, received at a time when the State of Victoria was still in economic turmoil meant many corporate bodies were unenthusiastic. There is no doubt that Sydney’s seductive physical charms caused the world’s media to compare the city favorably to its rivals Beijing, Berlin, Manchester, and Istanbul. Mr. Godfrey Santer, the Australian Tourist Commission’s Manager of Corporate Planning Services, stated that soon after the bid was made, intense media focus was already having a beneficial effect on in-bound tourism. Developers and those responsible for community development projects eagerly pointed to the improvements taking place to the existing infrastructure of the city, the creation of employment, and especially the building of sporting facilities, all of which meet the needs of the community and help to attract more tourists. At Homebush Bay $300 million was spent providing the twin athletic arenas and the "high-tech" Aquatic Centre. However, perhaps the most impressive legacy was the new attitude shown towards both industrial relations and environmental problems. The high-profile nature of the bid: and the perception that it must proceed smoothly created a unique attitude of co-operation between the workforce and employers involved in the construction of the Olympic Village at Homebush Bay. The improvements included the lack of strikes, the breaking down of demarkation barriers, and the completion of projects within budget and ahead of time. Questions 66 to 70Answer the following questions with the information given in the passage in a maximum of 15 words for each question.According to the third paragraph, why the potential for conflict was less

答案：正确答案：Because the Olympic sites were all on government—owned ...

The cost of staging the year 2000 Olympics in Sydney is estimated to be a staggering $960 million , but the city is preparing to reap the financial benefits that ensue from holding such an international event by emulating the commercial success of Los Angeles, the only city yet to have made a demonstrable profit from the Games in 1984. At precisely 4’- 20 a. m. on Friday the 24th of September 1993, it was announced that Sydney had beaten five other competing cities around the world, and Australians everywhere, not only Sydneysiders, were justifiably proud of the result. But, if Sydney had lost the bid, would the taxpayers of NSW and of Australia have approved of governments spending millions of dollars in a failed and costly exercise There may have been some consolation in the fact that the bid came in $1 million below the revised budget and $5 million below the original budget of $29 million formulated in mid-1991. However, the final cost was the considerable sum of $24 million, the bulk of which was paid for by corporate and community contributions, merchandising, licensing, and the proceeds of lotteries, with the NSW Government, which had originally been willing to spend up to $10 million, contributing some $2 million. The Federal Government’s grant of $5 million meant, in effect, that the Sydney bid was financed by every Australian taxpayer. Prior to the announcement of the winning city, there was considerable debate about the wisdom of taking financial risks of this kind at a time of economic recession. Others argued that 70 percent of the facilities were already in place, and all were on government-owned land, removing some potential areas of conflict which troubled previous Olympic bidders. The former NSW Premier, Mr. Nick Greiner, went on record as saying that the advantage of having the Games... "is not that you are going to have $7. 4 billion in extra gross domestic product over the next 14 years ... I think the real point of the Games is the psychological change, the catalyst of confidence... apart from the other more obvious reasons, such as the building of sporting facilities, tourism, and things of that nature. " However, the dubiousness of the benefits that Melbourne, an unsuccessful bidder for the 1988 Olympic Games, received at a time when the State of Victoria was still in economic turmoil meant many corporate bodies were unenthusiastic. There is no doubt that Sydney’s seductive physical charms caused the world’s media to compare the city favorably to its rivals Beijing, Berlin, Manchester, and Istanbul. Mr. Godfrey Santer, the Australian Tourist Commission’s Manager of Corporate Planning Services, stated that soon after the bid was made, intense media focus was already having a beneficial effect on in-bound tourism. Developers and those responsible for community development projects eagerly pointed to the improvements taking place to the existing infrastructure of the city, the creation of employment, and especially the building of sporting facilities, all of which meet the needs of the community and help to attract more tourists. At Homebush Bay $300 million was spent providing the twin athletic arenas and the "high-tech" Aquatic Centre. However, perhaps the most impressive legacy was the new attitude shown towards both industrial relations and environmental problems. The high-profile nature of the bid: and the perception that it must proceed smoothly created a unique attitude of co-operation between the workforce and employers involved in the construction of the Olympic Village at Homebush Bay. The improvements included the lack of strikes, the breaking down of demarkation barriers, and the completion of projects within budget and ahead of time. Questions 66 to 70Answer the following questions with the information given in the passage in a maximum of 15 words for each question.Not long after the bid for the Games was made, which industry benefited from the result

答案：正确答案：In-bound tourism

Collision between an aircraft and one or more birds is termed a bird-strike. Pilots sometimes record a birdstrike while at cruising altitudes, but most of them happen when an aircraft is relatively close to the ground, usually in proximity to an airport and during the circling, descent to land or take-off phases of a flight. Bird-strikes may cause significant damage to an aircraft and/or, if the birds are ingested into a jet engine, a significant and sudden loss of power. If this were to happen during take-off or initial climb of a fully loaded passenger aircraft the results could be catastrophic—loss of the aircraft and the lives of those on board. Any bird is a potential hazard to aircraft and this is especially true as bird numbers and bird size increase. Unfortunately airports themselves can be attractive to birds-rodents, insects and other small animals are a food source often found in flat grassed areas such as the runway strips. Even so, this problem can be reduced by careful habitat management or bird harassment techniques practised by airport maintenance and safety personnel. Further problems may arise because the airport is located on bird migration routes. These may have existed prior to the airport site selection—but may not have been taken into account because the problem was not understood at the time—or have only been recently established because the birds have found an attractive new food source. Care needs to be taken by local authorities in deciding the location of rubbish tips, or when permitting other land uses that may be attractive to birds in this way. Of course these effects cannot always be anticipated with certainty since birds such as gulls have been recorded as travelling 50 kilometres or more from their roosting area to an attractive food source. Agricultural uses may be thought desirable because they are compatible with high levels of noise exposure, but they can have an adverse effect on air-craft operations if birds are attracted during seeding or crop cultivation. Birds may also be attracted to pig farms where garbage is used as fodder. Even tree plantings can present a hazard if the species provides an attractive food source or nesting habitat. Local authority planning schemes often apply strict controls on developments such as abattoirs, cattle feed lots, grain handling, piggeries, canals and marina developments, fish farms, and suchlike. In most cases these uses will not be permitted without a full environmental study. That study should be required to deal with the question of likely bird hazards if the proposed location is in proximity to an airport. In some instances it may be necessary to consider ways of managing a particular land use in order to reduce its attractiveness to birds, for example the adoption of land-fill measures at garbage tips, or enclosed rather than open-air activity. Specialist ornithological opinion may be necessary. In such cases it may not be possible to implement immediate changes in land use, but this should not inhibit the adoption of long-term measures which are designed to achieve this. Questions 71 to 75Complete the summary below with information from the passage, using no more than three words for each blank. A collision between an aircraft and one or more birds is known as a birdstrike. It usually happens when an aircraft is【E1】, and may result in significant damage of the aircraft or loss of the aircraft and【E2】of passengers and crew if they occur during take-off or initial climb. Because birds can find plenty food in flat grassed areas, airports are especially attractive to birds. However, the danger can be minimized by【E3】. Local authorities need to take care when deciding on【E4】. It is suggested that a full environmental study should be made before making plans of developments on the land in proximity to an airport. Local authorities should get advice from specialists and take【E5】in order to bring about changes in land use.【E1】

答案：正确答案：close to the ground

Collision between an aircraft and one or more birds is termed a bird-strike. Pilots sometimes record a birdstrike while at cruising altitudes, but most of them happen when an aircraft is relatively close to the ground, usually in proximity to an airport and during the circling, descent to land or take-off phases of a flight. Bird-strikes may cause significant damage to an aircraft and/or, if the birds are ingested into a jet engine, a significant and sudden loss of power. If this were to happen during take-off or initial climb of a fully loaded passenger aircraft the results could be catastrophic—loss of the aircraft and the lives of those on board. Any bird is a potential hazard to aircraft and this is especially true as bird numbers and bird size increase. Unfortunately airports themselves can be attractive to birds-rodents, insects and other small animals are a food source often found in flat grassed areas such as the runway strips. Even so, this problem can be reduced by careful habitat management or bird harassment techniques practised by airport maintenance and safety personnel. Further problems may arise because the airport is located on bird migration routes. These may have existed prior to the airport site selection—but may not have been taken into account because the problem was not understood at the time—or have only been recently established because the birds have found an attractive new food source. Care needs to be taken by local authorities in deciding the location of rubbish tips, or when permitting other land uses that may be attractive to birds in this way. Of course these effects cannot always be anticipated with certainty since birds such as gulls have been recorded as travelling 50 kilometres or more from their roosting area to an attractive food source. Agricultural uses may be thought desirable because they are compatible with high levels of noise exposure, but they can have an adverse effect on air-craft operations if birds are attracted during seeding or crop cultivation. Birds may also be attracted to pig farms where garbage is used as fodder. Even tree plantings can present a hazard if the species provides an attractive food source or nesting habitat. Local authority planning schemes often apply strict controls on developments such as abattoirs, cattle feed lots, grain handling, piggeries, canals and marina developments, fish farms, and suchlike. In most cases these uses will not be permitted without a full environmental study. That study should be required to deal with the question of likely bird hazards if the proposed location is in proximity to an airport. In some instances it may be necessary to consider ways of managing a particular land use in order to reduce its attractiveness to birds, for example the adoption of land-fill measures at garbage tips, or enclosed rather than open-air activity. Specialist ornithological opinion may be necessary. In such cases it may not be possible to implement immediate changes in land use, but this should not inhibit the adoption of long-term measures which are designed to achieve this. Questions 71 to 75Complete the summary below with information from the passage, using no more than three words for each blank. A collision between an aircraft and one or more birds is known as a birdstrike. It usually happens when an aircraft is【E1】, and may result in significant damage of the aircraft or loss of the aircraft and【E2】of passengers and crew if they occur during take-off or initial climb. Because birds can find plenty food in flat grassed areas, airports are especially attractive to birds. However, the danger can be minimized by【E3】. Local authorities need to take care when deciding on【E4】. It is suggested that a full environmental study should be made before making plans of developments on the land in proximity to an airport. Local authorities should get advice from specialists and take【E5】in order to bring about changes in land use.【E2】

答案：正确答案：the lives

Collision between an aircraft and one or more birds is termed a bird-strike. Pilots sometimes record a birdstrike while at cruising altitudes, but most of them happen when an aircraft is relatively close to the ground, usually in proximity to an airport and during the circling, descent to land or take-off phases of a flight. Bird-strikes may cause significant damage to an aircraft and/or, if the birds are ingested into a jet engine, a significant and sudden loss of power. If this were to happen during take-off or initial climb of a fully loaded passenger aircraft the results could be catastrophic—loss of the aircraft and the lives of those on board. Any bird is a potential hazard to aircraft and this is especially true as bird numbers and bird size increase. Unfortunately airports themselves can be attractive to birds-rodents, insects and other small animals are a food source often found in flat grassed areas such as the runway strips. Even so, this problem can be reduced by careful habitat management or bird harassment techniques practised by airport maintenance and safety personnel. Further problems may arise because the airport is located on bird migration routes. These may have existed prior to the airport site selection—but may not have been taken into account because the problem was not understood at the time—or have only been recently established because the birds have found an attractive new food source. Care needs to be taken by local authorities in deciding the location of rubbish tips, or when permitting other land uses that may be attractive to birds in this way. Of course these effects cannot always be anticipated with certainty since birds such as gulls have been recorded as travelling 50 kilometres or more from their roosting area to an attractive food source. Agricultural uses may be thought desirable because they are compatible with high levels of noise exposure, but they can have an adverse effect on air-craft operations if birds are attracted during seeding or crop cultivation. Birds may also be attracted to pig farms where garbage is used as fodder. Even tree plantings can present a hazard if the species provides an attractive food source or nesting habitat. Local authority planning schemes often apply strict controls on developments such as abattoirs, cattle feed lots, grain handling, piggeries, canals and marina developments, fish farms, and suchlike. In most cases these uses will not be permitted without a full environmental study. That study should be required to deal with the question of likely bird hazards if the proposed location is in proximity to an airport. In some instances it may be necessary to consider ways of managing a particular land use in order to reduce its attractiveness to birds, for example the adoption of land-fill measures at garbage tips, or enclosed rather than open-air activity. Specialist ornithological opinion may be necessary. In such cases it may not be possible to implement immediate changes in land use, but this should not inhibit the adoption of long-term measures which are designed to achieve this. Questions 71 to 75Complete the summary below with information from the passage, using no more than three words for each blank. A collision between an aircraft and one or more birds is known as a birdstrike. It usually happens when an aircraft is【E1】, and may result in significant damage of the aircraft or loss of the aircraft and【E2】of passengers and crew if they occur during take-off or initial climb. Because birds can find plenty food in flat grassed areas, airports are especially attractive to birds. However, the danger can be minimized by【E3】. Local authorities need to take care when deciding on【E4】. It is suggested that a full environmental study should be made before making plans of developments on the land in proximity to an airport. Local authorities should get advice from specialists and take【E5】in order to bring about changes in land use.【E3】

答案：正确答案：careful habitat management／bird harassment techniques

Collision between an aircraft and one or more birds is termed a bird-strike. Pilots sometimes record a birdstrike while at cruising altitudes, but most of them happen when an aircraft is relatively close to the ground, usually in proximity to an airport and during the circling, descent to land or take-off phases of a flight. Bird-strikes may cause significant damage to an aircraft and/or, if the birds are ingested into a jet engine, a significant and sudden loss of power. If this were to happen during take-off or initial climb of a fully loaded passenger aircraft the results could be catastrophic—loss of the aircraft and the lives of those on board. Any bird is a potential hazard to aircraft and this is especially true as bird numbers and bird size increase. Unfortunately airports themselves can be attractive to birds-rodents, insects and other small animals are a food source often found in flat grassed areas such as the runway strips. Even so, this problem can be reduced by careful habitat management or bird harassment techniques practised by airport maintenance and safety personnel. Further problems may arise because the airport is located on bird migration routes. These may have existed prior to the airport site selection—but may not have been taken into account because the problem was not understood at the time—or have only been recently established because the birds have found an attractive new food source. Care needs to be taken by local authorities in deciding the location of rubbish tips, or when permitting other land uses that may be attractive to birds in this way. Of course these effects cannot always be anticipated with certainty since birds such as gulls have been recorded as travelling 50 kilometres or more from their roosting area to an attractive food source. Agricultural uses may be thought desirable because they are compatible with high levels of noise exposure, but they can have an adverse effect on air-craft operations if birds are attracted during seeding or crop cultivation. Birds may also be attracted to pig farms where garbage is used as fodder. Even tree plantings can present a hazard if the species provides an attractive food source or nesting habitat. Local authority planning schemes often apply strict controls on developments such as abattoirs, cattle feed lots, grain handling, piggeries, canals and marina developments, fish farms, and suchlike. In most cases these uses will not be permitted without a full environmental study. That study should be required to deal with the question of likely bird hazards if the proposed location is in proximity to an airport. In some instances it may be necessary to consider ways of managing a particular land use in order to reduce its attractiveness to birds, for example the adoption of land-fill measures at garbage tips, or enclosed rather than open-air activity. Specialist ornithological opinion may be necessary. In such cases it may not be possible to implement immediate changes in land use, but this should not inhibit the adoption of long-term measures which are designed to achieve this. Questions 71 to 75Complete the summary below with information from the passage, using no more than three words for each blank. A collision between an aircraft and one or more birds is known as a birdstrike. It usually happens when an aircraft is【E1】, and may result in significant damage of the aircraft or loss of the aircraft and【E2】of passengers and crew if they occur during take-off or initial climb. Because birds can find plenty food in flat grassed areas, airports are especially attractive to birds. However, the danger can be minimized by【E3】. Local authorities need to take care when deciding on【E4】. It is suggested that a full environmental study should be made before making plans of developments on the land in proximity to an airport. Local authorities should get advice from specialists and take【E5】in order to bring about changes in land use.【E4】

答案：正确答案：land uses

Collision between an aircraft and one or more birds is termed a bird-strike. Pilots sometimes record a birdstrike while at cruising altitudes, but most of them happen when an aircraft is relatively close to the ground, usually in proximity to an airport and during the circling, descent to land or take-off phases of a flight. Bird-strikes may cause significant damage to an aircraft and/or, if the birds are ingested into a jet engine, a significant and sudden loss of power. If this were to happen during take-off or initial climb of a fully loaded passenger aircraft the results could be catastrophic—loss of the aircraft and the lives of those on board. Any bird is a potential hazard to aircraft and this is especially true as bird numbers and bird size increase. Unfortunately airports themselves can be attractive to birds-rodents, insects and other small animals are a food source often found in flat grassed areas such as the runway strips. Even so, this problem can be reduced by careful habitat management or bird harassment techniques practised by airport maintenance and safety personnel. Further problems may arise because the airport is located on bird migration routes. These may have existed prior to the airport site selection—but may not have been taken into account because the problem was not understood at the time—or have only been recently established because the birds have found an attractive new food source. Care needs to be taken by local authorities in deciding the location of rubbish tips, or when permitting other land uses that may be attractive to birds in this way. Of course these effects cannot always be anticipated with certainty since birds such as gulls have been recorded as travelling 50 kilometres or more from their roosting area to an attractive food source. Agricultural uses may be thought desirable because they are compatible with high levels of noise exposure, but they can have an adverse effect on air-craft operations if birds are attracted during seeding or crop cultivation. Birds may also be attracted to pig farms where garbage is used as fodder. Even tree plantings can present a hazard if the species provides an attractive food source or nesting habitat. Local authority planning schemes often apply strict controls on developments such as abattoirs, cattle feed lots, grain handling, piggeries, canals and marina developments, fish farms, and suchlike. In most cases these uses will not be permitted without a full environmental study. That study should be required to deal with the question of likely bird hazards if the proposed location is in proximity to an airport. In some instances it may be necessary to consider ways of managing a particular land use in order to reduce its attractiveness to birds, for example the adoption of land-fill measures at garbage tips, or enclosed rather than open-air activity. Specialist ornithological opinion may be necessary. In such cases it may not be possible to implement immediate changes in land use, but this should not inhibit the adoption of long-term measures which are designed to achieve this. Questions 71 to 75Complete the summary below with information from the passage, using no more than three words for each blank. A collision between an aircraft and one or more birds is known as a birdstrike. It usually happens when an aircraft is【E1】, and may result in significant damage of the aircraft or loss of the aircraft and【E2】of passengers and crew if they occur during take-off or initial climb. Because birds can find plenty food in flat grassed areas, airports are especially attractive to birds. However, the danger can be minimized by【E3】. Local authorities need to take care when deciding on【E4】. It is suggested that a full environmental study should be made before making plans of developments on the land in proximity to an airport. Local authorities should get advice from specialists and take【E5】in order to bring about changes in land use.【E5】

答案：正确答案：measures